基于表面阻抗边界的变压器杂散损耗计算方法

表面阻抗法是基于电磁波理论并将导体表面阻抗作为一种边界条件进行有限元求解的方法,它具有求解规模小、计算效率高等优势。首先借助工程电磁场数值计算软件Magnet,使用有限元法和表面阻抗法对该模型进行仿真,然后基于TEAM Problem 21基准族中的P21-B模型搭建了变压器杂散损耗测试系统,用于测量在不同频率电流激励条件下的变压器杂散损耗。针对现有测量方法的不足,引入温度系数对测量结果进行修正,并采用改进线圈损耗法以得到更准确的杂散损耗测量结果。通过与实验值对比,验证了有限元法与表面阻抗法计算结果的准确性。从计算规模和时间角度分析,表面阻抗法远远小于有限元法,大大节省了计算资源。     

密间隔电位测量下的地铁杂散电流影响研究

针对地铁杂散电流影响下的埋地钢质燃气管道阴极保护电位测量和地铁杂散电流流进流出埋地钢质燃气管道评价标准等问题,将密间隔电位测量技术应用到埋地钢质燃气管道中,进行了断电电位测量试验,建立了断电电位与延迟时间之间的关系,得出测量主机延迟100 ms后测量的断电电位为管道的真实有效阴极保护电位。在密间隔电位测量技术的基础上对受地铁杂散电流影响的埋地钢质燃气管道进行了试验,测量了有地铁杂散电流和无地铁杂散电流影响下埋地钢质燃气管道的电位。研究结果表明:有地铁杂散电流影响的管道阴极保护电位(V_(off)白天)比无地铁杂散电流影响的管道阴极保护电位(V_(off)晚上)偏正,此处为杂散电流的流出点;有地铁杂散电流影响的管道阴极保护电位(V_(off)白天)比无地铁杂散电流影响的管道阴极保护电位(V_(off)晚上)偏负,此处为杂散电流的流入点。     

杂散电容对交流法微电容测量电路噪声特性影响的分析

对电容成像交流法微电容测量电路由杂散电容导致的测量噪声进行了研究.利用运算放大器的噪声模型,对运算放大器输入电压噪声、输人电流噪声以及周边电阻元件的热噪声通过杂散电容作用于交流法微电容测量电路输出的影响进行了理论分析,给出了测量电路输出中噪声峰峰值的理论计算公式并进行了实验验证.理论分析及实验结果表明:交流法微电容测量电路前级运算放大器输入电压噪声通过测量端与地之间的杂散电容形成的噪声是该微电容测量电路输出噪声的主要来源.最后给出了电容成像系统前级运算放大器选型的指导原则.     

一种参比电容传感器接口电路设计及性能评估

基于电容传感器的气固两相流测量技术被认为是最有前途的气固流测量技术,而电容传感器接口电路是电容传感器乃至电容法气固两相流测量技术研发和应用的关键.微小电容测量的难点在于杂散电容的存在以及电磁干扰,而张弛振荡电路可以通过差动结构消除待测电容两端的杂散电容,电路工作稳定性较高,电路还可以将电容值通过振荡的方式转化为只有高低电平的脉冲宽度,便于不受干扰的传输测量结果,同时使用合理的微处理器可实现对脉宽的高精度测量,从而提高测量电路整体的灵敏性与分辨力.为了应用于气固流相浓度测量,使用带参比电容的张弛振荡电路,并进行了性能测试.结果表明,带参比电容的张弛振荡接口电路迟滞误差为0.30％,非线性误差为0.30％,重复性误差为0.32％,可以在气固两相流相浓度测量中应用.     

基于傅里叶变换的数字散斑照相测量

提出了基于傅里叶变换的双曝光散斑场的全场数字化测量。对双曝光散斑图进行傅里叶变换得到条纹图以灰度归一法和相位构造法将其优化,获取低噪声、高对比度的散斑干涉条纹。平面位移的测量实验结果表明,数字散斑照相技术适合计算机进行自动条纹识别和位移场计算,能得到较为精确的水平位移值,可实现变形场的精准测量。     

残余应力与边界条件耦合作用对H型钢柱构件承载能力的影响

H型钢构件在生产过程中将不可避免的产生残余应力,而残余应力的存在将极大地影响构件的承载能力。采用盲孔法测试了大H型钢构件的残余应力分布,根据对大型H型钢构件的残余应力测试结果在有限元模型中引入不同残余应力分布和边界条件,讨论了残余应力与边界条件耦合作用对构件承载能力的影响。结果表明对于不同的边界条件和残余应力分布,H型钢柱构件的承载能力表现出不同的敏感性,该结果对H型钢结构设计具有一定的指导作用。     

