响应波段外激光辐照PC HgCdTe 探测器系统实验研究

文中对多元多光谱红外探测器系统响应波段外激光的辐照效应进行了深入的实验研 究并对实验结果进行了分析。以1. 06μm 激光辐照三元光导型碲镉汞探测器系统的实验为例,说明了系统响应波段外激光辐照效应的实验规律。实验结果发现:探测器对系统响应波段以外的激光仍有响应信号,但响应规律与对波段内激光的响应不同,出现新的现象。研究表明: Ge 窗口被激光加热是导致探测器输出信号的根本原因,信号输出曲线由探测器的电阻～温度特性决定。     

波段外CW CO2激光辐照HgCdTe探测器热效应研究

报道了用波段外连续波CO2 激光辐照HgCdTe探测器 (PC ,PV)时 ,观察到的一些与波段内激光辐照探测器时大不相同的实验现象。研究表明 ,波段内激光辐照探测器时 ,探测器的主要响应机制是光效应 ,而波段外激光辐照探测器时 ,热效应起主要作用     

激光辐照对光导型探测器性能的影响

对比研究了光导型探测器在激光辐照前后对信号的输出响应特性,发现在受到较高功率但低于永久损伤阈值的激光辐照之后,探测器系统对相同信号的输出响应有了较大程度的改变。分析表明：在使用较高功率密度激光对探测器进行处理后,探测器系统的散热性能有了改善。根据缺陷的退杂化模型对探测器预处理前后性能的改变进行了分析,对实验现象进行了解...     

波段内激光辐照光电探测器的光热效应实验研究

以1.06μm激光为例,使用PC型HgCdTe探测器,从实验的角度全面给出探测器各种可能的激光响应结果;同时给出响应波段内激光辐照探测器时光、热各自作用及光热综合作用的实验曲线,并结合此结果以清晰直观的图像分析了波段内激光辐照光电探测器时各种响应结果的成因.研究表明:激光辐照过程中,探测器信号响应曲线是光、热综合作用的竞争结果;激光停照后,信号曲线仅反映探测器的热恢复过程;光电导探测器的光响应和热响应随工作温度的变化均存在峰值响应.探测器的工作温度、激光功率密度和辐照时间是影响探测器信号响应曲线行为的关键参数.     

线阵碲镉汞探测器对纳秒脉冲激光的反常响应规律及机理

利用纳秒激光辐照PV型线阵HgCdTe探测器的局部光敏元,获得了该类器件损伤前被辐照和未被辐照像元输出信号随激光能量密度变化的全部响应规律,指出基底信号二阶段响应和光信号六阶段响应的规律特点,同时给出不同响应阶段激光能量密度阈值范围;发现了基底信号整体跃变的零压输出、光响应信号输出凹陷-回升-凸起等反常响应现象;并从探测器读出电路和热生电动势的角度揭示了反常响应现象的产生机理,希望能加强对阵列型HgCdTe探测器光响应特性的深刻认识,为该类器件的技术创新提供启示。     

强激光辐照PC型探测器的动态响应

基于载流子输运和强激光辐照会产生热效应造成探测器的温升,建立了描述光导(PC)型半导体探测器对激光辐照动态响应的动力学模型及非线性耦合方程组。通过进行数值模拟计算,得到了激光辐照PC型半导体探测器的动态响应情况,数值模拟结果与实验结果相吻合。该模型能适用于任何强度的激光辐照,弱激光辐照时结果与传统模型一致,强激光辐照时能描述探测器的信号饱和效应。     

激光停照后探测器继续升温现象的实验研究

文章针对探测器组件,研究了响应波段内、外激光辐照停止后,组件内探测器的热恢复过程.实验发现激光辐照停止后,组件内探测器存在继续升温的新现象.研究表明,此现象是器件整体结构所致,Ge窗口或滤光片对激光能量的吸收是导致温升的直接原因.实验还测量了不同激光功率、不同辐照时间下探测器继续升温的时间,结果表明继续升温时间随辐照时间的加长而减小,随激光功率的提高而增大.     

基于CTIA的PV-HgCdTe线阵近红外激光响应特性

使用超连续谱激光辐照PV 型线阵HgCdTe 探测器,探测到了线阵器件输出信号随光照强度变化的全过程,发现了被辐照单元过饱和降压、低压稳定输出的反常响应规律;同时,未被辐照单元也存在响应。在总结实验响应规律的基础上,给出了各不同响应阶段功率阈值范围,并分别对辐照单元出现的过饱和降压、低压稳定输出等异常现象及未被辐照单元存在的整体降压反常响应现象进行了深入研究。研究认为采用CDS 相关双采样电路使器件的基底信号在强光下存在光响应是造成辐照单元异常响应的主要原因;而器件内部公共P 级结构、电路共用Vref 电压结构是导致未被辐照单元反常响应输出的主要因素。     

中长波红外探测器非线性度分析

线性度作为评价探测器性能参数的一个重要指标,直接影响着用户的使用状况。以中长波两个波段的探测器作为实验器件,分析讨论了以全波段黑体辐照功率与像元响应率线性拟合及以波段辐照功率与输出信号电压进行线性拟合的两种不同的评价方案。全波段黑体辐照功率拟合出的线性度结果较差,非线性度在6 %左右,而采用波段辐照功率拟合出的非线性度均在0.5 %以内。最终确定以波段辐照功率拟合出的线性度有较高的准确性,为直观评价探测器性能的优劣提供了指导依据。     

激光对PV型Hg1-xCdxTe探测器的损伤效应

研究了较大功率激光辐照对PV型Hgl-xCdxTe探测器的损伤效应.测量了损伤前后探测器的饱和信号输出,得出了pn结退化造成其性能下降的结论.根据pn结的并联电阻模型解释了损伤后探测器对背景辐射的响应率下降现象以及损伤前后激光辐照下饱和开路电压几乎相等的现象.研究了其pn结退化造成的探测器响应率、探测率等性能参数的变化,以及由于Hg原子的逃逸和扩散给器件性能带来的影响.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks