Organ-specific distribution of phenolic compounds in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and ‘northblue’ blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum x V. angustifolium)

Blueberries and bilberries are recognized as some of the best sources of flavonoids, especially anthocyanins. The contents of flavonoids (anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols) and hydroxycinnamic acids in the flower, fruit skin and pulp, leaf and rhizome of bilberry and the blueberry cultivar ‘Northblue’ were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode-array detection. The most striking difference in the fruits was the predominance of hydroxycinnamic acids in blueberry, whereas in bilberry the anthocyanin content was much higher, particularly in the pulp. Differences in flavonoid contents of fruits were already apparent at the flower stage. Bilberry and blueberry leaves both contained high amounts of proanthocyanidins, flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids. Blueberry rhizomes accumulated high amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids. All plant parts of bilberry and blueberry are potential sources of phenolic compounds for use either as dietary botanicals or by the pharmaceutical industry.     

越橘果实花色苷的体外抗氧化性

采用还原能力测定、清除羟自由基(·OH)能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)能力和对DPPH 自由基的抑制作用对高丛越橘蓝丰、半高丛越橘北春、矮丛越橘美登及野生品种越橘果实花色苷进行体外抗氧化活性研究,并测定其中花色苷含量。结果表明：花色苷粗品中蓝丰、北春、美登和野生越橘的花色苷含量依次为19.77、12.67、24.73、32.44mg/g;4 种果实花色苷皆有良好的抗氧化活性,在溶液质量浓度相同的情况下,4 种越橘果实花色苷溶液的抗氧化活性与花色苷含量呈一定的量效关系,野生越橘的还原能力、清除·OH 能力、清除O2·能力和清除DPPH 自由基能力均最高,矮丛越橘美登次之;而在花色苷含量相同的情况下,高丛越橘蓝丰、半高丛越橘北春、矮丛越橘美登及野生品种越橘果实的花色苷抗氧化活性不同,推测是由于其花色苷组分及其含量不同所致。     

60Co γ辐照对低温贮藏蓝莓品质和膜脂过氧化作用的影响

为探索60Co γ辐照处理对蓝莓果实保鲜效果的影响,采用不同辐照剂量处理“蓝丰”蓝莓,定期检测其冷藏期间感官品质、营养品质、呼吸作用和膜脂过氧化作用的相关指标。结果表明：0.5 kGy辐照处理对蓝莓果实的保鲜效果不明显,3.0 kGy辐照处理能够加速贮藏后期蓝莓果实的衰老进程;辐照处理后,蓝莓果实的可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量变化不明显,但VC含量和花青素含量均有所下降,且与辐照剂量呈负相关;辐照处理后,蓝莓果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量提高,且与辐照剂量呈正相关,同时伴随脂氧合酶活性、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性相对对照略微提高;1.0～2.5 kGy的辐照处理能够通过抑制贮藏期间蓝莓果实的呼吸作用和膜质过氧化作用,推迟蓝莓果实的衰老进程,延缓蓝莓果实中营养物质的降解;2.5 kGy辐照处理对蓝莓果实的保鲜效果最佳,既能有效降低蓝莓果实腐烂率,又能最大程度地保持蓝莓果实的营养品质。因此,60Co γ辐照处理对于采后蓝莓的低温保鲜是一个行之有效的方法。     

High performance liquid chromatography analysis of anthocyanins in bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and corresponding juices

In the present study the anthocyanin content of commercially available bilberry juices and fresh fruits were quantified by using 15 authentic anthocyanin standards via high performance liquid chromatography with an ultra-violet detector (HPLC-UV/VIS). Delphinidin-3-O-glucopyranoside, delphinidin-3-O-galactopyranoside, and cyanidin-3-O-arabinopyranoside were the major anthocyanins found in juices, nectar, and fresh bilberries. In contrast, fresh blueberries had higher concentrations of malvidin-3-O-arabinopyranoside and petunidin-3-O-galactopyranoside. Up to 438 mg anthocyanins per 100 g fresh weight (2762 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)) were detected in blueberries from various sources, whereas bilberries contained a maximum of 1017 mg anthocyanins per 100 g fresh weight (7465 mg/100 g DW). Commercially available bilberry and blueberry juices (n= 9) as well as nectars (n= 4) were also analyzed. Anthocyanin concentrations of juices (1610 mg/L to 5963 mg/L) and nectar from bilberries (656 mg/L to 1529 mg/L) were higher than those of blueberry juices (417 mg/L) and nectar (258 mg/L to 386 mg/L). We conclude that using several authentic anthocyanin references to quantify anthocyanin contents indicated them to be up to 53% and 64% higher in fresh bilberries and blueberries, respectively, than previously reported using cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. This study has also demonstrated that commercially available juices produced from bilberries contain much higher anthocyanin concentrations than those from blueberries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We have investigated the contents of a special class of antioxidants, namely anthocyanins in blueberry and billberry fruits and juices commercially available in Germany. To achieve reliable data we have used authentic standards for the first time. We think that our results are important in the field of nutritional intake of this important class of polyphenols and fruit juice companies get a closer insight in the occurrence of these antioxidants in market samples to be used in food composition databases and for nutritional survey.     

