新型复合炸药KD-1的能量输出特性和力学性能

为同时解决炸药的能量输出和力学强度问题,研发了一种以RDX为基的新型复合炸药KD-1,用水下爆炸压力测试系统研究了KD-1炸药的能量输出特性.结果表明,KD-1炸药的冲击波压力峰值和冲击波比能都比RDX有所提高,冲击波压力峰值是RDX的1.1倍,爆热是RDX的1.3倍.用万能实验机测试了KD-1的抗压力学性能,得出其抗压强度为6.82 MPa,破坏应变为4.3%.     

溶剂萃取法回收废旧梯黑铝炸药中的RDX和铝粉

利用混合炸药中TNT和RDX在溶剂中溶解度的差异,首先用甲苯萃取出梯黑铝炸药中的TNT,然后分别以丙酮和二甲基亚砜为溶剂,经萃取、冷却结晶,过滤得到RDX。用SEM和DSC对回收RDX进行形貌表征和热分析,用XRD对回收铝粉进行物相分析。结果表明,丙酮和二甲基亚砜中重结晶回收RDX的纯度分别为98.4%和97.8%,撞击感度分别为76%和84%,丙酮重结晶回收RDX晶体质量优于二甲基亚砜重结晶回收的RDX。回收RDX与原料RDX的特征温度基本相同,热安定性良好;回收的铝粉不含炸药,无明显氧化。     

纳米铝粉对硝胺炸药热分解催化性能的影响

采用直流电弧等离子体蒸发法制备了高纯度的纳米铝粉,并用比表面积分析仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行了表征.将纳米铝粉与硝胺炸药HMX和RDX用研磨混合法制成混合粒子,用DSC对单质HMX和RDX炸药以及纳米铝粉/硝胺炸药混合物进行催化特性测试,并对样品的热分解动力学和热力学参数进行了计算和对比.结果表明,加入纳米铝粉后,HMX和RDX在不同升温速率(2、5、10、20 K/min)下的放热峰峰温降低,活化能分别降低15和16 kJ/mol,热力学参数都有明显变化.纳米铝粉对HMX和RDX有明显的热分解催化作用.     

RDX基含铝炸药的热爆发活化能及动力学补偿效应

采用5s爆发点试验获得了12种RDX和铝粉含量不同的RDX基含铝炸药的热爆发动力学参数(lnA和Eb).结果表明,随着RDX含量的增加,Eb先下降后升高,发现该炸药体系的热爆发动力学参数lnA和Eb之间存在补偿效应.根据热爆发温度Tb与RDX和铝粉含量的关系以及动力学补偿效应,从理论上导出了热爆发活化能Eb与RDX和铝...     

破甲战斗部新型装药--聚奥黑炸药

一种新型的破甲战斗部装药-聚奥黑炸药是以HMX/RDX二种单质炸药为主体炸药的压装高聚物粘结炸药,其主要特点是可以通过改变HMX/RDX的组成比例,得到不同爆炸能量的系列化产品;更为突出的是,合理选择HMX/RDX比例,使PBX装药具有与HMX相近的高爆炸能量,而成本费用大幅度降低.经过在破甲战斗部中应用试验表明,聚奥黑炸药的装药密度高、破甲威力大,是一种适合装填各类破甲战斗部的新型装药.     

低易损混合炸药粘结剂的选择

介绍了低易损混合炸药对粘结剂的要求,论述了热塑性弹性体和端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)两类可选的高聚物粘结剂情况,简要介绍了以HTPB为粘结剂、RDX为主体炸药的低易损混合炸药的配方及性能。     

反相色谱法测定高聚物的玻璃化温度和结晶度

反相气相色谱(Inverse Gas Chromatography)是用气相色谱直接研究高聚物性质的一种方法。这种方法是以高聚物为固定相,惰性气体为流动相,测定挥发性低分子(探针分子)在两相中的分配,从而了解高聚物各种性质以及高聚物与探针分子的相互作用。在反相气相色谱中,常用比保留体积V_g     

