N-methyl carbamate concentrations and dietary intake estimates for apple and grape juices available on the retail market in Canada.

Infants and young children consume fruit juices and drinks at rates exceeding those of older children and adults. Carbamate pesticides are known to be used on a broad spectrum of crops, including orchard and vine crops such as apples and grapes. Concern over potential exposure to these acutely toxic pesticides by infants and young children has increased in the last decade. Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used to determine the concentrations of seven N-methyl carbamates and three transformation products in domestic and imported apple and grape juices collected across Canada. Carbaryl was the most frequently (58.6%) detected N-methyl carbamate in juice samples studied. It was observed more frequently in grape juices than in apple or mixed juices. Oxamyl and methomyl were detected in apple juice samples, although they were below detection limits in all grape and mixed juice samples analysed. Maximum levels of carbaryl, methomyl and oxamyl were 93, 6.7 and 4.6 ng ml(-1), respectively. All other analytes were not present in any juice sample at concentrations above the method detection limit (0.3 ng ml(-1)). In all cases, N-methyl carbamate residues were well below the maximum residue limit established for apples and grapes in the Canadian Food and Drug Regulations. No estimated dietary intakes were above the acceptable daily intakes in any age-sex category, where an acceptable daily intake has been proposed. Carbaryl short-term intake estimates were calculated and all were below the proposed acute reference doses.     

Impact of 100% Fruit Juice Consumption on Diet and Weight Status of Children: An Evidence-based Review

Consumption of 100% fruit juice remains controversial for its potential adverse impact on weight and displacement of essential foods in the diets of children. A systematic review of the literature published from 1995–2013 was conducted using the PubMed database to evaluate associations between intake of 100% fruit juice and weight/adiposity and nutrient intake/adequacy among children of 1 to 18 years of age. Weight status outcome measures included body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, ponderal index, obesity, weight gain, adiposity measures, and body composition. Nutrient outcome measures included intake and adequacy of shortfall nutrients. Data extraction and analysis was conducted according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process. Twenty-two studies on weight status provided evidence that did not support an association between 100% fruit juice consumption and weight/adiposity in children after controlling for energy intake. Limited evidence from eight studies suggests that children consuming 100% fruit juice have higher intake and adequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin C, magnesium, and potassium. Differences in methodology and study designs preclude causal determination of 100% fruit juice as sole influencer of weight status or nutrient intake/adequacy of shortfall nutrients. In context of a healthy dietary pattern, evidence suggests that consumption of 100% fruit juice may provide beneficial nutrients without contributing to pediatric obesity.     

An After‐School Snack of Raisins Lowers Cumulative Food Intake in Young Children

Snacks are an important part of children's dietary intake, but the role of dried fruit on energy intake in children is unknown. Therefore, the effect of ad libitum consumption of an after‐school snack of raisins, grapes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies on appetite and energy intake in twenty‐six 8‐ to 11‐y‐old normal‐weight (15th to 85th percentile) children was examined. On 4 separate weekdays, 1 wk apart, children (11 M, 15 F) were given a standardized breakfast, morning snack (apple), and a standardized lunch. After school, children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum snacks and were instructed to eat until “comfortably full.” Appetite was measured before and 15, 30, and 45 min after snack consumption. Children consumed the least calories from raisins and grapes and the most from cookies (P < 0.001). However, weight of raisins consumed was similar to potato chips (about 75 g) and lower compared to grapes and cookies (P < 0.009). Raisins and grapes led to lower cumulative food intake (breakfast + morning snack + lunch + after‐school snack) (P < 0.001), while the cookies increased cumulative food intake (P < 0.001) compared to the other snacks. Grapes lowered appetite compared to all other snacks (P < 0.001) when expressed as a change in appetite per kilocalorie of the snack. Ad libitum consumption of raisins has potential as an after‐school snack to achieve low snack intake prior to dinner, similar to grapes, compared to potato chips, and cookies in children 8 to 11 y old.     