基于误差分离技术的几种圆柱度测量模型分析

对国内提出的四点法、五点法、两测头法等几种典型的基于误差分离技术的圆柱度测量模型分别进行了分析，探讨了这些测量模型中存在的一些问题。     

时域两点法误差分离技术的精度分析

为了寻找时域两点法误差分离技术中所包含的原理误差与其规律和特性。建立了进行误差分离的零件模型,通过对不同影响因素的分析找到了两点法误差分离技术所含原理误差及其规律和特性。使用两点法误差分离技术和圆度测量仪同一零件进行测量比对,发现仿真结果和实验结果相符。并由此得出结论:当转轴不存在偏心误差时,随着安装角度在理论安装角度处增大或减小,分离误差会增大;当转轴存在偏心误差时,对置安装传感器两点法分离结果的误差最小;采样点数N每扩大一倍,相应分离结果的绝对误差值的比值越来越接近于2。     

轮廓法测试残余应力中的数据处理

使用轮廓法测量铝合金T形构件淬火残余应力,重点研究了测量误差的数据处理。采用包络处理、左右轮廓平均、Gauss混合模型拟合以及节点插值处理后,得到最终轮廓值,并将其作为边界条件反向加载到应力重构有限元模型中,得到待测面应力场。使用X射线衍射法对待测面边界处应力进行修正。将测量结果和有限元模拟淬火结果进行对比,利用统计学方法分析对比结果。结果表明：轮廓法和X射线衍射法结合可以很准确地描述T形构件淬火残余应力场。T形构件淬火残余应力最大拉应力出现在筋条和腹板交界处,靠近腹板一侧。     

基于结构的变流器母排杂散电感优化方法研究

针对大功率变流器功率开关关断时,由叠层母排杂散电感引起的瞬时高压问题,对叠层母排的杂散电感与其结构之间的关系进行了研究。利用Q3D软件对不同尺寸、开孔、开槽等母排常见的结构进行了建模与杂散电感提取,结合对母排中电流流通路径的分析,建立了不同母排结构与杂散电感大小之间的关系,提出了一种基于改善电流流通通道的低感母排结构优化方法。利用该方法对现有的一台有源电力滤波器母排进行了优化设计,采用双脉冲法实验对优化前后母排杂散电感进行了测量。研究结果表明,该优化方法可明显降低母排的杂散电感,并能有效地抑制功率开关关断瞬间所产生的电压冲击。     

电感电压部分补偿交流功率法测量磁心损耗研究

磁性元件作为功率变换器的重要组成部分,其磁心损耗的精确测量对磁性元件的优化具有重要意义。为了提高传统双绕组交流功率法测量高频激磁磁心损耗的测量精度,本文详细分析电感电压补偿交流功率法的测量原理及其误差来源,基于电感电压补偿交流功率法在非完全补偿的情况下测量高阻抗角磁性元件磁心损耗时误差仍很大的问题,本文提出了电感电压部分补偿交流功率法精确测量任意波形激励下的磁性元件磁心损耗。最后建立测量平台,在非完全补偿条件下,该方法测量50 kHz正弦波激磁的金属磁粉芯磁心损耗的最大相对误差为13.54%,50 kHz矩形波激磁的金属磁粉芯磁心损耗的最大相对误差为9.8%,实验验证该方法可精确测量正弦波激磁和方波激磁的高阻抗角金属磁粉芯的磁心损耗。     

基于激光三维扫描的人体特征尺寸测量

提出了一种利用三维人体点云数据测量人体关键尺寸的方法。应用线结构光激光三维扫描仪对特定站姿的人体进行扫描,获得完整三维人体点云。根据人体视线和脚尖的同向性及两腿的自然分开特征,对点云进行方位调整,使人体朝向z轴正方向。利用手动删除和最大连通域删除相结合删除噪声点。确定人体的6个特征点和20个特征平面,分别应用对应截面y坐标差值法测量长度尺寸,凸壳法测量截面周长,测量了34个人体关键长度和周长,对影响测量精度的因素进行了分析。结果表明,典型尺寸测量误差小于3%,可满足人类工效学等领域快速测量人体特征尺寸的要求。     

管道壁缺陷超声波在役检测的量化分析研究

介绍了管道壁缺陷超声波在役检测原理和技术性能，指出超声波在役检测技术具有直接测量和量化的特点，特别适用于管道壁腐蚀减薄缺陷和其它减薄缺陷的在役检测，对管道壁厚度的检测精度高。介绍了管道壁缺陷的超声波在役检测方法，给出了四种典型的管道壁缺陷型式，指出建立并完善管道壁缺陷超声波在役检测的量化分析模型，对于提高检测精度具有十分重要的意义。在对四种典型管道壁缺陷型分析的基础上，通过对四次反射回波时间和相对幅值的分析识别，建立了管道壁缺陷超声波在役检测的量化分析模型，并给出了计算框图。最后，对四种典型管道壁缺陷型式进行了模拟试验分析。     

Mass thickness determination by electron energy loss for quantitative X-ray microanalysis in biology

