7003铝合金的淬火敏感性

采用分级淬火的实验方法,结合合金淬火态电导率和时效态硬度的测试拟合得到7003铝合金的时间-温度-转化率(TTT)曲线和时间-温度-性能(TTP)曲线,利用透射电镜(TEM)并结合Avrami方程研究了7003铝合金在等温过程中的组织变化。结果表明:当7003铝合金在相同温度下等温时,随保温时间延长,淬火态电导率呈上升趋势,时效态硬度呈下降趋势。透射电镜分析发现,在鼻温附近随保温时间的延长,晶粒内部析出相尺寸和间距变大,晶界析出相尺寸和间距变小,晶界无沉淀析出带变宽。实验用7003铝合金"C"曲线的鼻尖温度约为280℃,其孕育期约为10 s,淬火敏感温度区间较小,仅在鼻温附近淬火敏感性较高,而低温区和高温区淬火敏感性较低。实验用7003铝合金在线淬火时在鼻温附近应该以大于4℃/s的速度冷却,以抑制各种物相的析出。     

7050铝合金淬火特性与微观组织

采用温度数据采集系统采集得到盐浴炉等温保温过程中试样的温度变化曲线,通过硬度和电导率测试测定7050铝合金的时间-温度-性能(TTP)曲线。采用透射电镜和热分析仪对7050铝合金进行显微组织观察和分析。结果表明:合金TTP曲线鼻温大约在320℃,孕育期约为1.7 s。合金的淬火敏感温度区间为230~410℃,且在此温度区间内,合金硬度随时间的延长而迅速下降。等温保温过程中,合金晶内淬火平衡η相主要依附于晶内Al3Zr等弥散相和细小Al2Cu相形核长大;且随着保温时间延长,淬火析出相的体积分数逐渐增加,晶界析出相趋向于连续分布,无析出带逐渐宽化。等温保温合金经时效后,晶内析出GPⅡ区及η-相数量随着等温保温时间的延长逐渐减少,使得合金性能降低,合金表现出一定淬火敏感性。     

Al-9.0Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Zr-0.4Sc合金的等温淬火性能

采用盐浴分级淬火的实验方法,通过测试Al-9.0Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Zr-0.4Sc铝合金的电导率与硬度,绘制了其时间—温度—转换率(TTT)曲线和时间—温度—性能(TTP)曲线,利用差示扫描量热法(DSC),X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)等观察分析了合金等温过程中的组织变化,结合Johnson-Mehl-Avrami方程研究了合金等温过程中的相变动力学。研究表明:随着保温时间的延长,淬火态合金的电导率呈上升趋势,时效态硬度呈下降趋势;Al-9.0Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Zr-0.4Sc铝合金的TTT曲线和TTP曲线的鼻尖温度在330℃附近;合金的淬火温度敏感区间为270～390℃。实验铝合金过饱和固溶体在330℃等温处理时快速分解,第二相脱溶析出速率达到最高,较大的相变驱动力和较高的扩散速率是合金第二相快速析出和长大的主要原因。合金固溶后,在淬火敏感区间之外可适当降低冷却速率,这样不仅可以保持合金的力学性能,还可降低合金的内应力。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的淬火敏感性

采用分级淬火试验方法,结合对合金峰时效态硬度、淬火态电导率的测试,拟合得到新型Al-7.5Zn-1.7Mg-1.4Cu-0.12Zr合金的温度—时间—性能(TTP)曲线,并与传统的7B04和7150合金进行比较。结果表明:新型合金的TTP曲线鼻温大约在290℃,其孕育期约为4.5 s,与同等条件下制备的7150合金(320℃,2.6 s)和7B04合金(335℃,0.1 s)相比,其TTP曲线的鼻温最低,对应的孕育期最长,反映出新型合金过饱和固溶体的稳定性最高,具有最低的淬火敏感性。进一步的TEM分析表明,随着鼻温附近保温处理时间的延长,合金内部的淬火脱溶析出现象不断加剧。淬火诱导脱溶η相优先在(亚)晶界上形核析出,在晶内依附于已存在的Al3Zr弥散相粒子形核析出;时效后,在这些粗大η相周围形成一定宽度的无沉淀析出带。合金的成分及组织形态影响和决定着合金的淬火敏感性;新型合金淬火可以适当降低冷却速度以减小残余应力。     