Satisfying America's Fruit Gap: Summary of an Expert Roundtable on the Role of 100% Fruit Juice

The 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recognize the role of 100% fruit juice in health and in helping people meet daily fruit recommendations and state that 100% fruit juice is a nutrient‐dense beverage that should be a primary choice, along with water and low‐fat/fat‐free milk. The DGAs note that children are consuming 100% fruit juice within recommendations (that is, 120 to 180 mL/d for children aged 1 to 6 y and 236 to 355 mL/d for children aged 7 to 18 y). Evidence shows that compared to nonconsumers, those who consume 100% fruit juice come closer to meeting daily fruit needs and have better diet quality. In children, 100% fruit juice is associated with increased intakes of nutrients such as vitamin C, folate, and potassium. When consumed within the DGA recommendations, 100% fruit juice is not associated with overweight/obesity or childhood dental caries and does not compromise fiber intake. Preliminary data suggest that polyphenols in some 100% fruit juices may inhibit absorption of naturally occurring sugars. Given its role in promoting health and in helping people meet fruit needs, experts participating in a roundtable discussion agreed that there is no science‐based reason to restrict access to 100% fruit juice in public health nutrition policy and programs such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Reducing or eliminating 100% fruit juice could lead to unintended consequences such as reduced daily fruit intake and increased consumption of less nutritious beverages (for example, sugar‐sweetened beverages).     

100% citrus juice: Nutritional contribution,dietary benefits,and association with anthropometric measures

Citrus juices such as 100% orange (OJ) and grapefruit juice (GJ) are commonly consumed throughout the world. This review examines the contributions of OJ and GJ to nutrient intake, diet quality, and fruit intake, and supports citrus juices as nutrient-dense beverages. This review also explores the research examining associations between OJ and GJ intake and anthropometric measures. Citrus juices are excellent sources of vitamin C and contribute other key nutrients such as potassium, folate, magnesium, and vitamin A. OJ intake has been associated with better diet quality in children and adults. OJ intake has not been associated with adverse effects on weight or other body measures in observational studies in children and adults. In adults, some observational studies report more favorable body mass index or body measure parameters in OJ consumers compared to nonconsumers. Intervention studies in adults report no negative impacts of OJ or GJ consumption on anthropometric measures, although these measures were typically not the primary outcomes examined in the studies. Moderate consumption of citrus juices may provide meaningful nutritional and dietary benefits and do not appear to negatively impact body weight, body composition, or other anthropometric measures in children and adults.     

The metabolic fate of red wine and grape juice polyphenols in humans assessed by metabolomics

The metabolic impact of polyphenol‐rich red wine and grape juice consumption in humans was studied using a metabolomics approach. Fifty‐eight men and women participated in a placebo‐controlled, double‐crossover study in which they consumed during a period of 4 wk, either a polyphenol‐rich 2:1 dry mix of red wine and red grape juice extracts (MIX) or only a grape juice extract (GJX). Twenty‐four‐hour urine samples were collected after each intervention. ¹H NMR spectroscopy was applied for global metabolite profiling, while GC‐MS was used for focused profiling of urinary phenolic acids. Urine metabolic profiles after intake of both polyphenol‐rich extracts were significantly differentiated from placebo using multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis. A significant 35% increase in hippuric acid excretion (p<0.001) in urine was measured after the MIX consumption as) or only a red grape juice dry extract (GJX). 24‐h urine samples were collected after each intervention. 1H‐NMR spectroscopy was applied for global metabolite profiling, while gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used for focused profiling of urinary phenolic acids. Urine metabolic profiles after intake of both polyphenol‐rich extracts were significantly differentiated from placebo using multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis (ML‐PLS‐DA). A significant 35% increase in hippuric acid excretion (p<0.001) in urine was measured after the MIX consumption compared with placebo, whereas no change was found after GJX consumption. GC‐MS‐based metabolomics of urine allowed identification of 18 different phenolic acids, which were significantly elevated following intake of either extract. Syringic acid, 3‐ and 4‐hydroxyhippuric acid and 4‐hydroxymandelic acid were the strongest urinary markers for both extracts. MIX and GJX consumption had a slightly different effect on the excreted phenolic acid profile and on endogenous metabolite excretion, possibly reflecting their different polyphenol composition.     

