群众参与在水土保持坡耕地治理中的重要性分析

在小流域水土保持坡耕地综合治理中,根据"群众参与、群众治理"的治理理念,结合项目参与式规划设计要求,在项目实施阶段,流域涉及农户参与工程实施,对实施情况进行监督,反映施工中存在的问题,并提出整改建议和要求,在工程完工后,对工程实施效果进行评价,并将群众在水土保持建设中参与式成果进行汇总分析,得到了较为理想的成果。     

黄土高原水土保持的参与式监测评估实践

参与式监测评估和传统的监测评估相比具有明显的优势，在国内的应用也越来越普遍。通过对黄土高原水土保持世行贷款二期项目静宁县分项目的社会经济效益进行参与式监测评估，得出相应的监评结果；并针对该方法的优点和不足进行了讨沧，认为参与式监测评估获取的信息更加真实，突出了对当地农户能力的培养，提高了他们参与的积极性，也促进了当地政府、部门之间的合作。     

小流域治理管理项目对政府管理生态建设工作的启示

计划经济体制下形成的“部门行政”模式,造成了水土保持生态治理项目建设管理上的“条块”分割,各部门与地方各自为政,分别立项、投资,导致出现诸多问题。中国小流域治理管理项目是水利部与英国国际发展部、世界银行三方合作的水土保持生态建设项目,在“参与式规划、区域发展资源整合、沟通宣传”等理念和方法的指导下,3年多的项目实践可以为解决我国经济转型期政府职能从“部门行政”向“公共行政”转变过程中水土保持生态建设工作的前述问题提供一定的借鉴。     

子洲某煤矿水土保持措施评价

按照项目开发建设水土保持相关规定,根据子洲某煤矿基本概况及开发建设情况,采用实地调查和资料分析等方法,从水土保持角度,对项目方采取的水土保持措施从选址、布局和建设等方面进行探讨,提出项目开发建设中采取的各项措施基本合理,符合水土保持开发管理规定,为项目验收提供了科学支撑。     

应用参与式理念进行小流域社区发展规划的思考

通过总结英国赠款项目静宁县北岔小流域参与式规划过程,结合项目总体目标与阶段性目标以及所取得的成果．分析规划过程的经验与不足,提出了应用参与式理念进行小流域规划的优化模式,认为应用参与理念进行社区发展规划有效地调动了农民参与项目的积极性,真正体现了农民是社区发展项目的主体。对规划过程分析表明,参与式流域调查与项目设计应该分为三个阶段,即流域基本情况了解与项目宣传阶段,社区问题分析阶段和项目设计与公示阶段。在参与式规划过程中要强化社区规划小组的作用。     

府谷县某煤矿瓦斯发电厂水土保持方案评价

水土保持方案实施评定是检验项目开发水土保持措施落实情况和项目验收的关键环节。基于府谷县某煤矿瓦斯发电厂工程概况,在分析项目原水土保持方案的基础上,对实施的水土保持方案进行了评价,并对变化原因进行了探讨,得出建设单位基本完成了水土保持方案确定的防治任务,达到了方案确定的防治目标,为同类项目工程验收提供了借鉴。     

重庆开县在“长治”工程项目管理中的制度建设

经过20 a来的探索,三峡库区重庆市开县在"长治"工程建设中,不断强化和完善项目管理,建立起承诺制、参与式设计制、公示制、招投标制、监理制、县级报账制度等系列管理制度,保证了工程质量、进度、投资控制和效益发挥,极大地促进了全县水土保持生态环境建设工作。在总结上述项目管理制度成功经验的基础上,提出了进一步改进和完善管理的方向和对策。     

丘陵区风电项目水土保持措施设计研究

文章以华润电力梧州苍梧六堡一期50MW风电场工程为研究对象,从项目基本情况、项目区概况、水土保持措施设计原则、各工程区水土保持措施典型设计4个方面,总结了适宜我国丘陵区风电项目水土流失防治措施体系,以期为丘陵区风电项目水土保持措施和生态景观设计提供参考。     

山东省水土保持重点项目建设管理实践与经验

一、基本情况从1998年起,山东省相继实施了中央财政预算内专项资金(国债)水土保持项目、黄河水土保持生态工程、淮河流域水土保持工程建设项目等一批国家水土保持重点工程。其中黄河水保生态工程2001~2003年在山东省黄河流域实施了大汶河及玉符河重点支流治理、治沟骨干工程建设和重点小流域治理等项目,完成中央投资2480万元,建设治沟骨干工程21座,综合治理水土流失面积312.3km2;淮河流域水土保持工程建设项目于2004年启动,完成中央投资200万元,治理小流域两条;1998年以来,国债水保项目每年都开展一批全省面上小流域和风沙片治理,共完成中央…     

