电压源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器原理研究

首次提出了电压源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器电路拓扑族 ,这类电路拓扑由输入周波变换器、高频变压器、输出周波变换器构成。分析研究了这类变换器稳态原理与移相控制策略 ,绘出了变换器的外特性曲线。这类变换器具有电路拓扑简洁、两级功率变换 (LFAC/HFAC/LFAC)、双向功率流、高频电气隔离、网侧电流波形可得到改善、负载适应能力强等优点。PSPICE仿真波形充分证实了这类变换器的正确性和先进性。     

Input Power Factor of AC to AC Power Converters

AC to ac power converters are static systems using solid-state switching devices that directly convert ac power of a given frequency to ac power of some desired frequency. They are used to link ac power systems of different frequencies, to provide variable power frequency supplies for ac motor drives, and to generate constant frequency power from the output of variable-speed ac generators. The power conversion process requires the construction of output voltage waveforms, with the required frequency and amplitude, from the ac supply voltages given. The method of output waveform construction determines the input power factor of the ac to ac converter. The practical methods of output waveform construction are summarized and their effects on the input power factor are examined. The relationships between the output and input phase angles for differently controlled ac to ac converters are presented in graphical forms. It is shown that the input power factor of an ac to ac converter can be varied or kept at unity, without the use of passive reactive components, and independently of the output load.     

两种高频交流环节AC/AC变换器比较研究

新颖的高频交流环节AC/AC变换器,包括基于Forward变换器的电压源型和基于Flyback变换器的电流源型两种。首次对两种高频交流环节AC/AC变换器的电路结构与拓扑、控制策略、原理特性、关键电路参数设计准则、原理样机等进行了深入的比较研究,获得了重要研究结论。相对于电压源型,电流源型变换器具有电路拓扑更简洁、输入电压范围更宽、输出波形质量更高、可靠性更高、成本更低、变换效率略低和适用于小功率变换场合等特点。两种高频交流环节AC/AC变换器的比较研究,为实现新型电子变压器、正弦交流稳压器和交流调压器提供了关键的技术依据。     

电流源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器研究

提出了基于反激F1yback变换器的电流源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器电路结构与拓扑族。该电路结构由输入周波变换器、高频储能式变压器、输出周波变换器以及输入、输出周波变换器构成，能够将一种不稳定畸变的交流电变换成问频率稳定的正弦交流电压；该电路拓扑族包括单四象限功率开关式、推挽式、半桥式、全桥式等四种电路。以单四象限功率开关式电路拓扑为例，分析研究了这类变换器工作模式、稳态原理与电压瞬时值反馈控制策略，给出了变换器的外特性曲线、关键电路参数设计准则。原理试验结果证实了这类变换器新概念的正确性与先进性。     

Experimental Verification of a Front‐to‐Front (FTF) System Consisting of Two Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters Based on Double‐Star Chopper Cells

This paper presents an experimental discussion on modular multilevel cascade converters based on double‐star chopper cells (MMCC‐DSCC). Hereinafter, a single MMCC‐DSCC is referred to simply as a “DSCC”. A couple of DSCCs are used to form a front‐to‐front (FTF) system capable of dc voltage matching and galvanic isolation between two dc grids. The FTF system can be considered as a dc–ac–dc power conversion system including an ac‐link high‐power transformer. The higher the ac‐link frequency, the smaller and lighter are the ac‐link transformer and dc capacitors. When the so‐called “phase‐shifted‐carrier PWM” is applied to the DSCC, theoretical analysis and computer simulation have confirmed that a ratio of the carrier frequency with respect to the ac‐link frequency can be reduced to 5/2. This paper designs, constructs, and tests a 400‐Vdc 10‐kW downscaled FTF system with a carrier frequency of 450 Hz and an ac‐link frequency of 180 Hz, where their ratio is 5/2. Experimental waveforms obtained from the downscaled system are compared with simulated ones obtained from a software package, PSCAD/EMTDC, under the same operating and circuit conditions. They agree well each other not only under steady states but also under transient states.     

