A novel induction generator system using bi‐directional PWM converter for small‐scale power applications

This paper presents a deadbeat current control structure for a bidirectional power flow pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter connected to a stand‐alone induction generator (IG), which works with variable speed and different types of loads. Sensorless control of the IG, meaning stator voltage vector control without a mechanical shaft sensor, is considered to regulate both the IG line‐to‐line voltage and the DC‐bus voltage of the PWM converter. In the proposed system, a newly designed phase locked loop (PLL) circuit is used to determine the stator voltage vector position of the IG. A 2.2 kW laboratory prototype has been built to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method. The proposed cost‐effective IG system with a deadbeat current‐controlled PWM converter and capacitor bank requires only three sensors. Moreover, the required rating of the PWM converter becomes smaller due to the existence of the capacitor bank. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Modeling and simulation of ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM technique

PWM controlled rectifiers can efficiently and economically be employed in low and medium power applications of dc drives and in front-end converters of rectifier–inverter systems while maintaining the advantages of design simplicity and operation reliability of naturally commutated schemes. Due to the high dc voltage that is produced which is greater than the peak voltage of the utility supply, the ac–dc buck-boost converter is especially suited as a front-end power source in variable-speed drive systems to convert the utility supply voltage into a variable dc link voltage where a single-phase or a three-phase utilities power supply is available. In this paper, the dynamic model and steady state equivalent circuit of a single-phase ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM control is presented. The waveforms of voltage and current, the input and output characteristics of the converter are discussed and verified. Measured, computed and simulated results are shown to be very close and the model is proved to be efficient and accurate.     

变速永磁同步发电机系统稳压控制（连载之一）常见拓扑结构与控制策略

/DC变换后产生直流电源,直流母线电压的稳定性直接影响直流电能系统的稳定性和二级环节的电能质量,特别是在原动机转速变化范围较大的情况下。概述了直流电能发电机拓扑结构及其对比分析,以及基于PWM整流器的适用于变速永磁同步发电机系统直流电压的稳压控制策略。     

A controlled PWM AC/DC converter for a high-speed brushless generator for minimum kVA rating

This paper proposes a control technique for an ac/dc converter and high-speed single-phase brushless ac generator topology with a reactive armature winding. An ac-to-dc pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converter is used with phase angle control to deliver a controlled power factor for a wide speed range while maintaining a low kVA rating of the converter and the generator. The generator is a flux-switching machine, derived from a combination of the inductor alternator and the switched reluctance machine. The electrical characteristics of the generator are determined from open-circuit, short-circuit, and load tests performed on an experimental generator. A Simulink model is developed for the ac-to-dc PWM converter and the simulated voltage and current waveforms show that the kVA rating of the converter and the generator can be minimized through control of the power factor of the generator. This novel generator is shown to be simple to control and can be used for micro turbine applications and efficient low-cost independent power generation. The converter also allows the machine to be used as an integrated starter alternator.     

交流励磁双馈风力发电机双PWM控制系统的仿真研究

在变速恒频风力发电系统追踪最大风能的过程中,双馈发电机将在同步速上下运行,这就要求交流励磁电源应有良好的输入、输出特性和能量双向流动的能力.本文在分析了其它变频器的情况下,提出了一种新型的双 PWM 变频器作为交流励磁变频器电源方案,详细地讨论了电压型双 PWM 变频器的工作原理与控制策略,并利用Matlab仿真软件对双PWM变频器件进行了仿真,研究结果表明这种变频器可以很好地满足交流励磁发电机变速恒频运行的要求.     

Three-phase voltage-fed type PWM power converter via power factor control

Recently, the voltage-fed type PWM converters have been investigated for their ideal and inherent properties as a dc power source. However, the current control system generally used may be somewhat complicated due to dc voltage detection. We propose here a simple control system of the PWM converter using the power factor control in which dc voltage detection is not always needed. In this system, the dc voltage is given by the line voltage and the modulating index of the PWM converter. The principle of the PWM control system is shown at first. From the simplified circuit model and its phasor diagrams, some basic relations of the PWM converter system are obtained and some fundamental characteristics are shown. From these investigations, it is seen that the phase control region is restricted to a certain angle, which depends on the setting power factor, the modulating bypass index of the PWM and the load. Under the operating condition of unity power factor, it is given by ±π/4 for both the converting and inverting operations. The system can be operated over the all-control range of the modulating index by restricting the angle to this critical value for the angle over this control range. The ideal operating characteristics as a dc power source can be verified by some experimental results, including the operating waveforms of line current, the steady state characteristics and the transient response between both operations of the converter and inverter. In this system it is simple to construct the control circuit; it also has some inherent and excellent characteristics as a voltage fed type dc power source. This control system may be applicable to any types of PWM converter used today.     

