一种通过优化链路权值来增强网络生存性的方案

提出了一种通过优化链路权值来增强网络生存性的方案.该方案在选择链路权值时考虑了所有可能的链路故障情景和网络流量的变化,通过引入费用函数对过载链路赋以高费用的方法来避免链路过载,并利用遗传算法在所有可能的链路权值组合中寻找使链路费用之和最小的组合.实验结果表明通过该方案求得的权值组合,能够使网络在出现流量变化和链路故障时有效避免链路拥塞,从而增强网络的生存性.     

Hybridizing evolutionary strategies with continuation methods for solving multi-objective problems

Two techniques for the numerical treatment of multi-objective optimization problems—a continuation method and a particle swarm optimizer—are combined in order to unite their particular advantages. Continuation methods can be applied very efficiently to perform the search along the Pareto set, even for high-dimensional models, but are of local nature. In contrast, many multi-objective particle swarm optimizers tend to have slow convergence, but instead accomplish the ‘global task’ well. An algorithm which combines these two techniques is proposed, some convergence results for continuous models are provided, possible realizations are discussed, and finally some numerical results are presented indicating the strength of this novel approach.     

地面运动激励下结构的动力学形状优化设计

通过推广和修改ESO方法来进行结构形状优化设计，以达到控制地面运动激励下的结构随机动力响应的目的，根据工程实际要求，用随机动力学理论构造具有白噪声功率谱的地面运动的随机响应表达式。基于特征导数的模态截断法和近似处理，导出了一套平均均方动响应的灵敏度公式，在优化软件上实现了形状优化算法，提供的算例显示了本方法的合理性和有效性。     

Stochastic network interdiction optimization via capacitated network reliability modeling and probabilistic solution discovery

This paper introduces an evolutionary optimization approach that can be readily applied to solve stochastic network interdiction problems (SNIP). The network interdiction problem solved considers the minimization of the cost associated with an interdiction strategy such that the maximum flow that can be transmitted between a source node and a sink node for a fixed network design is greater than or equal to a given reliability requirement. Furthermore, the model assumes that the nominal capacity of each network link and the cost associated with their interdiction can change from link to link and that such interdiction has a probability of being successful. This version of the SNIP is for the first time modeled as a capacitated network reliability problem allowing for the implementation of computation and solution techniques previously unavailable. The solution process is based on an evolutionary algorithm that implements: (1) Monte-Carlo simulation, to generate potential network interdiction strategies, (2) capacitated network reliability techniques to analyze strategies’ source-sink flow reliability and, (3) an evolutionary optimization technique to define, in probabilistic terms, how likely a link is to appear in the final interdiction strategy. Examples for different sizes of networks are used throughout the paper to illustrate the approach.     

Optimizing infrastructure network maintenance when benefits are interdependent

Network Topology Dependencies (NTD) are a class of externalities in the maintenance cost structure of infrastructure networks with applications to many network industries, including natural gas and water distribution pipelines. It is shown that the above externalities may be included to infrastructure maintenance decisions, if optimal maintenance is formulated as a Rhys-Balinski selection problem. A unique contribution is that this risk management problem is analyzed from the point of view of integrating quantitative analysis to organizational and inter-organizational decision processes. Hence, the importance of various procedural requirements is established in addition to computational efficiency and numerical accuracy. In particular, the benefits of sensitivity analysis facilitation and of avoiding manipulability are stressed. The proposed solution process achieves all four requirements. Special attention is paid to the role of submodularity and antitone differences in sensitivity analysis.This complete issue was revised and published online in November 2004. The previous version contained a false date. Correspondence to: Ioannis S. Papadakis     

Evaluating the damage associated with intentional network disintegration

This paper presents a method for evaluating an expected damage associated with disintegrating complex networks with a given topology into isolated sub-networks (clusters) as a result of intentional attack on randomly chosen network links. The method is based on a multi-dimensional spectra approach for evaluating the probability of network disintegration into a given number of sub-networks when a fixed number of randomly chosen links is eliminated. It also uses the contest success function that evaluates destruction probability of individual links as a function of per-link attack and defense efforts. It is assumed that the defender has no information about the attacker's actions and the attacker has no information about the network structure. The method allows the analysts to compare different network topologies and to choose one with the minimal expected damage under conditions of uncertainty. Illustrative examples are presented.     

