H13钢低温固体渗硼及其热熔损性能的研究

采用低温固体粉末渗硼法对H13钢基体表面进行稀土催渗下的渗硼试验。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析渗硼层的组织形貌和物相组成,并对未渗硼和低温渗硼试样的热熔损性能进行了对比研究。结果表明:H13钢经580℃粉末渗硼10 h后,其表面形成了一层连续致密的硼化物层,厚度约10μm,硬度约19 GPa。渗硼层主要由FeB和Fe2B两相组成。稀土元素的渗入,可以降低活性硼原子在基体中的扩散激活能,从而显著加快其在基体表层中的扩散速率。由于渗硼层隔绝了铝合金熔液和基体直接接触,渗硼试样的抗热熔损性能大幅提高。     

H13钢两段固体渗硼动力学及其高温耐磨损性能的研究

将高能喷丸预处理与固体渗硼相结合,对H13钢进行了两段固体渗硼处理。采用SEM观察试样渗硼层微观形貌,利用XRD对渗硼后的试样进行物相分析,并对未渗硼和两段固体渗硼的试样进行高温摩擦磨损试验。结果表明,高能喷丸使试样表层获得了纳米级晶粒,抛光态试样和高能喷丸预处理试样两段固体渗硼后均得到Fe_2B单相渗硼层;相比于抛光态试样,高能喷丸预处理试样两段固体渗硼层的厚度增加约30%,表层硬度提高约100 HV0.1,扩散激活能降低了33 kJ/mol。与未渗硼试样相比,抛光态试样和高能喷丸预处理试样两段固体渗硼后高温磨损率分别降低了25%和41%,渗硼层在高温下高的硬度以及良好的抗氧化性能,显著地提高了H13钢的高温耐磨损性能。     

H13钢经不同表面处理后的静态抗铝热熔损性能比较

将经过蒸汽氧化、离子渗氮和渗硼等不同表面处理的H13钢试样浸入铝液进行静态熔损试验，探索并建立了一套熔损评定方法一即用试样质量损失的方法评定熔损情况。对铁铝界面进行了显微观察和能谱分析。结果表明，在相同试验条件下熔损后，铁铝界面组织颜色自深至浅依次为：深色的H13钢基体、深灰色致密金属问化合物层、浅灰色致密金属问化合物层、含游离金属间化合物的铝层以及附着的铝。离子渗氮试样和渗硼试样的热熔质量损失要比氧化试样更少，显示了更好的热熔损抗力。     

蒸汽氧化处理对H13钢铝合金压铸模具熔损及疲劳性能的影响

将经过蒸汽氧化处理和未处理的H13钢试样进行热疲劳、熔损和熔损-疲劳3种试验,以考核氧化处理对H13钢在铝合金压铸服役过程中的影响。结果表明,经蒸汽氧化表面处理的H13钢耐热疲劳性能不仅没有下降,而且还具有良好的抗熔融铝合金的熔损性能 .     

有表面机械磨损处理辅助的合金钢强化渗硼动力学

用表面机械磨损处理(SMAT)在AISI H13钢上制备一层纳米结构的表面层。研究了这种SMAT试样的渗硼性能和粗晶粒对应物的比较。SMAT试样的硼扩散深度在600℃,2 h渗硼后的峰值是8μm,比粗晶粒试样深得多。在SMAT试样上用600℃接着更高温度的双重渗硼处理能合成厚得多的渗硼层。而且SMAT试样的活化能是1403 kJ/mol,比粗晶粒的209.4 kJ/mol低得多。结果表明,用双重渗硼处理的SMAT试样能明显增强渗硼动力学。而且热疲劳试验表明,具有优良抗氧化性和高温机械强度的渗硼层能有效延迟热疲劳裂纹的萌生,阻碍它们的传播。所以经双重渗硼处理的H13钢的热疲劳性能可以大大提升。     