小型并网永磁直驱风电系统控制的研究

该文讨论了一种低成本的小型并网永磁直驱风力发电系统。该系统由永磁同步发电机(PMSG)、二极管整流电路、Boost斩波电路和三相电压型PWM逆变器组成。通过控制Boost斩波电路,实现风力发电系统的最大功率跟踪。利用电网电压定向控制技术控制三相电压型PWM逆变器,采用双闭环矢量控制结构,调节直流电压并控制流向电网的无功功率。最后,以15 kW的样机的实验结果验证了系统控制策略的可行性。     

A Sinusoidal Pulsewidth Modulated Three-Phase AC to DC Converter-Fed DC Motor Drive

The external performances such as power factor, displacement factor, harmonic factor, and ripple factor of a three-phase ac to dc converter-fed separately excited dc motor drive employing sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) control technique are obtained for different speeds and modulation indexes. Since separately excited dc motors with armature voltage control provide constant torque operation, the external performance is also determined for the drive motor operating at different values of constant load torque. Motoring and regenerating operations of the dc drive machine are considered. The three-phase PWM converter-motor drive system is analyzed, taking commutation effects into account in motoring and regenerating operations. The analysis has revealed 27 common modes in one repetitive period of the output voltage. The sequence of modes for all pulses in one period of the output voltage is established. Experimental oscillograms of typical waveforms from a laboratory-sized dc motor are illustrated to verify the basic principles of operation. Although the converter circuit requires some additional components in comparison with the commonly used phase-controlled converter, the improved performance characteristics make it attractive for industrial applications involving large power ratings.     

变速恒频风机双PWM变换器协调控制策略研究

为解决变速恒频风机运行中转子侧功率变化频繁,直流母线电压波动剧烈的问题,对双PWM变换器控制策略进行了研究。结合双馈电机的特点,得出了母线负载电流的计算方法,并分析了负载电流前馈策略的不足。提出了一种基于动态功率前馈的新型协调控制策略,特点在于选择控制电压节点作为前馈补偿点,避免了电流环的迟延,并且将双馈电机动态信息整合进入网侧变换器的控制当中。最后建立双PWM励磁的风电机组模型进行仿真验证,结果表明新策略极大改善了直流母线动态特性,因此降低了对变换器中电解电容容量的要求,提高了机组的可靠性。     

一种简化T型滤波器的双馈风力发电整流器

在现今风力发电领域,大多采用双馈变速恒频风力发电机,配合两电平电压型三相PWM整流器以获得较好的并网发电效果.由于PWM整流器会在电网侧产生较大的谐波电流,所以必须采用性价比较好的滤波器进行谐波治理.针对双馈风力发电系统的变流器,提出一种简化滤波器的整流器拓扑结构和控制方法,分析了此方法的优点,并且进行了仿真和实验验证.通过仿真和真实系统运行检验了这种简化滤波器整流器的合理性.     

永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略

永磁直驱风力发电系统中可采用全功率双脉宽调制（PWM）变换器作为永磁同步发电机（PMSG）的并网电路,当风速变化时,双PWM变换器的直流链电压会随着PMSG输出功率的改变而出现大幅度波动,这将不利于变换器功率器件的安全运行及整个发电系统的稳定运行。结合永磁直驱同步风力发电系统的运行特点,提出一种适用于永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略。系统仿真和实验结果验证了所提出的控制策略的正确性,该方案可显著提高风速变化时双PWM变换器的直流链电压的稳定性,有助于提高发电系统的安全稳定运行能力。     

永磁同步风力发电系统输出功率最佳控制

讨论了内嵌式永磁同步变速风力发电系统输出功率最大的控制方法.为了从风中获得的功率最大,对IPMSG采用最大功率点跟踪(MPTT)控制,根据发电机速度来控制发电机的转矩.同时控制IPMSG电流矢量以降低发电机损耗,使输出功率最大.电压极限时使用弱磁控制.在高速区域,变换器控制从正弦PWM控制转换到六脉冲方波运行以增加输出功率.试验结果证明了该控制方法的效果.     