OCHRATOXIN A, HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL AND VITAMIN C LEVELS OF SUN-DRIED GRAPES AND SULTANAS

Ochratoxin A (OTA), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and l ‐ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels were detected in sun‐dried sultanas and raisins (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultanina). Ochratoxins produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium cyclopium and Rhizophus spp. The main toxin of this group is OTA. It is nephrotoxic and immunotoxic. HMF can occur during nonenzymatic browning reactions that take the form of condensation reactions between amino acids and reducing sugars. It is known as a mutagenic and carcinogenic compound. The sultanas and raisin research samples were sun dried in the field and stored over a long period in the plant. Toxicological quality patterns evaluated for OTA and HMF levels were also evaluated. These are very important compounds for food safety. They are important critical control quality criteria of sun‐dried grapes. Vitamin C was examined because of sensitivity against physical and chemical factors such as oxygen, light, thermal treatments, alkali treatment and heavy metals, as well as being important for food labeling. The mean values of OTA in sultanas and raisins were 4.64 and 2.98 µg/kg, respectively. It is determined that the studied samples could be evaluated for safety limit of OTA, which is suggested by the European Community as 10 µg/kg. The HMF values of the samples were 5.50 and 33.57 mg/kg, respectively. The raisins were sun dried. The two types of samples without any pretreatment had a long sun drying period, and they showed higher mean of HMF level with content is had showed higher mean HMF level sultanas. The HMF content is with a critical control point for human health. The mean vitamin C levels of sultanas and raisins were 3.67 and 5.15 mg/100 g, respectively. The mean vitamin C values of sultanas were lower than those of raisins. It was estimated that alkali treatment could cause the destruction of l ‐ascorbic acid. The vitamin C content of sun‐dried grapes does not contribute much to nutrition.     

Nutrient inadequacies among elderly residents of long-term care facilities.

PURPOSE: Regular, non-therapeutic diets were examined in long-term care (LTC) residents to determine whether these residents consumed adequate nutrients according to current recommendations. METHODS: Elderly (88 +/- 8 years) residents (31 female, 17 male) in five Saskatoon LTC centres participated. All were receiving regular diets. Dietary intakes were collected for three days at breakfast, lunch, and dinner, by using simultaneous weighed and observation methods. Snacks provided and eaten were also recorded. RESULTS: Observed intakes provided more complete data on nutrient intake than did weighed intakes. Inadequacy was most prevalent (in 70% or more of participants) for folate (according to prefortification intake levels), magnesium, zinc, vitamin E, and vitamin B6; inadequacy prevalence was below 50% for protein, vitamin C, and thiamine. Mean intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and dietary fibre were well below their respective Adequate Intake (AI) values. Energy consumed at meals and with snacks was 16% less than that offered at meals alone; other nutrients ingested ranged from 0% to 32% below energy offered. To model nutrient planning, target usual intake distributions were calculated where possible. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that nutrient-dense foods alone may not allow elderly LTC residents to meet intake requirements for many nutrients. Assessment of dietary adequacy in institutionalized elderly people allows for the development of realistic nutrition goals.     

Sugars and Acid Analysis and Effect of Heating on Color Stability of Northwest Concord Grape Juice

Changes during storage in color of Concord grape juice extracted after heating to different temperatures and the carbohydrate and nonvolatile acid composition of Concord grapes were studied. Heating crushed Concord grapes under pilot plant conditions to 88° and 99°C inactivated nearly all of the polyphenoloxidase, increased the extraction of anthocyanins (ACN) and reduced polymeric color in the grape juice. During storage of the juice for 8 months, the rate of ACN degradation and color density decrease was the same in all samples. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were the only sugars found in Northwest Concord grapes, while malic and tartaric acids were the major nonvolatile acids. Lesser amounts of phosphoric, citric and coumaric acids were present.     

Effect of UV–Vis Irradiation on Enzymatic Activities and Physicochemical Properties of Four Grape Musts from Different Varieties

The influence of ultraviolet–visible irradiation on some quality attributes (pH, soluble solids content, color parameters, absorption spectrum, vitamin C, total acidity, total phenolics, formol index, and total and reducing sugars) and polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and pectinmethylesterase activities of fresh grape juices was investigated. Grape juice was made from two varieties of white grapes (Victoria and Dauphine) and two varieties of pink grapes (Emperor and Red Globe). Each juice was irradiated for 140 min with a high-pressure mercury lamp of 400 W that emits in a range between 250 and 740 nm. Polyphenol oxidase was not completely inactivated during irradiation, reducing only 80% of its initial activity in juices from white grapes and only 50% in those from pink grapes. On the contrary, peroxidase was completely inactivated. A slight or nonexistent variation was observed in most of the measured physicochemical parameters, showing high stability during irradiation. Only vitamin C and color had a significant variation, with an average decrease of 30% for vitamin C in all varieties and a more important variation of color parameters in the pink varieties than in the white ones.     