7050铝合金的TTP曲线

通过分级淬火方法获得7050铝合金的时间-温度-性能(TTP)曲线.结果表明:合金TTP曲线的鼻尖温度为330 ℃,淬火敏感温度区间为240～420 ℃;等温保温时,过饱和固溶体分解析出第二相粒子,在330 ℃附近,第二相(主要为η平衡相)的析出速率达到最高;随着时间的延长,晶内η相数量增加、尺寸变大,时效后粒子周围出现无沉淀析出区,导致强化效果显著降低;晶界处η相粒子粗化,由不连续分布形貌转变为连续分布形貌,无沉淀析出带宽化;鼻尖温度的高相变驱动力和较快的扩散速率是η相析出和长大的主要原因,建议在淬火敏感区间应加快淬火冷却速率避免平衡相的析出,而高于淬火敏感区间温度时可适当降低冷却速率减小热应力的影响.     

6061铝合金TTP曲线的研究

通过分级淬火法获得了6061铝合金TTP曲线,计算了淬火敏感温度区间的淬火因子,结合淬火因子分析法预测了在不同淬火冷却速率条件下合金的硬度,并与实测值进行对比。结果表明:6061铝合金TTP曲线的"鼻尖"温度约为340℃,淬火敏感温度区间为220～455℃;合金硬度的预测值与实测值吻合较好,淬火因子分析法预测合金的性能具有较高的准确度;合金在淬火敏感温度区间220～455℃的淬火冷却速率大于16.2℃/s时,合金的硬度能达到最大硬度值的95%以上。     

四种Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金淬火敏感性研究

采用第一性原理在JMatPro7.0软件的Al基数据库完成4种Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金时间-温度-转变(TTT)曲线和CCT曲线计算。结果表明:7055合金的主合金元素总量及Cu含量最高,TTT曲线和CCT曲线在左上方;7085合金的Cu含量最低且Zn/Mg比值最高,TTT曲线和CCT曲线在右下方,平衡相析出的孕育期最长,开始析出温度和鼻尖温度最低,合金的淬火敏感性最低;7075合金Zn/Mg比值最小且晶内存在非共格的E(Al_(18)Cr_2Mg_3)相,合金的淬火敏感性最高。实验研究表明与冷却速率960℃/s处相比,冷却速率1.8℃/s处7075、7055、7050和7085 4种合金淬火态的电导率差值和时效态的硬度下降率均减小,硬度下降率分别为35.5%、19%、13.8%和9.5%,此处4个合金固溶体的晶格常数及淬火析出相的尺寸及面积分数依次减小,因此其淬火敏感性依次降低。     

2219铝合金的淬火敏感性北大核心CSCD

通过分级淬火方法测定了2219铝合金的时间-温度-性能（TTP）曲线。结果表明：合金TTP曲线的鼻尖温度为440℃,淬火敏感温度区间为300-480℃;等温保温时,过饱和固溶体分解析出相粒子,在440℃附近,析出相（主要为θ平衡相）的析出速率达到最高;随着时间的延长,晶内θ平衡相数量增加、尺寸变大,经时效后晶内析出相θ＇不均匀分布,导致强化效果显著降低,晶内出现无沉淀析出区;鼻尖温度的高相变驱动力和较快的扩散速率是θ相析出和长大的主要原因,建议在淬火敏感区间应加快淬火冷却速率避免平衡相的析出,而高于淬火敏感区间温度时可适当降低冷却速率减小热应力的影响。     

7055铝合金的TTP曲线及其应用

采用分级淬火的方法测定了7055铝合金的温度—时间—性能(TTP)曲线,并结合合金实际淬火冷却曲线通过淬火因子分析方法预测了合金的硬度。结果表明,合金TTP曲线的“鼻尖”温度大约为355℃,淬火敏感温度区间为210~420℃。淬火因子分析方法预测的合金硬度值和实测值吻合较好,淬火敏感温度区间的冷却速率对合金硬度有决定性影响。根据理论计算认为,要获得最大硬度,淬火敏感温度区间的平均冷却速率需大于500℃/s。     