A single-phase p-type ac–ac converter with reduced components count and high boost factor

This paper proposes a new single-phase direct step-up ac–ac converter by modifying the p-type impedance source. It provides a high boost factor as well as high efficiency, while only six parts are required to design it, involving just two bidirectional power switches. A safe commutation method has been applied to power switches to make the converter snubber-free and high efficient. Input and output harmonic filters are no longer required since input and output currents variate continuously with small ripple and low total harmonic distortion (THD). The proposed topology only modulates the output voltage amplitude, not the phase and frequency, so the output frequency is identical to the input frequency and constant. Thus, it can be utilized in step-up conversion applications, like inductive power transmission from low ac voltage sources. Input and output have the same ground, which is a good protective feature. In this paper, the operating principle of the converter is demonstrated. Experimental results have been represented to evaluate the performance of the converter. For this purpose, an experimental prototype has been fabricated. Results are investigated and compared with other previous step-up ac–ac converters. Results confirm the theory, operating principle, and performance of the converter.     

HVDC transmission system using multilevel power converters based on dual three-phase two-level inverters

Multilevel converters are now an attractive solution for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) electrical energy transmission systems. Unlike the well-known two-level voltage source converters, multilevel converters use 3 or more voltage levels or steps per leg to modulate the ac voltages, decreasing voltage distortion and reducing electromagnetic interference. This work presents a HVDC transmission system based on a new multilevel structure using a dual two-level converter topology. This structure attains multilevel operation and advantages using two well known three-phase voltage source two-level inverters connected to one three-phase open windings transformer. The proposed dual converter structure has two independent dc links allowing each inverter to process half of the total power. This arrangement is fitted with a control system designed to control the active and reactive power towards their specific set point values, while balancing the voltages of the two dc link capacitors in real time. Obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed HVDC transmission system.     

Control Methods for Reducing the Inductance in the DC Link of Current Source Inverters

With regard to less expenditure, fewer losses, and less weight, the dc choke in the link of current source converters must be kept small. The performance of the dc link and special control methods for minimizing the link inductance are investigated. The converter is connected on the first side to a three-phase ac machine. On the second side, different types of line-side converters can be chosen for-operating at a dc supply as well as at a single- and a three-phase ac supply. According to the different performances in the dc link depending on the line-side converter, different control methods are presented to minimize the inductance. Thus considerable improvements can be achieved. Results of measurements of the test drives are given.     

Single-phase PWM converter using balanced two-phase rectification

Energy storage devices, such as inductors or capacitors, are needed in single-phase ac to dc converters because instantaneous power flow of input single-phase ac is inherently pulsating and output dc power must have as little ripple as possible. Energy storage devices (such as smoothing inductors or capacitors) are usually inserted on the dc side. In those converters, energy storage ability of the devices cannot be used effectively, especially when dc power ripple is required to be very small. To solve such a problem, this paper presents novel single-phase ac/dc conversion circuits, in which energy storage devices are used at the ac rather than at the dc side. That is, after converting single-phase ac into balanced (rectangular) two-phase ac using variable reactance element, reconversion of it into dc is carried out. This paper presents a control method for the converters and the variable reactance devices, and performance of the proposed circuits is confirmed using computer simulation.     

Characteristics of a Controlled-Current PWM Rectifier?Inverter Link

Two controlled-current pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters have been integrated into rectifier-inverter links of variable-speed ac motor drives. The authors focus on developing a mathematical model of the rectifier-inverter link and presenting experimental justification of the model. The characteristics of the rectifier-inverter system and the constraints imposed by the voltage feedback loop and dc link voltage are discussed. The rectifier-inverter system is made to drive a ``selfcontrolled' synchronous motor, thus forming a system for which both the utility and the motor currents are near sinusoidal. The optimized power conversion capability of the motor is now matched by unity power factor operation on the rectifier side. Fast reversal from motoring to regenerative braking capability is demonstrated experimentally.     

On some useful qualities of 12-phase converters with a controllable ensemble of harmonics in a compensating device common for six-phase units

The circuitry of one of the 12-phase converters with reactor control of an ensemble of current and voltage harmonics in a compensating device common for two six-phase units is set out. Time diagrams and basic characteristics of the converter are presented. The advisability of using converters with an ensemble of odd harmonics is shown for the consumers of the direct current power located in a region adjacent to a power supplier. For distant power consumers, use of converters with an ensemble of even harmonics is suggested. For the purpose of improving the stability of the inverter regime when recovering electric power into the supply mains, the practicability of using thyristor converters with an ensemble of even harmonics is demonstrated. Some examples of engineering and design solutions are presented by the example of a compensating device reactor for a converter with an ensemble of odd harmonics.     