An Exact Test of Fit for the Gaussian Linear Model Using Optimal Nonbipartite Matching

Fisher tested the fit of Gaussian linear models using replicated observations. We refine this method by (1) constructing near-replicates using an optimal nonbipartite matching and (2) defining a distance that focuses on predictors important to the model’s predictions. Near-replicates may not exist unless the predictor set is low-dimensional; the test addresses dimensionality by betting that model failures involve a subset of predictors important in the old fit. Despite using the old fit to pair observations, the test has exactly its stated level under the null hypothesis. Simulations show the test has reasonable power even when many spurious predictors are present.     

Advanced protection against environmental degradation of silver mirror stacks for space application

Protection of silver mirror stacks from environmental degradation before launching is crucial for space applications.Hereby,we report a comparative study of the advanced protection of silver mirror stacks for space telescopes provided by SiO₂and Al₂O₃coatings in conditions of accelerated aging by sulfida-tion.The model silver stack samples were deposited by cathodic magnetron sputtering on a reference silica substrate for optical applications and a surface-pretreated SiC substrate.Accelerated aging was per-formed in dry and more severe wet conditions.Optical micrographic observations,surface and interface analysis by Time-of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)and reflectivity measurements were combined to comparatively study the effects of degradation.The results show a lower kinetics of degradation by accelerated aging of the stacks protected by the alumina coating in comparable test conditions.     

Finite element analysis of various methods for protection of concrete structures against spalling during fire

A mathematical model of hygro-thermo-mechanical phenomena in heated concrete, treated as multiphase porous material is briefly presented. Some modifications necessary to analyse high–temperature performance of a concrete containing the PP-fibres have been introduced, experimentally validated and applied for analysis of performance of a concrete tunnel lining during a 10-MW fire and the ISO standard fire. Three methods for protecting concrete structures against excessive degradation in fire conditions have been numerically analysed by means of the computer model. The analysed protection methods are based either upon application on a structure surface of a reflective layer, or covering it with a protective layer made of a very porous concrete or an addition of the PP fibres to the concrete mix. Efficiency of these methods has been numerically analysed in thermal conditions corresponding to the ISO-834 standard fire. The results obtained show that even relatively simple methods, like application a protective layer or increasing the surface reflectance, can retard to some extent concrete degradation during a fire.     

Optimal orientation in flows: providing a benchmark for animal movement strategies

Animal movements in air and water can be strongly affected by experienced flow. While various flow-orientation strategies have been proposed and observed, their performance in variable flow conditions remains unclear. We apply control theory to establish a benchmark for time-minimizing (optimal) orientation. We then define optimal orientation for movement in steady flow patterns and, using dynamic wind data, for short-distance mass movements of thrushes (Turdus sp.) and 6000 km non-stop migratory flights by great snipes, Gallinago media. Relative to the optimal benchmark, we assess the efficiency (travel speed) and reliability (success rate) of three generic orientation strategies: full compensation for lateral drift, vector orientation (single-heading movement) and goal orientation (continually heading towards the goal). Optimal orientation is characterized by detours to regions of high flow support, especially when flow speeds approach and exceed the animal''s self-propelled speed. In strong predictable flow (short distance thrush flights), vector orientation adjusted to flow on departure is nearly optimal, whereas for unpredictable flow (inter-continental snipe flights), only goal orientation was near-optimally reliable and efficient. Optimal orientation provides a benchmark for assessing efficiency of responses to complex flow conditions, thereby offering insight into adaptive flow-orientation across taxa in the light of flow strength, predictability and navigation capacity.     