浅谈生产建设项目中水土保持措施设计

文章通过对公路项目的基本情况进行分析,从水土保持角度进行公路项目的水土保持措施设计,达到防治项目新增水土流失的目的。     

Scientific Perceptions and Community Responses in a Participatory Water Management Endeavor

People and technology are the two major ingredients considered to enhance benefits and provide opportunities in farming system. Perfect blending of these ingredients not only leads to maximize the agricultural production but also helps in improving livelihood. Openhanded efforts have been initiated to understand farm resources, production constraints and support services in order to suggest need based and cost effective technologies/practices, which can be adopted by the farmers employing participatory approach without or least financial incentivization. This approach is in contrast to earlier approaches where quality inputs and incentives are provided by project implementing agencies to promote technologies/practices. As in the earlier approach the farmer’s involvement in planning and implementation is poor, introduction of participatory process and technologies/practices remains no longer sustainable and once the financial support from the project area is withdrawn farmers’ follow the same age old traditional practices. This led to realization that perspectives of local people’s needs to be in the center of development, research and extension efforts, if substantial impact is to be made. The objective of this paper is to share the experiences of a multi disciplinary and multi institutional participatory approach undertaken, in ICAR-DFID collaborative project in India, to improve livelihood of community including poorest of the poor through integrated land and water management. The purpose here is to establish a more differentiated communication and a conceptual framework, which can help researchers and practitioners to make better choices and more informed decisions when designing their research, communication and dissemination approaches.     

Application of integrated environmental management through the preparation of an environmental action programme: Case study from the Songkhla Lake Basin in southern Thailand

The concepts and principles for integrated environmental management (IEM), which is based on a strategic and participatory approach to environmental and regional planning, has been successfully applied to a large lake system in the southern region of Thailand. The application was achieved through the Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development funded project ‘Environmental Management in the Songkhla Lake Basin’ (EmSong Project) in the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning within the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. Through the application of the methods and tools for IEM, including the use of a participatory and strategic planning approach, and the establishment of a comprehensive database and an integrated surface water model for the lake system, an environmental action programme (EAP) has been developed. This action programme, which is based on a broad consensus at the local and regional level, includes vision and mission statements, resource objectives and strategies for management from an economically and ecologically important lake system in Thailand. The operational part of the EAP is a project catalogue, which contains immediately needed projects described to an international pre‐feasibility level. The former is the tangible output of the EmSong Project. A more intangible output from the EmSong Project is committed and informed local and regional government and community‐based organizations.     

Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change

Water management is facing major challenges due to increasing uncertainties caused by climate and global change and by fast changing socio-economic boundary conditions. More attention has to be devoted to understanding and managing the transition from current management regimes to more adaptive regimes that take into account environmental, technological, economic, institutional and cultural characteristics of river basins. This implies a paradigm shift in water management from a prediction and control to a management as learning approach. The change towards adaptive management could be defined as “learning to manage by managing to learn”. Such change aims at increasing the adaptive capacity of river basins at different scales. The paper identifies major challenges for research and practice how to understand a transition in water management regimes. A conceptual framework is introduced how to characterize water management regimes and the dynamics of transition processes. The European project NeWater project is presented as one approach where new scientific methods and practical tools are developed for the participatory assessment and implementation of adaptive water management.     

Participation: Rhetoric and Reality. The Importance of Understanding Stakeholders Based on a Case Study in Upper East Ghana

Based on the views of a number of stakeholders involved in the development of small reservoir systems in the Upper East Region of Ghana in West Africa, this paper examines the importance of understanding the stakeholders whom the international development community wants to include in its participatory approaches. The paper also aims to show that terms such as ‘participation’, ‘participatory approach’ and ‘participatory planning’ are often used in project proposals, but that in reality the extent to which stakeholders are actually able to participate in projects is limited. This limitation is often due to a lack of understanding by the project organization of the interests and views of the stakeholders, which are then not incorporated in the project process. A stakeholder analysis could provide more insight in the interests, goals and views of all stakeholders involved in a project, as well as in the differences between the stakeholders. In the development of water resources, the long-term sustainability of a project's work is dependent on the manner in which relevant (often local) stakeholders continue the process after the official time of the project has ended. Thus, since the project is dependent on the involvement of relevant stakeholders, the formulation of adequate and appropriate forms of stakeholder engagement that will ensure information exchange and participation is essential. However, as the case study shows, such analyses were not always carried out, thus leading to a number of problems with project implementation and also with transplantation from one region, district or community to another.     