厦门市乳母膳食营养状况及变化趋势调查

目的 调查评价厦门市乳母膳食营养状况。方法 采用24 h膳食回顾法调查厦门市200例乳母产后第2天、第7天、第30天、第90天的饮食状况。参考中国食物成分表(2004)计算营养素的摄入量,并用膳食营养参考摄入量(DRIs)进行评价。结果 厦门市乳母动物性食物(奶及奶制品除外)摄入偏高,豆及豆制品、薯类、蔬菜摄入偏低;产后第2天、第7天、第30天、第90天能量平均摄入量分别为2 146.7、2 261.2、2 304.7、2 252.9 kcal,乳母蛋白质平均摄入量分别为113.5、129.1、126.3、112.5 g,脂肪的供能比分别达到32.7%、35.4%、36.9%、41.1%,碳水化合物的供能比分别达到45.4%、41.7%、40.9%、38.7%;乳母膳食纤维、钙、碘、维生素A、维生素C、维生素B₁的平均摄入量均低于营养素推荐摄入量。结论 乳母膳食结构不合理,部分营养素摄入不足,应适当调整膳食结构,保证营养均衡。     

Identification of Predominant Aroma Compounds in Muscadine Grape Juice

The aroma components of muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) grape juice were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry and GC/olfactometry (aroma extract dilution analysis). 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol), with a burnt sugar-like aroma, was the most intense aroma in the juice. Other predominant compounds included 2,3-butanedione, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-phenylethanol, and o-aminoacetophenone. These compounds were described as buttery/cream cheese, bubble gum/fruity, green apple/fruity, rosy, and foxy, respectively. Furaneol and o-aminoacetophenone were thought to be responsible for characteristic candy and foxy-like aroma notes of muscadine grape juice. Flavor dilution chromatograms were similar for juices prepared from grapes harvested on different dates and from different locations.     

Sugar and acid concentrations in 98 grape cultivars analyzed by principal component analysis

A total of 98 grape cultivars were studied for content and composition of organic acids and sugars in grape juice during two consecutive years. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars in grape berries and ranged from 45.86 to 122.89 mg mL^?1, and 47.64 to 131.04 mg mL^?1, respectively, in two years. Sucrose was present at trace amounts in most cultivars, but two cultivars of hybrids between Vitis labrusca and V. vinifera contained large amounts of sucrose. Tartaric acid content in berries, varying from 1.57 to 9.09 and 1.54 to 9.05 mg mL^?1, respectively, in two years, was significantly higher than malic acid, which ranged from 0.38 to 6.05 and 0.36 to 7.06 mg mL^?1, respectively, in two years. Moreover, significantly higher total soluble sugars and fructose and lower total acids and malic acid were found in cultivars from hybrids between V. labrusca and V. vinifera than those in V. vinifera cultivars, and wine grapes had higher total sugars and acids than table grapes from V. vinifera. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that genotypic correlations among sugar and acid contents were stable and the first three PCs accounted for about 82% of total variance in both years. PC1 was highly connected with glucose and fructose contents, and sucrose was an important contributor to the variance for PC2, as well as for PC3. PC2 and PC3 were highly connected also with organic acids, but the contributor to variance differed from one year to the next. Tartaric acid was the main contributor to variance in 2003, and malic acid was important in 2004 for PC2 and PC3. In a scatter plot of the score values of all genotypes projected to the PC1 and PC2 plane, three groups of cultivars tend to cluster based on their genetic background or purpose of use. The cultivars of hybrid V. labrusca and V. vinifera were represented by high sugars, especially sucrose, and low acids. Among the cultivars of V. vinifera, wine grapes were found in general to have more sugars and acids than table grapes. The composition of sugars was stable in grape berries between the two years, while acids were sensitive to climate changes. Finally, the different responses of malic and tartaric acids to climate change is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