Content of flavonols and selected phenolic acids in strawberries and Vaccinium species: influence of cultivar,cultivation site and technique

The amounts of flavonols (quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol) and phenolic acids (ellagic, p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids) were analysed in six strawberry cultivars and in the berries of genus Vaccinium (four blueberry cultivars, wild bilberry, wild bog whortleberry). Differences between strawberries from organic vs. conventional cultivation were investigated and the influence of geographical origin on phenolic compounds of strawberries and blueberries was studied. Three different extraction and hydrolysis procedures together with two HPLC methods with diode-array UV/vis detection were used. The varietal differences in the total content of the phenolics analysed were larger among the cultivated blueberries (from 4.4 to 9.2 mg/100 g, fresh weight) than among the strawberry cultivars (from 42.1 to 54.4 mg/100 g). Some regional differences were observed in the phenolic contents in blueberries and strawberries. Compared to conventional cultivation techniques, organic cultivation had no consistent effect on the levels of phenolic compounds in strawberries.     

野生和人工栽培羊肚菌营养价值对比分析

为全面比较野生和人工栽培羊肚菌的营养价值,以晋中、大同人工栽培羊肚菌以及南充、丽江野生羊肚菌为样品,采用国家或行业标准方法对4类样品中的基本营养成分、矿物质元素、维生素和氨基酸含量进行了测定。利用营养质量指数、氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数、生物价和营养指数等指标对野生和人工栽培羊肚菌的营养价值进行了分析和对比。结果表明:人工栽培羊肚菌的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量比野生羊肚菌略高;野生羊肚菌铁元素和维生素C的含量比人工略高,其他大多数矿质元素和维生素的含量相差不大;人工栽培羊肚菌的氨基酸含量、生物价及营养指数比野生羊肚菌高。人工栽培羊肚菌的营养价值能够与野生羊肚菌媲美,且重金属的摄入风险更低,适宜作为高品质的羊肚菌食材并加大人工种植规模。     

Partial Least Squares Analysis of the Relationship Between Chemical Composition and Phenolic Compounds in Blueberry Cultivars

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), one of the most widely consumed fruits worldwide, are rich in nutrients and exhibit antioxidant activity. In this study, the partial least squares and principal component analyses were used and the chemical composition and mineral and phenolic compound contents of blueberry cultivars suited to northern China were determined. Blueberries growing in northern China contain a rich variety of biologically active compounds at high concentrations and have high nutritive mineral values. In general, the chemical composition data of the blueberry cultivars examined were similar to those obtained by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). However, the mineral content data showed iron and potassium concentrations that were slightly higher than those found by the USDA. In addition, the iron concentrations were lower than those found in the literature for Brazilian cultivars. The zinc, magnesium, and vitamin C in blueberries may promote the growth and accumulation of total phenols and anthocyanins, while total acid, iron, and potassium have opposite effects. Total phenols correlated positively with anthocyanins. Differences in protein, total carbohydrate, potassium, and sodium between cultivars could affect total phenol and anthocyanin contents. Adjusting the total acid concentration and reducing the sugar and mineral contents may affect anthocyanin content in blueberries. These changes may improve the nutritional value and fruit quality of blueberries.     

Minimal nitrogen and water use in horticulture: Effects on quality and content of selected nutrients

Horticultural production has primarily focused on increasing productivity through intensification of fertilizers and water, resulting in high environmental costs. Recent research indicates that high nitrogen applications can have significantly negative effects on produce quality as well as secondary plant metabolite and vitamin content within fruits and vegetables. Consumer awareness of both sustainable production practices and nutritional content within fruits and vegetables has risen dramatically in recent years, indicating that there is a likely market for produce grown with minimal nitrogen and water inputs. This review investigates the effects on produce quality of nitrogen and water applications in fruit and vegetable crops, with specific emphasis on the content of flavonoids, carotenoids, glucosinolates and ascorbic acid. The link between the nutritional quality of horticultural crops and the environmental and social sustainability of reducing nitrogen and water is considered and discussed.     

