Traditional fermented sausage ‘Nem chua’ as a source of yeast biocatalysts efficient for the production of the aroma compound γ‐decalactone

The yeast ecosystem of Nem chua, a Vietnamese traditional fermented sausage naturally rich in medium‐chain‐length lipid‐derived flavouring compounds, was investigated to select biocatalysts able to produce the C10‐fatty acid‐derived aroma compound γ‐decalactone. The total number of yeast was about 5 × 10⁴ to 4 × 10⁵ CFU g^?1, and eighty four different species were identified from morphological, physiological and 26S rDNA characteristics, with Candida sake and Candida haemulonii being found in all samples. Six strains able to produce γ‐decalactone from castor oil were selected, of which three Yarrowia lipolytica strains were able to produce between 1 and 2 g L^?1 in our study. The strains produced the same amount from the acyl substrate under the form of ester or free fatty acid. Every strain degraded the product at the end of the culture. These high productions make them good candidates for industrial processes and confirm that traditional fermented foods are interesting bioresources for biocatalysts.     

Distribution and genetic diversity of lactic acid bacteria from traditional fermented sausage

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution and genetic diversity of the native lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population in nem chua, a popular traditional Vietnamese uncooked fermented sausage. A total of 74 LAB isolates were identified and their molecular fingerprints were obtained using repetitive-PCR (rep-PCR) and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results revealed that the majority of LAB isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum (67.6%), followed by Pediococcus pentosaceus (21.6%). A minority of LAB (9.5%) were Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus farciminis (1.4%). A large genetic plasticity within the same species was also observed. Both rep-PCR and PFGE methods were found to be acceptable regarding reproducibility and reliability. However, this study demonstrated the higher discriminatory power of PFGE compared to rep-PCR, as observed by the higher number of clusters generated (17 and 12 clusters of L. plantarum respectively, seven and six clusters of P. pentosaceus respectively and four and two clusters of L. brevis respectively), and lower percentage of similarity among clusters in PFGE data analysis. These results also revealed that there was not a single LAB strain that was found to predominate in the product. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed analysis of the native LAB population in nem chua. As this traditional sausage is fermented naturally or only with back-slop, knowledge about the native LAB population in the product is very important to understand the microflora that has been active in fermenting the nem chua and to ensure the safety of this uncooked sausage.     

Past,present, and future of Chinese fermented food products

Abstract

In China there are many kinds of traditional fermented food products, which have a centuries‐long history. The main products are alcoholic beverages, Chiang, Chi, soy sauce, vinegar, red rice, and fermented bean curd. These products play a very important role in Chinese cuisine. The ancient methods of making fermented foods are changing gradually through modern microbiology and technology. This paper discusses the historical aspects, the manufacturing technology, and the future outlook on fermented food products in China.     

中国传统发酵豆制品中微生物的发掘与利用

中国传统发酵豆制品的生产过程中发生了一系列复杂的生化反应，使其制品具有特定的风味、组成和营养。该文简要综述了酱油、豆酱、腐乳和豆豉在发酵过程中微生物的分布及这些微生物在工业生产方面的发掘与利用，通过对菌种的筛选、改良进一步提高产品的营养、风味及功能性。     

传统发酵大豆制品挥发性成分和微生物多样性的研究进展

传统发酵大豆制品因独特的风味、丰富的营养而深受人们的喜爱,在我国和其他亚洲国家的膳食结构中占重要地位。豆酱、豆豉、腐乳和酱油作为四大传统发酵豆制品,其发酵过程正不断地被科研工作者剖析。该文对四大传统发酵豆制品的挥发性成分和微生物多样性进行了综述,以期为传统发酵大豆行业的发展提供参考。     

发酵酱油中生物胺的产生及其控制研究进展

酱油由高蛋白大豆为主要原料经微生物发酵而来,其具备生物胺形成的条件。该文从传统酱油发酵过程出发,对生物胺形成机制、影响因素和控制技术进行综述。阐述发酵酱油中生物胺的种类及含量、检测方法及产生物胺的微生物;生物胺的形成主要与发酵体系中的pH、温度和含盐量等影响因素有关,除此之外,原料中大豆的种类和比例也对生物胺的产生具有一定影响;优化传统发酵工艺、筛选安全的发酵菌株、添加合适的生物胺抑制剂等控制技术能有效地减少酱油中生物胺的含量,并且提高酱油的食用安全性。     