DETERMINATION OF ORTHO-NASAL AROMA THRESHOLD FOR MULTICOLORED ASIAN LADY BEETLE IN A CONCORD GRAPE JUICE

ABSTRACT

Sensory evaluation was used to determine the aroma threshold of Harmonia axyridis (multicolored Asian lady beetle [MALB]) in Concord grape juice. Prior to Concord grape juice preparation, MALB was added to the Concord grapes at concentrations of 0 and 8.4 MALB/kg fresh grapes. To determine the odor threshold, the three alternative forced‐choice method of sample presentation was used, with an ascending concentration series of 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 MALB/kg fresh grapes. The panel aroma threshold concentration, calculated using the best estimate threshold over two panel sessions, was 1.8 MALB/kg fresh grapes. Individual detection thresholds ranged from 0.29 to 7.79 MALB/kg fresh grapes, with 75% of the panelists having a detection threshold at or below 0.87 MALB/kg fresh grapes. These results indicate the influence of low numbers of MALB on Concord grape juice aroma, and suggest the importance of quality control programs, including the implementation of established tolerance limits, to monitor grape quality.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Harmonia axyridis, the multicolored Asian Ladybeetle (MALB), was originally introduced as a method of biocontrol. However, its presence is now becoming problematic with respect to crop quality. In order to minimize economic losses to the Concord grape industry, determination of the number of MALB required to produce a detectable change in Concord grape juice is critical for juice producers in the establishment of their quality control programs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the aroma threshold level of MALB in Concord grape juice. The panel aroma threshold concentration, calculated using the best estimate threshold was 1.8 MALB/kg fresh grapes, with 75% of the panelists having a detection threshold at or below 0.87 MALB/kg fresh grapes. These results indicate the influence of low numbers of MALB on Concord grape juice aroma, and suggest the importance of quality control programs, including the implementation of established tolerance limits, to monitor grape quality.

     

Phenolics and antioxidant capacity of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars grown in Chile

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) possess health-promoting effects attributed to their supply of a wide variety of bioactive phenolics. Juice and skin fractions of 4 varieties of table grapes: Red Globe, Crimson Seedless, Autumn Royal, and Ribier were prepared to determine and compare their total phenolics content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC), anthocyanins, and specific phenolics (caffeic acid, gallic acid, resveratrol, and catechin) content, since a series of positive health benefits are expected from the intake of any of these fractions. Higher amounts of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity were observed in the skin fractions (P < 0.05). Blue grapes (Autumn Royal and Ribier) exhibited higher phenolics content and antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) than red grapes. The most abundant phenolic compound observed was catechin (P < 0.05). Significant correlations between the antioxidant capacity and total phenolics were observed in grape juice and skin fractions. Autumn Royal juice provides a very high amount of phenolics, anthocyanins, and exhibits the highest antioxidant capacity, offering the best health promoting properties compared with the other grape varieties studied. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Grapes possess health-promoting effects attributed to their supply of a wide variety of bioactive phenolics. Grape juice made with blue grapes (Autumn Royal, Ribier) exhibit higher phenolics content and antioxidant capacity than juice elaborated with red grapes (Red Globe, Crimson Seedless). The skin is a good source of phenolics and has a high antioxidant capacity. Specific health-promoting phenolics are more abundant in blue grapes, mainly in their skin fraction, which should not be discarded.     

Bases and consequences of the newly recommended daily intakes of vitamins for the population of the German Democratic Republic.

In 1977 the official recommendations of the GDR for the daily intakes of essential nutrients were revised and extended. The criteria used to establish the revision and the extension in regard to the recommended vitamin intakes are given. For assessing the adequacy of food supplies and intakes vitamin intake data from national food consumption surveys and the weighted average recommended intakes for the entire population were compared. To give a true representation of vitamin amounts actually consumed, different forms of calculating losses on the way from harvesting or producing foods to the gullet have been applied. With the exception of tocopherol the daily intake of all vitamins considered permanently increased within the 10 years' period regarded, and the average levels of vitamin intake may appear satisfactory. Nevertheless, it is not valid to conclude that the vitamin needs of all individuals have been met.     