6005A合金的淬火敏感性

利用TTP曲线的测定和透射电镜分析对铝车车体大型材用6005A合金的淬火敏感性进行了研究。结果表明，6005A合金的HB与σb的TTP曲线鼻温均在370℃左右，高温区淬火敏感性并不太高，但中温区(280～400℃)淬火敏感性极高，低温区则介于二者之间；大型材生产中在线挤压后淬火时，型材出口温度最好应大于480℃，自480℃空冷到分解危险温度400℃时间最好小于60s，此后要快速淬火通过中温危险区。透射电镜分析表明：随着等温时间的延长，6005A合金过饱和固溶体不断分解为平衡析出相Mg2Si，强化效果减弱，同时抑制了强化相β′的析出，合金的力学性能也随之降低。     

6063铝合金的TTP曲线与淬火敏感性

采用中断淬火技术测定了6063铝合金的时间-温度-性能(TTP)曲线,透射电镜研究了6063铝合金的淬火敏感性.结果表明,6063铝合金的淬火敏感性低于6061和6082铝合金的,合金的鼻尖温度为360℃,淬火敏感区间为300～410℃.微观组织观察表明,在敏感区间内,β-Mg2Si平衡相优先在(AlxFeySiz)相上非均匀形核而析出,且在360℃鼻尖温度时的长大速度最快.平衡相的析出导致合金溶质原子的浓度下降,减少了时效时的β"强化相的数量,降低了强化效果.因此,对于6063铝合金大型材的淬火,一方面,在淬火敏感区间(410～300℃)应加大冷却速率以抑制平衡相的析出,从而获得较佳的时效强化效果;另一方面,适当减小从固溶温度到410℃以及低于300℃时的冷却速率,从而减小淬火应力.     

Heat Treatment of Modified 6005A Alloy for Vehicles

HEAVY sectional aluminum with high strength is akey material to manufacture light-weigh,high-speedand modernized vehicles.Until now,most aluminumcarriage have been made of6X X X series alloys,among which6005A is an ideal one[1~5].However,it'sfound that6005A alloy is difficult to be quenched afterextruded on-line in industrial production,and thisgreatly influences its mechanical properties insubsequent aging'6"71.Considering that adjustment ofits composition may improve mechanical property …     

Quenching sensitivity and heterogeneous precipitation behavior of AA7136 alloy

The quenching sensitivity of AA7136 alloy was investigated by time−temperature−property (TTP) diagrams, and the heterogeneous precipitation behavior during isothermal holding was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Based on 99.5% TTP diagram, the nose temperature is determined to be about 346 °C with the transformation time of about 0.245 s. The precipitation of η (MgZn₂), T (Al₂Zn₃Mg₃), S (Al₂CuMg) or Cu−Zn-rich Y phases can be found depending on isothermal holding temperature and time, and it is described in a time−temperature−precipitation diagram. The size and area fraction of isothermal holding induced phase particles increase, which results in the decrease of hardness of samples after aging. The quantitative contribution to loss of hardness by grain boundaries/subgrain boundaries and dispersoids in the matrix is discussed based on the amount of heterogeneous precipitation related to them.     

Precipitation behavior of hot-extruded alloy 718 during isothermal treatment

The precipitation and dissolution behavior of hot-extruded alloy 718 was investigated during isothermal treatment at temperatures from 600°C up to 1150°C at different times from 0.3h to 72h. Analysis was conducted using hardness measurement and an electron microscope. It was observed that the γ/γ′ phases were precipitated further during isothermal exposure at 600°C-700°C. When the isothermal treatment was carried out at 800°C, the δ phase was precipitated at the expense of the γ′ phase, which resulted in a slight decrease of hardness with increasing holding time. Above exposure temperature of 900°C, a rapid decrease in hardness occurred within the holding time of 0.3h, resulting from the dissolution of the γ phase and a sharp decrease in the amount of the γ′ phase. Rapid grain growth also affected the decrease in hardness above 900°C.     