Voltage control of super high-speed reluctance generator systemwith a PWM voltage source converter

A voltage control system for a reluctance generator with a PWM voltage source converter is proposed. A phasor diagram of the generator is developed by introducing an iron loss conductance. A practical method for achieving optimal efficiency over the complete operating range is suggested. It is based on the optimal-efficiency current angle tracking by adjusting the voltage ratio of AC-to-DC voltage. The performance of the system is investigated by using the new phasor diagram. It is shown that a system with a PWM converter has wider operating range than one with a self-commutated six-pulse converter. The proposed control system is realized on a laboratory prototype, where control routines are mainly implemented by a 16 b single-board microcomputer. Experimental results show that 10% or more improvement compared with that of the system fed by a six-pulse converter is obtained at half full load     

双馈风力发电变流器长缆驱动及其过电压抑制

在变速恒频双馈风力发电系统中,长线电缆传输使脉宽调制(PWM)变流器的输出信号在电机转子侧产生过电压,严重时会导致绕组和转子集电环过早地损坏.为解决这一问题,文中基于传输线理论,研究了过电压产生的机理和du/dt对过电压的影响,讨论了du/dt抑制网络的具体设计方法,并分析了其与常规PWM输出滤波器的区别.仿真结果证明了du/dt抑制网络对过电压有较好的抑制作用.     

New power consolidation-inversion-control system for faraday MHD generator

The authors propose a new power consolidation-inversion-control system for the Faraday MHD generator using the voltage source PWM inverters. The dc output power for each electrodes pair of the MHD generator is at first inverted into three-phase ac power by a voltage source PWM inverter, and then the ac powers are consolidated by transformers. The proposed system does not need such expensive equipment as an ac filter or phase modifier and can independently and simultaneously control the active and reactive powers provided to the electric power system. Numerical simulations of the whole system, including the Faraday MHD generator, the proposed power consolidation-inversion-control system, and the electric power system, show that the proposed system can stably and steadily transmit and control the electric power from the MHD generator to the electric power system. It is also confirmed that the proposed system can independently and simultaneously control the active and reactive powers and can be used as a fast power controller.     

Control and protection scheme of HVDC system with self‐commutated converter in system fault conditions

For extending self‐commutated converter application to future trunk power systems, it is important to develop a stable operation scheme as well as to realize substantial cost reduction through coordinated system and control design. Suppression controls of converter overcurrent and dc overvoltage in various system fault conditions are essential in order to ensure stable operation and cost reduction of HVDC systems with voltage source type self‐commutated converters. Converter control and protection schemes which include such suppression controls have been developed, employing CRIEPI's ac/dc Power System Simulator test and EMTP analysis. This paper first discusses the cause of converter overcurrent at ac system faults, considering the effect of PWM pulse number and converter control speed. Continued operation has been achieved by adding a new overcurrent suppression scheme to the converter control. In the case of a dc line grounding fault, the selection of the grounding circuit constant and the adoption of a high‐speed converter control practically ensure the reduction of dc overvoltage while suppressing converter overcurrent. The converter block and restart sequence after a dc fault, which is coordinated with dc circuit breaker operation, enables stable recovery of HVDC transmission as fast as the usual line‐commutated HVDC system. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(2): 6–18, 2000     

双馈电机转子交流励磁矢量控制电压波形分析

以矢量控制作为转子交流励磁控制方法，建立了双馈电机在变速恒压、恒频发电机运行时的数学模型和仿真模型。对启动和较大转速扰动时的动态过程进行了计算机仿真，得出了转速变化时转子交流励磁电压和定子输出电压的动态波形。结果表明，双馈电机采用转子交流励磁的矢量控制后，具有良好的动态特性，但又存在值得注意的问题。为励磁变频器的设计和控制提供了有意义的依据，对风力机的选用也十分有用。     

一种双绕组感应发电机及其励磁控制

提出了一种带定子励磁补偿绕组的3／3相双绕组感应发电机系统，其采取自激电容器与由电力电子开关构成的主动励磁调节器相结合的励磁方式，在转速及负载发生变化时，仍能维持感应发电机的输出电压恒定。并对系统进行了静、动态性能实验，对所提出的感应发电系统及其励磁控制方式进行了验证。     

电子变换器调压的无刷直流发电机PWM控制模式及其对电压脉动的影响

介绍了一种由同步电机和全波升压式C－dump变换器构成的新型无刷直流发电机的工作原理,详细分析了发电机的PWM调压模式及其对电压脉动的影响,在此基础上提出了可改善输出电压脉动的PWM控制方案。数字仿真与系统实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

电网短路时交流励磁风电机组网侧变换器控制策略

电网短路故障时交流励磁用双脉宽调制(PWM)变换器应提供足够的励磁电压实现交流励磁发电机的不间断运行,要求双PWM变换器直流链电压在故障时波动较小。分析并提出一种电网短路故障时交流励磁风电机组电网侧变换器的控制策略,该方案在电压跌落时仅利用电流内环控制电网侧变换器,并于电压正常时采用带前馈的双闭环电压控制策略控制电网侧变换器。通过仿真验证了所提出的方案在电网短路故障发生和切除时稳定控制直流链电压的有效性,为故障过程发电机不脱网励磁控制奠定了基础,同时该方案也能有效保护直流侧电容及提高系统的稳定性。