A three‐vector‐based direct power control strategy for three‐phase voltage source PWM converters

For traditional direct power control strategy, there exist high steady‐state power ripples and large current harmonics. To solve this problem, this work proposes a novel three‐vector‐based direct power control strategy for three‐phase voltage source pulse‐width‐modulated (PWM) converters. Different from traditional predictive direct power control strategy, an improved vector table is presented and three voltage vectors are selected, which considers the impact of voltage vectors on the active and reactive power simultaneously. The performance of the three‐phase voltage source PWM converters with the proposed control strategy is investigated and compared with the predictive deadbeat direct power control strategy. Furthermore, the three‐phase voltage source PWM converters have also been tested in the condition of different loads and when voltage unbalance occurs. Simulation and experimental work are conducted. The results conclude that the proposed strategy is of simple structure and fast dynamic response. Besides, it can effectively reduce steady‐state power ripples and current harmonics, improving the performance of the three‐phase PWM converters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of power flow in a power converter

Power converters have been widely used in many industrial applications. On the ac side of such converters, the current is distorted because of nonlinearity of the power devices even when the source voltage is sinusoidal. This implies that the power converter is regarded as a harmonic-current source. The harmonic current is one of the most important factors in the analysis of converters. This paper analyzes power flow of a power converter that behaves synchronously with the line frequency. Power-flow analysis in a three-phase diode converter with a resistance on the ac side is presented. The analysis is compared with conventional analysis with the assumption that the ratio of the resistance on the ac side to that on the dc side is very small. The proposed power flow concept enables electrical engineers and students to discuss rationally the power flow of a converter. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(1): 70–76, 1997     

Modeling and simulation of ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM technique

PWM controlled rectifiers can efficiently and economically be employed in low and medium power applications of dc drives and in front-end converters of rectifier–inverter systems while maintaining the advantages of design simplicity and operation reliability of naturally commutated schemes. Due to the high dc voltage that is produced which is greater than the peak voltage of the utility supply, the ac–dc buck-boost converter is especially suited as a front-end power source in variable-speed drive systems to convert the utility supply voltage into a variable dc link voltage where a single-phase or a three-phase utilities power supply is available. In this paper, the dynamic model and steady state equivalent circuit of a single-phase ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM control is presented. The waveforms of voltage and current, the input and output characteristics of the converter are discussed and verified. Measured, computed and simulated results are shown to be very close and the model is proved to be efficient and accurate.     

Features of traction electric equipment of prospective electric rolling stock

On the main railways in Russia, two types of current in the contact wire are used: dc voltage of 3 kV and ac voltage of 25 kV with a frequency of 50 Hz. Therefore, prospective electric rolling stock should have double the power. Improving the capacity and structural speed of locomotives is based on the use of asynchronous traction motors (ATDs) with a squirrel-cage rotor allowing increasing the tractive force and the weight of the train and the capacity and speed of cargo delivery, increasing reliability and reducing life cycle costs, and increasing service life. Electrical equipment for such rolling stock should be used when working from either contact system, dc or ac. In this article, the scheme of power circuits is considered using the example of a module of a traction drive in one bogie of dual-system electric locomotives. It is proposed to use the secondary winding of the traction transformer as a choke of the input filter when powered from a dc contact system. Regulation of operation modes of asynchronous traction motors is carried out from static semiconductor converters with a two-tier structure. Input transducers provide the exchange of electric energy between the contact system and the intermediate link of dc voltage, and the output converters regulate the traction motors by changing the magnitude and frequency of voltage on the stator windings of ATD depending on the speed of the locomotive and its operating mode. 4QS input converters and output converters are autonomous voltage inverters of the intermediate ac: in the case of single-phase input and output, they are three-phase. The basic ratios are given to determine voltages and currents of 4QS converters, to determine the variable component of a rectified current 4QS converter, and to formulate requirements for a resonant L₂C₂ filter configured for a frequency of 100 Hz. Expressions are given for determining the ratio of the input power of the converter, as well as recommendations for determining the basic parameters of electrical equipment.     