面向管理员的网络可生存性建模与计算

从网络系统安全评价和管理的角度出发，紧密结合可生存性定义和可生存性的四个特征属性，建立了面向管理员的网络可生存性量化模型；给出了该模型的算法流程；提出了面向管理员的网络可生存性计算公式，该公式中包括恢复率和系统状态转移矩阵的计算方法，反映出可生存性对网络空闲资源和恢复时间的要求；最后进行了面向管理员的网络可生存性计算的仿真实验，表明可以利用有限的网络资源实现高水平的网络可生存性。     

Optimal design of measurement network for neutronic activity field reconstruction by data assimilation

An optimal reconstruction of the neutronic activity field can be determined for a nuclear reactor core using a data assimilation framework to merge information from models and measurements. In this paper, we focus on solving the inverse problem of determining an optimal repartition of the measuring instruments within the core, to get the best possible results from the data assimilation reconstruction procedure. The position optimisation is realised using a Simulated Annealing algorithm, based on the Metropolis-Hastings proposition. Moreover, algebraic improvements of data assimilation have been developed, optimising their computational performance, and are presented here.     

Optimal separation of elements in vulnerable multi-state systems

In this paper we consider vulnerable systems, which can have different states corresponding to different combinations of available elements composing the system. Each state can be characterized by a system performance rate, which is the quantitative measure of a system’s ability to perform its task. Both the impact of external factors (attack) and internal causes (failures) affect system survivability, which is determined as probability of meeting a given demand.One of the ways to enhance system survivability is to separate elements with the same functionality (parallel elements). Since system elements can have different performance rates and different availability, the way in which they are separated strongly affects system survivability. In this paper we formulate the problem of how to separate the elements of series-parallel system in order to achieve a maximal possible level of system survivability by the limited cost.An algorithm based on the universal moment generating function method is suggested for determination of the vulnerable series-parallel multi-state system survivability. A genetic algorithm is used as optimization tool in order to solve the structure optimization problem.     

Two-edge disjoint survivable network design problem with relays: a hybrid genetic algorithm and Lagrangian heuristic approach

This article presents a network design problem with relays considering the two-edge network connectivity. The problem arises in telecommunications and logistic networks where a constraint is imposed on the distance that a commodity can travel on a route without being processed by a relay, and the survivability of the network is critical in case of a component failure. The network design problem involves selecting two-edge disjoint paths between source and destination node pairs and determining the location of relays to minimize the network design cost. The formulated problem is solved by a hybrid approach of a genetic algorithm (GA) and a Lagrangian heuristic such that the GA searches for two-edge disjoint paths for each commodity, and the Lagrangian heuristic is used to determine relays on these paths. The performance of the proposed hybrid approach is compared to the previous approaches from the literature, with promising results.     

三维结构的频率拓扑优化设计

根据工程实际要求，利用频率灵敏度公式，提出了结构特性参数计算模型与三维结构优化模型的处理方案，研究了三维结构的频率拓扑优化设计方法和算法。提供的算例表明了本方法的实用性和有效性。     

Optimal parabolic arches

An explicit solution for the elastic stress state in a thick parabolic arch subject only to symmetric loading at its foundations is presented. This solution is found using the complex variable method of plane elasticity. The proposed stress solution has the interesting property of being isoresistent in the sense that exterior and interior boundaries of the arch convey constant hoop stresses of equal but opposite sign. Moreover, all hoop stresses are constant.     

Early warning of fault conditions of an over-current protection module in dependable communication applications

This article describes the implementation of early warning feature in an over-current protection module designed for limiting the surge-current in communication applications. The early warning signal is generated by a surge-current sensor and a temperature sensor mounted on the protection module. Described solution decreases fault latency and consequently improves the efficiency of the on-line fault detection mechanism. It can be used for diagnostic on-line monitoring in dependable adaptive computing systems.