Quench Sensitivity of a 7A46 Aluminum Alloy

JOM - The quench sensitivity of a 7A46 aluminum alloy is studied by an interrupted quench method. The temperature–time–property (TTP) curves for the electrical conductivity and hardness...     

Effect of pre-aging on precipitation behavior of Al-1.29Mg- 1.22Si-0.68Cu-0.69Mn-0.3Fe-0.2Zn-0.1Ti alloy

1 Introduction Aluminum alloys of the 6000 series, containing Mg and Si as the major solutes, are strengthened by the precipitation of metastable precursors of the equilibrium β(Mg2Si) phase. The precipitation of these metastable precursors occurs in on…     

Precipitation of metastable phases and its effect on electrical resistivity of Al-0.96Mg2Si alloy during aging

The precipitation behavior and its influence on the electrical resistivity of the Al-0.96Mg₂Si alloy during aging were investigated with in-situ resistivity measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The precipitates of the peak aged alloy include both β″ and β′, but the amount ratio of β″ to β′ varies with the aging temperature and time increasing. The precipitates during aging at 175 °C are dominated by needle-like β″ phases (including pre-β″ phase), the size of which increases with the time prolonging, but does not increase substantially after further aging. The evolution of electrical conductivity is directly related to such microstructural evolution. However, the hardness of the alloy stays at the peak value for a long term. When the alloy is aged at 195 °C, the ratio of β″ to β′ becomes the main factor to influence relative resistivity (Δρ) value. The higher the temperature is, the smaller the ratio is, and the faster the Δρ value decreases. Moreover, the hardness peak drops with the decrease of the ratio. With the size and distribution parameters measured from TEM images, a semi-quantitative relationship between precipitates and the electrical resistivity was established.     

20CrMnTi钢的等温相变行为分析及动力学建模

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对20CrMnTi钢在不同温度和保温时间进行了等温膨胀试验,得到其相变热膨胀曲线。结合光学显微镜分析了20CrMnTi钢的等温相变行为,绘制了该钢的等温相变曲线(TTT曲线)。引入Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程和Koistinen-Marburger(KM)方程分别建立了该钢的扩散型相变动力学模型和非扩散型相变动力学模型。结果表明:20CrMnTi钢的TTT曲线呈“双C型”,鼻温分别为630和530 ℃。在730~580 ℃等温时,奥氏体转变为珠光体+铁素体,随着温度的降低,等温相变速度先加快后减慢;580~430 ℃等温时,奥氏体转变为贝氏体,随着温度的降低,等温相变速度也是先加快后减慢;低于430 ℃等温时,奥氏体转变为马氏体,随着温度的降低,马氏体的体积分数先较快增大后减缓。所推导的20CrMnTi钢的动力学模型计算结果与试验结果一致性较好。     

Precipitation behavior in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy after direct quenching

The precipitation behavior in an Al-6.8Zn-1.9Mg-1.0Cu-0.12Zr alloy after direct quenching from solution heat treatment temperature of 470 °C to 205–355 °C was investigated by means of hardness tests, electrical conductivity tests, and transmission electron microscopy. At temperatures below 265 °C, the hardness increased gradually to a peak value and then decreased rapidly with time. At 265 °C, the hardness was almost unchanged within the initial 2000 s and then decreased gradually. At higher temperatures, the hardness decreased slowly with time. The electrical conductivity started to increase after a certain period of time and then tended to maintain a constant value at all temperatures. Microstructure examination indicated heterogeneous precipitation of the η phase at grain boundaries and inside grains during holding at 205 °C and 325 °C. Based on the electrical conductivity data, the precipitation kinetics could be described quite well by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Komolgorov relationship with a n value varying between 0.78 and 1.33. The activation energy was estimated to be about 44.9 kJ/mol, which is close to that expected for a dislocation diffusion mechanism. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams were constructed and the nose temperature ranged from 295 °C to 325 °C.