黄岭小流域水利工程设施的参与式管理

根据当前黄岭小流域农村水利设施面临的问题,提出运用参与式的管理方法对农村水利工程设施实施生命周期管理,以小流域内的水利工程资金管理为例进行具体说明,并在生态环境、经济、社会三方面都取得了一定的成果．     

Development of Information Focal Points (IFPs) on Community Water Supply in Rural Areas

Abstract

At the end of 1998 a training workshop was organized by the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre in The Hague, The Netherlands, with the aim of establishing Information Focal Points (IFPs) within a number of organizations. The partner organizations were NETWAS International in Nairobi, Kenya, WASEP in Gilgit, Northern Areas of Pakistan, CINARA in Cali, Colombia, and the Mvula Trust in Johannesburg, South Africa. The IFP initiative was a sub-project of a much larger project, called the Manage Dissemination Project that aimed to disseminate the results of an earlier four-year participatory action research project undertaken by IRC on community management of rural water supplies. Unlike many other water information initiatives, which often have the catchment as their point of departure, IFPs had the ambitious goal of wanting to access and document water information at a much lower level, namely that of the community. Inherent to this approach was that community-based water information would become institutionalized in the partner organizations, so that even after the research project came to an end, the IFPs would be able to continue their work. This article describes the objectives and outcomes of the above workshop and provides thumbnail sketches of the partner organizations involved in the sub-project. It also discusses the plans that partner organizations developed for implementing IFPs within their own organizations. The challenges that may confront both the partner organizations themselves, and IRC in its role as a supportive institution, are also discussed. The article ends by trying to look ahead on how the IFP initiative may evolve in the future.     

How participatory can participatory modeling be? Degrees of influence of stakeholder and expert perspectives in six dimensions of participatory modeling.

The authors are involved in a project aiming at the development of a methodology for participatory modeling as a tool for public participation in water resource management. In this paper, some examples of different degrees of stakeholder influence in six key dimensions of participatory modeling are identified and discussed. Arnstein's (A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1969, 4, 216-224) critical discussion of different degrees of "real" decision-making power is taken as a point of departure to assess possible degrees of stakeholder influence. Can we as participatory modelers be sure that we are really inviting our research objects to an equal communicative relationship where local perspectives, knowledge and priorities are respected to the same extent as central and/or expert perspectives? This paper presents an approach that could be used as a tool for structured reflection to avoid unreflective tendencies towards expert knowledge dominance and low degree of stakeholders' real influence over the process.     

A participatory modelling approach to define farm-scale effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in the Lockyer Valley,Australia

The Lockyer Valley is an important agricultural area experiencing water insecurity, which causes a decrease in agricultural production. Regional authorities are initiating a wastewater reclamation project conveying treated municipal wastewater to water users, including potentially the Lockyer Valley. This additional (and essentially reliable) water source will change farming options and practices. A participatory modelling approach was used to analyse the consequences of changed water availability at the farm scale. This approach incorporates both farmer and scientist knowledge and gives due attention to non-technical issues like perception and acceptance. Two cropping patterns were worked out to forecast the effects on water deficit and crop yield in the projected situation.     

Participatory water governance between theories and practices: learning from a community-based initiative in India

Abstract

Despite increasing convergence on the social learning concept as a theoretical foundation of collaborative practices for water governance, this article shows the pitfalls of its uncritical application as a normative ideal. The discussion is based on the analysis of a community-based initiative for water supply and slum upgrading in India, which is considered a best practice of good governance due to its collaborative approach. A different interpretation of the project is proposed through the analysis of its successes and failures from a community perspective. Finally, a recommendation for context-specific selection of theoretical bases for participatory practices is made.     

Flood Hazard Assessment and Management: Interface with the Public

The understanding of how people evaluate and respond to natural hazards in an urban area, and how this knowledge can be integrated in the planning and management process, are becoming very important elements of a comprehensive and participatory approach to flood hazard management. Such an approach demands a clear comprehension of the processes of the risks perception, causal attribution, possible solutions for the problem and patterns of behaviour developed during hazard situations. The willingness of the public to participate in flood management, and the attitudes to previous initiatives also need to be addressed. The provision of structural flood defences can have a major impact on the environment and there has been an expression of concern by many members of the public for the degradation of river corridors. In this context, it is becoming a commonly accepted practice by central or local governments to submit flood management plans to public discussion. Appropriate techniques for interfacing with the public are necessary to support this upsurge of public involvement. This paper presents results from research on public perception of floods, flood management and participatory initiatives in Setúbal, Portugal. An extensive interview programme was undertaken with residents and shopkeepers – with and without flood experience, professionals responsible for dealing with flood control problems and local authorities responsible for decision-making on flood management. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for flood hazard management policy making and processes.