热红联用研究AP与RDX和HMX混合体系的热分解

用DSC-TG-FTIR(热红)联用研究了RDX/AP,HMX/AP,RDX/HMX和RDX/HMX/AP混合体系的热分解,测定和比较了它们的热分析特征量和分解气相产物.结果表明,AP与RDX和HMX之间存在强烈的相互作用,尤其是与后者的作用更强烈.在AP(不含碳)分解的温度区间,混合体系的分解也出现CO、CO2和CH2O等碳氧化物,说明体系中RDX和HMX分解的部分产物或残渣与AP同时分解.     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物和RDX基PBX的制备与表征

采用溶液-水悬浮-蒸馏法,分别以丁腈橡胶(NBR-26)、氟橡胶2311和2603为黏结剂,2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)和RDX为主体炸药制备了3种高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)。用激光粒径分析、扫描电镜、差示扫描量热法、热重分析法、机械感度等对3种PBX的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明,PBX的平均粒径比较接近,约为50μm,比表面积在0.5m2/g左右;熔融吸热峰位于206.5℃附近,分解放热峰在231～235℃之间;撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为44%和32%。3种PBX的热稳定性低于ANPyO,机械感度低于RDX。     

不同热分析方法研究B炸药的热分解

用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重-微熵热重分析仪(TG-DTG)、动态真空安定性技术(DVST)和温度跃升傅里叶变换红外(T-Jump/FTIR)光谱测定法对B炸药在不同试验条件下的热分解行为进行了研究。结果表明,在50～400℃有一个吸热峰和放热峰,吸热峰与主体炸药TNT的熔化峰相一致,放热峰与主体炸药RDX的分解峰一致。在50～400℃有两个失重阶段,第一个失重阶段的失重量与主体炸药TNT的失重量一致,第二个失重阶段的失重量与主体炸药RDX一致,与DSC分析结果相符。B炸药在100℃/48h下的产气量为0.43mL/g,表明B炸药有好的热安定性。B炸药快速热裂解过程的含氮气相产物主要有NO、NH3、HCN和HONO。含碳气体产物主要有CO、CO2、HOCO和HCN。得到了这些产物相对摩尔浓度随时间变化的曲线。     

DETERMINATION OF ACID-BASE CONSTANTS AND OF AKIII) and Ga(III) COMPLEXES FORMATION CONSTANTS FOR THREE 5-SUBSTITUTED 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINES

The acid-base constants and the formation constants of the extracted complexes as sell as the formulas of the involved species have been obtained by computer simulation of extraction curves. Three newly synthetized extractants are considered. The values obtained for the chemical constants compare favorably Mith those that can be deduced from an HAHHETT evaluation.     

4-羟基吡啶等电点和离解常数的测定

两种4-羟基吡啶(HP)的盐酸盐:HP.HCl(A)和(HP)2.HCl.H2O(B)具有不同的晶体结构,但在水溶液中它们应该是同样的HP共轭酸碱体系。为了得到HP合成工艺中需要的等电点(I)和离解常数Ka1两项参数和有必要证明在水溶液中(A)和(B)是同样的共轭酸碱体系,用pH计测定的酸碱滴定法,测定了HP的等电点(I)和离解常数Ka1,证明(A)和(B)是同样的共轭酸碱体系,并对上述参数进行了不确定度评定。     

Calculation and comparison of the acid-base equilibrium constants for nickel(II) oxide determined by various methods

Methods for determining acid-base equilibrium constants at the nickel-electrolyte interface are developed. The methods are based on the principles of potentiometric titration, “powder addition”, and dependence of electrokinetic potential on pH. A correlation between the values of the constants determined by the different methods is found.     