俄罗斯野生蓝莓引种前后营养成分含量及抗氧化活性的比较分析

为了研究引种栽培对于野生蓝莓营养成分及抗氧化活性的影响,选取俄罗斯阿穆尔州腾达市的野生蓝莓（蓝莓RU）和将该种野生蓝莓经引种栽培让其自然生长于中国黑河市二站乡的野生蓝莓（蓝莓HH）为原料,采用福林酚法、pH示差法、亚硝酸钠-硝酸银比色法和电感耦合等离子体-质谱法（ICP-MS）等方法分析比较了两种蓝莓的活性成分（多酚、花色苷、黄酮）、矿物质元素和糖酸含量,并对水提物和醇提物的抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果表明,蓝莓RU的可溶性固形物、还原糖、多酚含量高于蓝莓HH,但总酸、花色苷、黄酮含量低于蓝莓HH。二者的Ca、Mn、P、Zn、Cr元素含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,其他的矿物质元素差异不显著（P＞0.05）。蓝莓RU水提物与醇提物的DPPH自由基清除率和Fe3+还原力高于蓝莓HH,但蓝莓HH的羟基自由基的清除率高于蓝莓RU。     

加工工艺对蓝莓汁和蓝莓酒中花色苷及类黄酮的影响

为了优化保留蓝莓中活性成分的加工工艺参数,考察了制汁、不同发酵工艺条件对蓝莓汁和蓝莓酒中花色苷和类黄酮物质的影响。结果表明,添加3‰果浆酶在60 ℃条件酶解2.0 h制得的蓝莓汁出汁率提高至72.50%,可溶性固形物含量为14.5%,花色苷及类黄酮含量分别为250.36 mg/100 mL和408.10 mg/100 mL。选择蓝莓原果浆在接菌量4%、25 ℃的条件下不加糖发酵的蓝莓酒花色苷及类黄酮含量分别为111.50 mg/100 mL和523.87 mg/100 mL。研究结果为提升蓝莓汁及蓝莓酒的营养品质提供一定的理论依据。     

三种野生浆果果汁抗氧化性的研究

选自长白山地区野生浆果蓝莓（blueberry ）、蓝靛果（Lonicera caerulea L.）、山葡萄（wildgrape ）汁为实验原料,先对三种果汁的多酚成分进行了测定;然后对三种果汁清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、羟自由基、还原力和总抗氧化力及其变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,对DPPH自由基的清除率蓝靛果和蓝莓显著高于葡萄;在清除羟自由基、还原力和总抗氧化力方面蓝靛果显著高于蓝莓和葡萄;对超氧阴离子的清除蓝靛果、蓝莓和葡萄三者之间均存在显著性差异。三种果汁清除自由基变化趋势的结果表明,三种果汁在冷藏5个月过程中其清除自由基的活性均呈现下降趋势。蓝靛果和蓝莓第1个月和第3个月无显著差异,但第3个月和第5个月差异显著。综合分析,蓝靛果的抗氧化性优于蓝莓和葡萄。     

鸡屎藤的营养成分分析

以常规方法对鸡屎滕的营养成分进行了测定和分析.结果表明,鸡屎滕的抗坏血酸含量远远高于一般的蔬菜和水果.此外鸡屎滕中矿质元素含量丰富,氨基酸种类齐全搭配合理,是一种集营养、药用功能于一体的宝贵野菜资源.     

Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Biosynthesis and Properties

Abstract: Blueberry is one of the most popular fruits in North America and rich in anthocyanins. Its content in anthocyanins contributes to the health‐beneficial effects of blueberry against several chronic diseases including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. This paper summarizes various facts presenting blueberry as a fruit with huge potential for increased future consumption as a health‐enhancing food. Factors affecting the biosynthesis of the various anthocyanins in blueberries, including agronomic and genetic factors, and the possible pathways of biosynthesis of the major anthocyanins present in this plant are discussed. The important health‐beneficial effects associated with blueberry anthocyanins, properties of these anthocyanins leading to the beneficial effects, and food processing parameters leading to the depletion of the amounts of anthocyanins present in the final processed products are also briefly discussed. Furthermore, the general methods of extraction and analyses that have been reported for being successfully applied to blueberry anthocyanins are also reviewed. Practical Application: Blueberries are well known for their nutritional and beneficial health effects, however, information concerning the physiology behind the blueberry beneficial effects is still lacking. There is little or no information on the characterization of growing conditions on anthocyanins in blueberries and research is lagging behind on advanced methods of extracting blueberry anthocyanins.     