Quality evaluation of Korean soy sauce fermented in Korean earthenware (Onggi) with different glazes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of porosity‐controlled earthenware as fermentation vessels for Korean soy sauce. Porosity of fermentation vessels was controlled by glazing the surfaces of Korean earthenware. Three kinds of onggis– the outside glazed, inside and outside glazed, and unglazed onggi – were made and used to investigate the effect of glazing on the fermentation of soy sauce. During fermentation of soy sauce in porosity‐controlled earthenwares at 30 °C for 4 months, physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes were monitored. Compared to other vessels, soy sauce fermented in onggi with both inside and outside surfaces glazed showed less water loss (10.7%), salt content (17.6%) and pH (pH4.4) after the fourth month. It also produced higher total acidity (1.43%), protease activity (810 μg mL^?1 min^?1) and microbiological changes that included total aerobic bacteria [4.3 log(cfu mL^?1)], lactic acid bacteria [3.8 log(cfu mL^?1)] and yeast [4.2 log(cfu mL^?1)]. The contents of total nucleotide (200–255 mg per 100 g sample) and free amino acids (4634–4848 mg per 100 g sample) in soy sauce were not consistent with glazing, which may be more affected by other factors, such as water loss, than the porosity of vessels. However, the percentage of glutamic acid among total free amino acids was 23.6% in onggi with both surfaces glazed, which was a little higher than the 21.9% in the outside glazed and 21.5% in the unglazed. These positive physicochemical and microbiological changes during fermentation in onggi with both sides glazed also resulted in higher sensory quality.     

传统发酵豆制品生产过程中的安全隐患及改进措施

我国传统的发酵豆制品是以富含植物蛋白的大豆、豆粕等为主要原料,通过发酵微生物酶的作用,发酵水解生成多种氨基酸、各种糖及多种小分子化合物,在经过复杂的生物化学变化形成的各种发酵制品,包括腐乳、豆豉、豆酱、酱油等。传统发酵豆制品具有独特的风味、丰富的营养和保健功能深受大众喜爱。然而,传统发酵豆制品特殊的生产方式使在其原料加工、发酵生产、运输、贮藏过程中存在安全隐患,影响产品质量的稳定性和食用的安全性,因此发酵豆制品的食品安全性成为了目前研究的热点问题之一。文章从传统发酵豆制品的主要种类、产品风味及生产工艺特点,生产原料的安全性问题,发酵微生物的安全性问题,发酵代谢产物的安全性问题等方面对传统发酵豆的生产过程及其产物的安全控制因素的现状和不足进行了分析,并指出了发酵豆制品生产安全控制的改进措施,旨在为相关企业生产管理提供参考。     

畜禽血食用产品及1其研究进展

畜禽血作为畜禽屠宰加工的主要副产物之一,营养价值丰富,应用前景广阔。在传统加工利用上,畜禽血可以制作为血豆腐、血肠等食品,通过微生物发酵、酶解、微胶囊化等新兴加工技术还可开发出各种保健品、功能性食品、调味品、食品添加剂及其他风味食品,如氨基酸口服液、血红素胶囊、血酱油、肉味香精、发色剂、乳化剂、补铁强化饮料等高附加值产品,文章对利用畜禽血开发食用性产品及其研究进展做了概要综述。     

发酵食品中氨基甲酸乙酯污染状况调查与分析

采用液液萃取和基质固相分散的样品前处理技术,应用气相色谱-串联质谱的检测方法对发酵食品中氨基甲酸乙酯(ethyl carbamate,EC)的污染状况进行调查和分析,共检测发酵食品437批次,其中EC阳性样品343批次,阳性率为78.49%,阳性率最高的是果酒100%,其次是酱油98.17%、醋86.67%和黄酒78.38%,最低的是啤酒,为未检出。饮料酒中EC平均值最高的是黄酒90.4μg/L,其次为保健酒62.9μg/L,最低为葡萄酒,为7.6μg/L,调味品中酱油和醋EC平均值分别为84.1μg/kg和76.2μg/kg,焙烤食品中面包EC平均值24.3μg/kg。研究结果表明,黄酒、酱油和醋中EC的阳性率、平均值相对较高,在今后的研究和监测中需要重点关注。     

Isolation and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria from jiang-gua (fermented cucumbers), a traditional fermented food in Taiwan

BACKGROUND: Jiang‐gua (fermented cucumbers) is a popular traditional fermented food in Taiwan. The microflora of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in jiang‐gua have not been investigated in detail. In this study, LAB from jiang‐gua were isolated, characterised and identified. RESULTS: A total of 103 LAB were isolated; 70 cultures were isolated from jiang‐gua samples and 33 cultures were isolated from its raw substrate, cucumber. These isolates were mainly characterised phenotypically and then divided into seven groups (A‐G) by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA. The isolates were identified as Enterococcus casseliflavus, Leuconostoc lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Weissella cibaria and Weissella hellenica. The antibacterial activities of the isolates were determined and 11 Lc. lactis subsp. lactis strains showed inhibitory activity against the indicator strain Lactobacillus sakei JCM 1157^T. CONCLUSION: Heterofermentative W. cibaria and Leu. lactis were the major LAB found in jiang‐gua samples without soy sauce. In soy sauce‐added samples, homofermentative L. pentosus and L. plantarum were the most abundant LAB. In addition, the results also suggested that HhaI and RsaI restriction enzymes could be applied to distinguish W. hellenica and Weissella paramesenteroides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