As is well known, electron energy loss spectroscopy can be used to determine the relative sample thickness in the electron microscope. This paper considers how such measurements can be applied to biological samples in order to obtain the mass thickness for quantitative X-ray microanalysis. The important quantity in estimating the mass thickness from an unknown sample is the total inelastic cross section per unit mass. Models for the cross section suggest that this quantity is constant to within ±20% for most biological compounds. This is comparable with the approximation made in the continuum method for measuring mass thickness. The linearity of the energy loss technique is established by some measurements on evaporated films and quantitation is demonstrated by measurements on thin calcium standards. A significant advantage of the method is that the energy loss spectrum can be recorded at very low dose, so that mass thickness determination can be made before even the most sensitive samples suffer damage resulting in mass loss. The energy loss measurements avoid the necessity to correct the continuum measurement for stray radiation produced in the vicinity of the sample holder. Unlike the continuum method the energy loss technique requires uniform mass thickness across the probe area, but this is not usually a problem when small probes (<100 nm diameter) are used.     

V形法测量中支承对测量精度的影响

分析了在V形法测量轴径过程中,单个钢球支承与多个钢球支承对测量精度的影响,设计了多个钢球支承结构,给出了两组实测数据。数据对比可以看出,支承结构不同会带来很大的测量误差。     

漏磁场法测量油管壁厚的研究

在石油开采中,油管内壁杆状磨损和内外壁大面积腐蚀引起的壁厚减薄缺陷是造成油管失效的主要原因之一,本文提出了一种油管壁厚漏磁场测量方法,结果表明,该方法具有精度和灵敏度高,可在线测量等特点,为表面受油泥或其它非导磁性材料覆盖的旧油管的现场检测提供了新的方法与手段。     

预应力钢绞线中超声导波声弹性效应的试验研究

钢绞线中应力损失直接威胁到预应力结构的整体安全,实现钢绞线中预应力的无损、在役测量在工程中显得十分重要。对基于超声导波技术的钢绞线中的预应力测量方法进行理论分析和试验研究。根据波动理论和声弹性理论,得到不同应力状况下钢绞线中纵波和横波波速,分析建立钢绞线中最低阶纵向模态L(0,1)群速度与钢绞线承载的应力之间的对应关系。采用自行研制的磁致伸缩传感器在不同应力状态下公称直径17.80mm的7芯钢绞线上进行超声导波L(0,1)模态的激励接收试验。试验测定不同应力状态下钢绞线中L(0,1)模态导波的群速度,得到实际中L(0,1)模态的群速度和应力之间的关系曲线。结果表明,应力在0.5GPa以上时,钢绞线中L(0,1)模态的群速度会随着应力增大呈近似线性下降,与理论分析结果较为吻合。这为超声导波应用于钢绞线预应力大小的测量奠定了基础。     

Design method for flow tube structure of electromagnetic water meter with shrunk measurement tube based on pressure loss-flow restriction

Due to the low flow rate measurement demand for battery-powered electromagnetic water meter, shrunk measurement tubes (such as circular section transition to square section) are often used to enhance flow velocity and measurement performance at small flow rate. However, this will also result in an increase in sensor pressure loss, even exceeding the pressure loss limit. Therefore, it is necessary to study a flow tube structure design method based on pressure loss-flow restriction, and design a flow tube structure which can not only maximize the induced voltage, but also meet the actual pressure loss requirement. Because there are many unknown variables in the formula of pressure loss mechanism, it cannot be directly used in structural design. Therefore, taking DN100 sensor as an example, based on finite element software, the variation of pressure loss with the length, width and height of rectangular section is obtained by orthogonal test method, and the numerical model of pressure loss is established. According to the requirements of industry and induced voltage enhancement, the optimal rectangular section size is found with the established pressure loss numerical model, and the structure of flow tube transition section is further optimized to reduce pressure loss. Finally, the prototype is made according to the optimized structure. Pressure loss experiment shows that the error between simulated value and measured value is within ±2.68% (±0.4 KPa). It means the pressure loss-flow restriction based design method for flow tube structure of electromagnetic water meter with shrunk measurement tube is effective and reliable.     

Void fraction measurement of gas–liquid two-phase flow from differential pressure

Void fraction is an important process variable for the volume and mass computation required for transportation of gas–liquid mixture in pipelines, storage in tanks, metering and custody transfer. Inaccurate measurement would introduce errors in product measurement with potentials for loss of revenue. Accurate measurement is often constrained by invasive and expensive online measurement techniques. This work focuses on the use of cost effective and non-invasive pressure sensors to calculate the gas void fraction of gas–liquid flow. The differential pressure readings from the vertical upward bubbly and slug air–water flow are substituted into classical mathematical models based on energy conservation to derive the void fraction. Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) and Wire-mesh Sensor (WMS) are used as benchmark to validate the void fraction obtained from the differential pressure. Consequently the model is able to produce reasonable agreement with ERT and WMS on the void fraction measurement. The effect of the friction loss on the mathematical models is also investigated and discussed. It is concluded the friction loss cannot be neglected, particularly when gas void fraction is less than 0.2.