固体渗硼对AISI H13钢耐磨和耐蚀性能的影响

研究了固体渗硼的时间和温度对AISI H13工具钢耐磨和耐蚀性能的影响。将900℃和1 000℃固体渗硼2 h和4 h的渗硼试样和未渗硼试样进行无磨料固定球的微量磨损试验,耐蚀性能则通过0.1 mol HCl溶液中进行的动电位极化试验测定。渗硼试样中均形成了高硬度的渗层,钢的成分对渗层的硬度、厚度、渗层/基体界面的形貌和形成相等特性均有影响。对于合金元素含量比碳钢高的AISI H13钢,所形成的渗层硬度较高,渗层较薄,渗层/基体界面较平坦。在上述工艺条件下获得的渗层中,均发现有Fe_2B、FeB和CrB等硼化物。渗硼试样的耐磨和耐蚀性能得到了显著的改善,且在1 000℃渗硼的效果最佳。     

AISI 410钢膏剂渗硼工艺渗层的组织与性能

通过膏剂渗硼工艺对AISI 410钢进行表面强化,分析了渗硼层的组织形貌,并测试了其硬度、耐磨损性能以及耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,渗硼层主要由FeB、Fe₂B相组成,渗硼层/母材的结合界面较平坦;渗硼层外渗区硬度达1400 HV0.5以上,内渗区硬度达1100 HV0.5以上;渗硼处理后试样表面摩擦因数和截面磨痕面积显著减小,耐磨损性能得到改善;在电化学腐蚀试验中,渗硼试样自腐蚀电位大于母材试样、自腐蚀电流密度小于母材试样,说明渗硼处理降低了AISI 410钢表面的腐蚀倾向,其表面耐蚀性得到提高。     

38CrMoAl钢喷丸预处理与稀土催渗等离子多元共渗复合工艺研究

目的探索38CrMoAl喷丸预处理与稀土离子多元共渗复合强化新工艺的效果及其机理。方法通过设计正交实验筛选出最优处理工艺,在最优工艺参数条件下进行对比试验,分别测定渗氮后各试样的表面硬度及渗层厚度,观察其金相组织,利用SEM和能谱分析研究每组试样渗氮层的性能及产生原因。结果 38CrMoAl钢喷丸预处理与稀土催渗离子多元共渗的最优工艺参数为:渗氮温度540℃,氨气流量2.0 L/min,保温时间9 h。38CrMoAl钢试样的最大硬度为1221HV,渗层厚度为355μm。38CrMoAl钢试样的金相显微组织分析表明,喷丸预处理、稀土催渗对等离子多元共渗有促进作用,两者复合工艺的多元共渗作用效果大于单一稀土催渗和等离子多元共渗工艺。38CrMoAl钢试样渗层的能谱检测结果显示,复合处理工艺与单一处理工艺相比,在同一深度渗入的氮、碳、氧元素含量以及渗层深度均有明显提高。结论喷丸预处理与稀土催渗离子多元共渗工艺优于普通多元共渗和稀土多元共渗,喷丸和稀土的复合处理可以显著增强渗层厚度和渗入元素含量,有利于材料表面性能的提升。     

渗硼处理对H13钢碳化铬覆层抗铝液侵蚀性能的影响

将未处理H13钢、热反应扩散(TRD)法渗铬试样及铬硼复合渗(TRD渗铬+TRD渗硼)试样浸入熔融铝液进行热浸铝试验。对渗铝试样截面进行显微观察及渗铝层定点成分分析。结果表明:相同热浸铝条件下,单一碳化铬覆层的浸铝层厚度与未处理H13钢相当,即单独渗铬并不能提升H13钢抗铝液侵蚀能力。而硼铬复合处理试样浸铝层厚度为单一碳化铬覆层的67%,渗硼处理的应用能够有效提高TRD碳化铬覆层抗铝液侵蚀能力。试样经热浸铝后渗铝层Fe-Al金属间化合物成分主要为Fe₂Al₅。     

H13钢等离子低温渗硼的研究

为了提高热作模具钢H13的性能,延长模具的使用寿命,对表面纳米化后的热作模具钢H13,在远低于传统渗硼温度的600℃下实施等离子低温渗硼试验.结果表明:表面纳米化后的H13钢在600℃和4～8h的渗硼处理后,表面确实形成了6～10μm厚度的渗硼层,且具有约为16GPa的极高硬度;4～8h的不同渗硼时间,对渗硼层厚度,成分含量及形貌结构变化有影响,实验证明了表面纳米化处理对低温渗硼层的形成起到必要和良好的促进作用.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.