固稀发酵酱油的生产工艺浅析

先固后稀发酵酱油比高盐稀态酱油生产周期短，风味比低盐固态酱油好，是当前中小企业提高酱油风味，投资小、见效快的途径之一。固稀发酵生产工艺可以利用低盐固态发酵设备，采取低温制曲，低温发酵，生产接近广式淡色味鲜的生抽类酱油，收效较好。     

酱油的历史及原酿造酱油发展趋势

酱油是厨房中不可或缺的发酵调味品，在餐饮和食品工业中也扮演着重要的角色。酱油起源于中国，拥有数千年的历史，是我国劳动人民智慧的结晶，是中华传统发酵食品的重要代表。该研究通过对酱油（主要为豆酱油）的历史、技术和产品形式的发展进行介绍，分析出自北魏以来酱油一直以大豆为主要原料，它是酱油独特风味物质的主要来源，说明酱油“美味来自原料”的特性。此外，对酿造酱油和配置酱油的定义进行了说明，并分析了二者之间的区别，引出原酿造酱油的定义和特点。在此基础上，对原酿造酱油发展趋势主要包括微生物选育、混菌发酵以及新型酶制剂开发等方面进行了综述和展望，以期为我国酱油产业的健康发展指明方向和提供理论支撑。     

Identification of Microbial Profile of Koji Using Single Molecule,Real‐Time Sequencing Technology

Koji is a kind of Japanese traditional fermented starter that has been used for centuries. Many fermented foods are made from koji, such as sake, miso, and soy sauce. This study used the single molecule real‐time sequencing technology (SMRT) to investigate the bacterial and fungal microbiota of 3 Japanese koji samples. After SMRT analysis, a total of 39121 high‐quality sequences were generated, including 14354 bacterial and 24767 fungal sequence reads. The high‐quality gene sequences were assigned to 5 bacterial and 2 fungal plyla, dominated by Proteobacteria and Ascomycota, respectively. At the genus level, Ochrobactrum and Wickerhamomyces were the most abundant bacterial and fungal genera, respectively. The predominant bacterial and fungal species were Ochrobactrum lupini and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, respectively. Our study profiled the microbiota composition of 3 Japanese koji samples to the species level precision. The results may be useful for further development of traditional fermented products, especially optimization of koji preparation. Meanwhile, this study has demonstrated that SMRT is a robust tool for analyzing the microbial composition in food samples.     

Omics in traditional vegetable fermented foods and beverages

Abstract

For a long time, food microbiota has been studied using traditional microbiological techniques. With the arrival of molecular or culture-independent techniques, a strong understanding of microbiota dynamics has been achieved. However, analyzing the functional role of microbial communities is not an easy task. The application of omics sciences to the study of fermented foods would provide the metabolic and functional understanding of the microbial communities and their impact on the fermented product, including the molecules that define its aroma and flavor, as well as its nutritional properties. Until now, most omics studies have focused on commercial fermented products, such as cheese, wine, bread and beer, but traditional fermented foods have been neglected. Therefore, the information that allows to relate the present microbiota in the food and its properties remains limited. In this review, reports on the applications of omics in the study of traditional fermented foods and beverages are reviewed to propose new ways to analyze the fermentation phenomena.     

Chromohalobacter is a Causing Agent for the Production of Organic Acids and Putrescine during Fermentation of Ganjang,a Korean Traditional Soy Sauce

Ganjang, a Korean traditional fermented soy sauce, is prepared by soaking doenjang‐meju (fermented soybeans) in approximately 20% (w/v) solar salt solution. The metabolites and bacterial communities during ganjang fermentation were simultaneously investigated to gain a better understanding of the roles of the microbial population. The bacterial community analysis based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that initially, the genus Cobetia was predominant (0 to 10 d), followed by Bacillus (5 to 74 d), and eventually, Chromohalobacter became predominant until the end of the fermentation process (74 to 374 d). Metabolite analysis using ¹H‐NMR showed that carbon compounds, such as fructose, galactose, glucose, and glycerol, probably released from doenjang‐meju, increased rapidly during the early fermentation period (0 to 42 d). After removal of doenjang‐meju from the ganjang solution (42 d), the initial carbon compounds remained nearly constant without the increase of fermentation products. At this point, Bacillus species, which probably originated from doenjang‐meju, were predominant, suggesting that Bacillus is not mainly responsible for ganjang fermentation. Fermentation products including acetate, lactate, α‐aminobutyrate, γ‐aminobutyrate, and putrescine increased quickly with the rapid decrease of the initial carbon compounds, while Chromohalobacter, probably derived from the solar salts, was predominant. Multivariate redundancy analysis indicated that the Chromohalobacter population was closely correlated with the production of the organic acids and putrescine during the ganjang fermentation. These results may suggest that Chromohalobacter is a causing agent responsible for the production of organic acids and putrescine during ganjang fermentation and that the solar salts, not doenjang‐meju, is an important microbial source for ganjang fermentation.     