蓝莓、黑莓原果汁及7种天然红色素果汁饮料 产品的比较

目的比较几种蓝莓、黑莓原果汁及天然红色素果汁饮料的品质。方法通过对6品种蓝莓、黑莓果汁出汁率、可溶性固形物、总酸含量、色价、总花色苷含量及花色苷降解指数等品质指标的比较,并制备黑莓果汁饮料,与6种市售蓝莓、桑葚果汁饮料的品质进行比较。结果 6品种原果汁的可溶性固形物含量在8.8%~14.2%范围内,总酸含量在0.447%~1.604%之间,色价为6~45,总花色苷含量在22~83 mg/100 mL之间,花色苷降解指数为1.10~1.23,出汁率为60%~70%,其中园蓝和宝森原果汁的品质较好。7种果汁产品的品质差异较大,其中黑莓果汁饮料的果汁含量30%,色价为3.63±0.050,总花色苷含量6.70±0.019 mg/100 mL,花色苷降解指数1.34,仅次于果汁含量95%的蓝百蓓有机野生蓝莓汁。蓝百蓓野生蓝莓汁和光明桑果汁饮料的品质适中,受欢迎度高。结论原果汁品质从高到低依次为园蓝、宝森、赫尔、切斯特、灿烂、巨蓝;果汁产品品质从高到低依次为蓝百蓓有机野生蓝莓汁、黑莓果汁饮料、光明桑果汁饮料、蓝百蓓野生蓝莓汁、萃雅源蓝莓汁、绿情野生蓝莓汁、金双谷蓝莓汁。     

蓝莓采后品质劣变与保鲜技术研究进展

蓝莓因水分含量高易受病虫侵害而腐败变质,严重影响了蓝莓果实的货架期。文章总结了蓝莓果实采后品质劣变的原因机制及国内外蓝莓保鲜技术的研究现状,主要包括物理、化学、生物3种保鲜方法,重点强调了生物方法在蓝莓采后保鲜中的应用。     

Quality properties of fruits as affected by drying operation

The increasing consumption of dried fruits requires further attention on the quality parameters. Drying has become necessary because most fruits are highly perishable owing to their high moisture content and the need to make them available all year round and at locations where they are not produced. In addition to preservation, the reduced weight and bulk of dehydrated products decreases packaging, handling and transportation costs. Quality changes associated with drying of fruit products include physical, sensory, nutritional, and microbiological. Drying gives rise to low or moderate glycemic index (GI) products with high calorie, vitamin and mineral contents. This review examines the nutritional benefits of dried fruits, protective compounds present in dried fruits, GI, overview of some fruit drying methods and effects of drying operations on the quality properties such as shrinkage, porosity, texture, color, rehydration, effective moisture diffusivity, nutritional, sensory, microbiological and shelf stability of fruits.     

壳聚糖-山竹果皮提取液复合涂膜对蓝莓的保鲜效果

以‘北陆’蓝莓为试材,研究0.5%的壳聚糖（chitosan,CTS）结合1%山竹果皮提取液（mangosteen peel extracts,MPE）处理对其在低温（4±0.2）℃贮藏期间保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,CTS处理和CTS与MPE复合处理均能够减缓蓝莓果实贮藏期间硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量以及含水量的下降,使果实呼吸高峰的出现时间推迟了7 d,减缓维生素C（V_C）含量及总酚含量的下降,同时延缓丙二醛（MDA）含量的上升。在贮藏后期（第49 d）,CTS和MPE复合处理仍使果实维持较高的DPPH·和ABTS +·清除率,分别比对照高8.9%和20.3%,使其保持了较好的抗氧化能力。其中,CTS与MPE复合处理的效果最好。结论:CTS与MPE复合涂膜处理能有效地保持蓝莓果实的贮藏品质及抗氧化活性,延缓其成熟衰老的进程。     

蓝莓野果浓缩汁及蓝莓野果汁饮料生产技术的研究开发

以大兴安岭野生蓝莓为原料生产蓝莓野果浓缩汁和蓝莓野果汁。采用灭酶护色 ,真空浓缩 ,无菌灌装等加工工艺可使蓝莓野果浓缩汁保持良好色泽及药理作用。以蓝莓野果浓缩汁为原料 ,选择适当稳定剂及采用超微细化工艺处理 ,可获得口味良好、营养丰富、质量稳定的蓝莓野果汁饮料。     

Tree-to-tree variation in stearic and oleic acid content in seed fat from Allanblackia floribunda from wild stands: Potential for tree breeding

We determined whether Allanblackia floribunda, a forest tree species that is valued for the fat extracted from its seeds, could be genetically improved for fruit/seed production by sampling 17–40 fruits from each of 70 trees that were distributed among four sites in wild stands. Fat was extracted from the seeds, and stearic and oleic acid content of the fat was estimated. Highly significant (P < 0.0001) between- and within-tree variation characterised fruits and seed characters. Between-site phenotypic variation was not significant. Stearic and oleic acid percentages in seed fat ranged from 44.16% to 66.12%, and from 24.95% to 48.42% per tree sample, respectively. Moderate repeatabilities were identified in fruit characters and mean seed mass. Moderate positive relationships were found between stearic and oleic acid percentages. Seed fat profiles were not found to vary with other fruit characters. Twenty “plus trees” were selected for breeding.