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统潮流统一迭代求解算法

介绍基于电压源换流器(VSC)的新一代高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)技术,具有可向无源网络供电、不会出现换相失败等众多优点。分析VSC-HVDC输电系统的原理及其中VSC的控制方式。针对不同控制方式下的VSC,分别推导其交流母线及直流系统相应的潮流修正方程式。提出VSC-HVDC交直流混合系统潮流的统一迭代求解算法,并以修改后的WSCC-9节点交直流混合系统的潮流计算为例,验证统一迭代求解算法的有效性。通过该潮流算法分析VSC-HVDC输电系统的稳态特性和有功功率损耗特性。     

Design and Development of Low-Cost and High-Efficiency Variable-Speed Drive System With Switched Reluctance Motor

Low-cost switched-reluctance-motor (SRM) drive systems are actively sought for high-efficiency home appliances and power tools. Minimizing the number of switching devices has been in power converters that is the main method to reduce drive costs. Single-switch-per-phase converters have been cost effective due to the compactness of the converter package resulting in a possible reduction in their cost. However, some of the single-switch-per-phase converters have the drawbacks that include higher losses and low-system efficiency. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the choice narrows down to the split ac converter through the quantitative analysis in terms of device ratings, cost, switching losses, conduction losses, and converter efficiency. Simulations to verify the characteristics of the converter circuit and control feasibility are presented. The motor drive is realized with a novel two-phase flux-reversal-free-stator SRM and a split ac converter. The efficiency with various loads is numerically estimated and experimentally compared from the viewpoint of subsystem and system in details. The acoustic noise with no load and full load is also compared. The focus of this paper is to compare the considered split ac converter to the asymmetric converter through experiments and demonstrate that the split ac converter is the most advantageous with respect to cost, efficiency, and acoustic noise     

Control of a polyphase induction generator/induction motor powerconversion system completely isolated from the utility

Two squirrel cage induction machines interconnected via a 20 kHz parallel resonant high frequency (HF) AC link and associated switching pulse density modulated (PDM) power converters are investigated, one operating as a generator and the other as a motor. No capacitors are used for the excitation of the generator or motor. Instead, the real power of the generator is controlled so as to maintain the proper link voltage and match the power between the input and output, Current regulated PDM converters operating via field oriented controllers are used to control both machines. A zero voltage switching technique is utilized with the associated PDM converters. Low harmonic distortion waveforms have been obtained both at the input and output due to the high 40 kHz switching frequency. Link voltage build-up and excitation of the generator by an initial charging circuit, power matching between input and output, and peak link voltage regulation techniques are investigated. Both computer simulations and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system     

新型三电平交流斩波电路的输出频谱结构分析

关于多电平变换器的研究已经有十几年了，但是多电平技术在交流电能变换当中的应用尚不多见。三电平交流斩波电路是一种用于高压电能变换的新型电路拓扑。它允许使用低电压等级的器件完成高压电能变换，并采用较多的电平数去逼近所希望的波形，使输出电压或电流的质量大大提高，谐波含量减少。文中对三电平斩波电路的输出电压频谱进行了一般性的讨论，得到了普适的结论。这一结论同样可分析普通的交流斩波电路的输出频谱结构。通过实验验证了电路的工作原理。     

应用于储能变流器的LLC/CLLC谐振变换器综述

针对储能变流器中高效隔离型DC-DC变换器的应用需求,首先分析了储能变流器高电压输入、宽电压输出及大功率的特点,着重比较分析了LLC/CLLC变换器实现宽电压调节范围、高压大电流输出的方法,并介绍了其软启动控制技术,然后对比LLC变换器分析了CLLC变换器的特点,探讨其应用于高压大电流变流器所面临的问题,最后介绍了两种拓扑在储能中的应用。谐振变换器是实现储能变流器DC-DC环节高效能量传输的有效途径,大功率LLC谐振技术相对CLLC更加成熟。随着大功率谐振技术的发展,LLC/CLLC谐振变换器将在高压、大功率储能系统中具有非常广阔的应用前景。