Traditional and novel fermented foods and beverages from tropical root and tuber crops: review

Tropical root and tuber crops [cassava, sweet potato, yams, colocasia (taro), etc] are important staples for food security for about a fifth of the world population. Bulk of cassava in Africa and Latin America are processed into fermented foods and food additives such as organic (acetic, citric and lactic) acids, mono-sodium glutamate, etc. The fermented foods from cassava are gari , fufu , lafun , chickwanghe , agbelima , attieke and kivunde in Africa, tape in Asia and ' cheese ' bread , and ' coated peanut ' in Latin America. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are the major group of micro-organisms associated with cassava fermentation. Similarly, sweet potatoes can be fermented into soy sauce, vinegar, lacto-juices, lacto-pickles and sochu (an alcoholic drink produced in Japan), and yams into fermented flour. Most of these fermented food products are functional foods rich in phytochemicals, dietary fibres, anti-oxidant compounds (β-carotene, anthocyanin, etc) and probiotic components (lactic acid bacteria and yeasts).     

合成微生物群落及在发酵食品中应用研究进展

合成微生物群落是指在明确培养基质的条件下,人工将两种或两种以上遗传背景完全解析的微生物通过共同培养而形成的微生物群体,其可通过微生物间的相互作用实现特定的功能,具有复杂度低、可控性强、稳定性好等优点。该文对合成微生物群落的特征、微生物之间的相互作用和调控机制以及其在发酵食品酱油、白酒、食醋和酸奶中的应用进行了概述,并对如何构建稳定、高效的发酵微生物群落进行了展望,旨在为合成微生物群落在发酵食品行业的进一步深入研究及开发应用提供参考。     

An overview of small-scale food fermentation technologies in developing countries with special reference to Thailand: scope for their improvement

Small-scale food fermentation technologies in developing countries have evolved through years of experience rather than through scientific breakthroughs. Many small-scale manufacturers are, therefore, reluctant to accept change and modify fermentation processes. Upgrading the quality and safety of fermented foods, while reducing their production cost and maintaining their authenticity and uniqueness, is of utmost importance. One strategic approach, which has been successfully implemented for the improvement of small-scale soy sauce fermentation in Thailand, is the consortium approach. This approach has allowed industry to work closely in sharing knowledge and common problems, which in turn has provided scientists with the research direction that would best benefit the industry. This consortium approach has brought about changes in the methodologies used in the production of soy sauce, by shortening processing times, introducing fiberglass tanks as bioreactors instead of the traditionally used small earthenware containers and introducing cost-effective waste management systems. One barrier to the application of starter cultures in the small-scale fermentation industry is the loss of uniqueness of fermented products. However, the advent of molecular biology techniques has allowed science to tailor starter cultures to the specific requirements of the manufacturer. Using the techniques of molecular biology, it has been shown that microflora of a specific product vary according to origin and sensory quality. A cell bank is being developed to serve as a resource base for Thai fermented pork sausage in order to facilitate the application of starter cultures in the manufacture of that product.     

Olfactometric characterization of aroma active compounds in fermented fish paste in comparison with fish sauce,fermented soy paste and sauce products

Aroma active compounds in commercial fermented fish meat paste product (fish miso), fermented soy paste (soy miso), fish sauce and soy sauces were characterized by using a dynamic headspace method for volatile isolation and GC olfactometry for odor perception. A total of 123 volatile compounds consisting mainly of aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, furans, sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds, aromatics and acids were consistently identified. A major 16 odor-active compounds were distinguished to contribute as key aroma compounds for the miso and sauce products. Olfactometric and sensory findings clearly differentiated miso products with caramelic, fruity aroma notes, whereas fish sauce products were characterized by ammoniacal, fishy, nutty and cheesy odor note. Soy sauce products, however, were dominated by nutty and cheese aroma. Use of koji for fish miso production was found effective to enhance sweet aroma to the product with a reduction of nutty, meaty and rancid nuance. Principal component analysis employed for statistical interpretations clearly elucidated the relationship among different types of fermented products.