山东城乡乳母维生素B_1、B_2和烟酸膳食摄入情况对比分析

日的:调查城市及农村乳母维生素B1、B2和烟酸的膳食摄入情况,了解城乡乳母的相关维生素营养状况。方法:选择山东省某城市和农村0—2岁婴幼儿健康母亲(乳母)为调查对象,共92名;其中,某城市乳母34名、某农村乳母58名。采用食物频率法收集调查对象消费的食物种类,24h膳食回顾法收集调查对象维生素B1、B2和烟酸摄入情况;通过膳食多样化评分(DDS)对其日常膳食摄入水平进行分析与评价。结果:食物消费种类结果显示,城乡乳母均以粮谷类、蔬菜类消费最高,达到90%以上。城市乳母豆类消费较低,仅为61.8%;蛋类和奶及奶制品类每日摄入量较高,分别达到109.38g和220.12g;豆类及豆制品类摄入量偏低,仅为28.55g。农村乳母粮谷类每日摄入量较高,达到374.44g;畜禽肉类和鱼虾类摄入量偏低,分别仅为26.44g和20.19g。对比分析结果显示,农村乳母膳食中粮谷类摄入量高于城市乳母,而畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶及奶制品和水果类摄入量却明显低于城市乳母(P均0.05)。膳食多样化评分(DDS)结果显示,城市乳母DDS评分平均为7.24,农村乳母DDS评分平均为5.26;城市乳母得7分所占比例较高,达32.4%,而农村仅为9.0%;城市乳母烟酸量摄入量较为充足,达到RNI的80%以上,维生素B1、维生素B2摄入不足,分别达到RNI的65%、77.6%;而农村地区乳母维生素B2、烟酸均不足,分别仅达到RNI的20%、39.9%;城市乳母维生素B2、烟酸摄入量明显高于农村乳母(P均0.05)。结论:城乡乳母膳食多样化差异显著,农村乳母膳食多样化水平更低,农村乳母维生素B2、烟酸缺乏,与膳食结构较单一有关,城乡乳母膳食结构有待改善。     

Food Fortification and Supplement Use—Are There Health Implications?

Dietary supplements are a multi-billion dollar industry in the U.S., and their use is increasing exponentially. Additionally, many foods and beverages are increasingly being fortified with single or multiple vitamins and minerals. Consequently, nutrient intakes are exceeding the safe limits established by the Institute of Medicine. In this paper, we examine the benefits and drawbacks of vitamin and mineral supplements and increasing consumption of fortified foods (in addition to dietary intake) in the U.S. population. The pros and cons are illustrated using population estimates of folic acid, calcium, and vitamin D intake, highlighting concerns related to overconsumption of nutrients that should be addressed by regulatory agencies.     

Unexpected sources of vitamin C

Sausages are quite common in the Norwegian diet. Presently the vitamin C content in sausages is listed as zero in the Norwegian Food Composition Table as well as in several other countries’ food composition tables. In the present study, five different kinds of sausages were analysed for relevant nutrients including vitamin C. One composite sample consisting of 15–16 subsamples was analysed for each sausage type. Vitamin C was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection as the sum of l-ascorbic acid and dehydro-ascorbic acid. The vitamin C content in the analysed sausages varied from 11 to 40 mg/100 g. This is explained by addition of vitamin C as an antioxidant by the manufacturer mainly to preserve colour. When recalculating vitamin C intakes from the most recent Norwegian national dietary surveys in adults, children and youths using the updated vitamin C values, total vitamin C intake increased by 3–10%. Other processed meat products such as cold cuts may also contain vitamin C as an antioxidant, and a larger impact on vitamin C intake may be seen if also these products turn out to contain considerable amounts of vitamin C. When planning analytical projects for food composition databases, care should be taken to include vitamin C for products where this vitamin may have been added for antioxidant purposes.     

慈溪市葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估

目的开展葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估工作,为葡萄食用、农药残留监管和农药最大残留限量提供科学依据。方法在2008~2013年对慈溪市生产的169批次葡萄样品进行了23种农药残留定量检测分析,分别用%ADI和%ARf D进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,用ADI值、大份餐和体重等参数计算最大残留限量估计值(eMRL)。结果近6年葡萄农药检出率为24.85%,超标率为0.59%。检出的7种农药慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)为0.010%~1.34%,平均值为0.23%;急性膳食摄入风险(%ARf D)为0.98~28.30%,平均值为8.90%。葡萄农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低。结论检出的7种农药最大残留限量(MRLs)均过严,建议将敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、百菌清、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、腐霉利等7种农药的最大残留限量分别定为0.5、3.5、2.5、2.5、2.5、2.5、11 mg/kg。