4-羟基-3-硝基吡啶等电点和解离常数的测定

用pH计测定的酸碱滴定法,测定了4-羟基-3-硝基吡啶的等电点(I)和Ka1、Ka2两个解离常数。对上述测定的物理-化学常数进行了不确定度评定。结果报告如下:被测量pI、pKa1和pKa2的值分别等于4.92、2.20和7.46;合成标准不确定度相应地分别等于0.020、0.047和0.019;扩展不确定度相应地分别等于0.04、0.10和0.04;有效自由度相应地分别等于54、22和32;包含因子(置信概率为0.95)相应地分别等于2.01、2.07和2.02。     

高分子偶联剂在CaCO3填充PVC体系中的应用研究

本文从复合材料界面作用理论和高分子合金化理论出发,设计或合成了三种高分子偶联剂,用于改善PVC/CaCO_3高填充体系复合材料的强度和韧性。通过酸碱性、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、Molar实验和扫描电镜观察,探讨了三种高分子偶联剂在PVC/CaCO_3中的作用机理,并建立了高分子偶联剂作用的物理模型。     

武器信息化条件下火炸药发展策略分析

分析了火炸药与武器信息化的关联性;论述了火炸药在武器装备发展中的综合地位与作用;提出作为武器信息化条件下火炸药发展策略和基本点的六项技术,即火炸药相关信息量的整合与准确表达、高能量与高安全性的统一、能量释放的可控制性、洁净燃烧与爆炸技术、燃烧爆炸的物理与化学作用延伸、非致命武器与化学战剂等.     

蛋白质与超滤膜界面作用能对膜污染机制的影响

比较了3种蛋白质引起的膜通量变化及膜污染情况,利用x DLVO理论分析了蛋白质超滤过程中的界面作用能对膜污染机制的影响。结果表明,卵清蛋白(Ovalbumin,OVA)造成的膜污染最严重,其次是牛血清白蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin,BSA)和溶菌酶(Lysozyme,LYS);在黏附阶段和黏聚阶段,极性力自由能起主导作用,范德华力和双电层力对其贡献很小;蛋白质分子从远距离逐渐接近UF膜或滤饼层时,极性力作用能对膜污染起主导作用,总界面作用能和作用范围是影响膜污染趋势的主要因素。     

Quantitative characterization of the acid-base properties of solvents,polymers, and inorganic surfaces

The growing realization of the importance of intermolecular acid-base interactions in promoting the solubility, adsorption, and adhesion of polymers to other materials has caused a demand for the quantitative characterization of the acid-base properties of the commonly used solvents, polymers, and inorganic fillers and substrates. There have been several recent advances in the measurement techniques for such determinations, especially in the fields of inverse gas chromatography, microcalorimetry, ellipsometry, FTIR, NMR, and XPS spectroscopy, all leading to the capability of determining the Drago E and C constants or the Gutmann acceptor numbers (AN) or donor numbers (DN) for the acidic or basic sites of solvents, polymers, or inorganic surfaces. In the last year, new studies have also allowed the characterization of the specific acid-base cohesive interactions in solvents and polymers, and the determination, from contact angle measurements on polymers, of the surface concentration and strength of acidic and basic surface sites. All of these techniques are discussed in this paper and it is expected that they will soon become standard laboratory practices.     

Reactions acide-base dans la pyridine: etablissement d'une echelle d'acidite

The extent of the region of electrochemical activity of pyridine has been studied with different supporting electrolytes and different solid rotating microelectrodes.In controlling the corrections of the behaviour of the hydrogen electrode in pyridine, it is possible to establish a pH scale and evaluate the apparent acidity constants of some acid-base couples by determination of the pH of half-neutralization.The standard difference between the acidity scales in water and in pyridine has been measured.     

Limiting resistance of an HMX-based explosive under shock-wave loading

The action of shock-wave loading on specimens of an OTK-90 explosive composition is studied. The limiting levels of loading that correspond to the initial stage of explosive conversion of the specimens impacted by steel plates of different thickness are determined. The limiting resistance of the specimens subjected to the gliding detonation of a TP-83 plastic explosive through a polyurethane-foam layer and also to the gliding and normal detonations of a NIL-1 low-density explosive is examined. It is shown that the boundaries of the transition from the purely mechanical failure of OTK-90 to a mechanochemical reaction that were obtained by different methods of shock-wave loading agree well. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 114–119, May–June 2000.