响应面法优化石榴叶总酚的亚临界水提取工艺

本研究采用亚临界水萃取法提取石榴叶总酚,并通过响应面法优化其提取工艺参数。在单因素实验的基础上,根据响应面Box-Behnken实验设计原理,采用三因素三水平的分析法,选取提取温度、提取时间、液料比为自变量,考察其对石榴叶提取物中总酚含量的影响,并通过方差分析优化其工艺。结果表明,回归方程对实验拟合较好,可以对石榴叶中总酚含量进行很好的分析和预测;优化后的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度134℃、提取时间31 min、液料比52∶1 m L/g。在该条件下,石榴叶总酚含量为169.24 mg GAE/g,与预测值173.31 mg GAE/g基本一致。通过与溶剂加热回流法相比较,亚临界水提取可明显提高石榴叶总酚的含量,并缩短提取时间。      

A comparison between high hydrostatic pressure extraction and heat extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer)

BACKGROUND: To determine biomaterial components, the components must first be transferred into solution; thus extraction is the first step in biomaterial analysis. High hydrostatic pressure technology was used for ginsenoside extraction from ginseng roots. In the extraction of fresh and red ginseng, high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) was found to be more effective than heat extraction (HE). RESULTS: In fresh ginseng extraction under HHPE, total ginsenosides (1602.2 µg mL^?1) and ginsenoside metabolite (132.6 µg mL^?1) levels were slightly higher than those under HE (1259.0 and 78.7 µg mL^?1), respectively. In red ginseng, similar results indicated total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite amounts according to the extraction methods. Most volatile compounds by HHPE were higher than by HE treatment. HHPE of red ginseng was conducted under four pressures: 0.1 MPa (1 atm), 30, 50, and 80 MPa. Total sugar, uronic acid, and polyphenol amounts increased until 30 MPa of pressure and then showed decreasing tendencies. Total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite contents linearly increased with increasing pressure, and a maximum was reached at 80 MPa for the metabolites. CONCLUSION: HHPE used for red ginseng processing contributes to enhanced extraction efficiencies of functional materials such as ginsenosides through cell structure modification. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ginsenoside Composition and Antiproliferative Activities of Explosively Puffed Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

ABSTRACT: The puffing process was evaluated as an alternative to the steaming process for producing a biologically more active ginseng product, like red ginseng, from raw ginseng. A puffing treatment of dried raw ginseng roots induced an overall increase in crude saponin content. As puffing pressure increased, the content of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2 decreased, while ginsenoside Rg3 increased significantly as compared to raw ginseng. The content of ginsenoside Rg3 in puffed ginseng at a pressure of 490 kPa was similar to that of red ginseng. Cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and HepG2) showed that antiproliferative effects of saponin extract of puffed ginseng increased with an increase in puffing pressure. Ginseng explosively puffed at 490 kPa had similar saponin constituents and antiproliferative effects as those of red ginseng. Practical Application: The puffing process could provide an alternative mean to produce functional ginseng products, along with a reduction in processing time as compared to traditional red ginseng processing by steam.     

Electron beam irradiation improves shelf lives of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and red ginseng

ABSTRACT:  Effect of electron beam irradiation on microbial growth and qualities of vacuum-packaged Korean ginseng and red ginseng during storage was investigated. Korean ginseng and red ginseng were treated at irradiation doses of 0, 2, 8, and 16 kGy. After treatment, samples were individually vacuum-packaged and stored at 20 °C. Microbial growth results of the irradiated samples presented that populations of total bacteria, yeast and mold, and total coliforms were decreased by 2 to 3 log CFU/g. The pH values of the samples were not significantly different among treatments. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values of the samples increased during storage. Electron beam treatment caused negligible changes in Hunter's color L , a , and b values among the samples. Sensory evaluations like color and odor of the samples exhibited that there were no significant changes among the samples. During storage, content of saponin, a leading compound in ginseng, was not affected by irradiation. These results suggest that electron beam treatment should be useful in extending shelf lives of Korean ginseng and red ginseng.     

高效液相色谱法分析中国人参不同部位中多酚类化合物

目的:建立一种同时测定中国人参不同部位中18种多酚类化合物含量的分析方法,明确多酚类化合物在中国人参不同部位中的分布和含量,为吉林长白山人参资源的深度开发和综合利用提供一定依据.方法:利用高效液相色谱技术,分别对红参根、生晒参根、人参茎、人参叶、人参花和人参须中原儿茶酸、龙胆酸、对羟基苯甲酸、丁香酸、绿原酸、对香豆酸、...     

不同人参炮制品的挥发性成分研究

目的 阐明不同人参炮制品中挥发性成分(volatile compounds,VOC)的差异。方法 采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)相结合的分析方法,测定生晒参(dried raw ginseng,DRG)、红参(red ginseng,RG)、模压红参(moulded red ginseng,MRG)中的挥发性成分含量,并通过主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对3种炮制品进行评价。结果 质谱结果鉴定出38种成分,主要是萜烯类、萜烯醇类和烷烃类。生晒参、红参和模压红参的α-甘香烯、β-人参烯、β-古芸烯、β-合金欢烯、α-新丁香三环烯、β-石竹烯、γ-榄香烯、香树烯等共有峰明显,也同时存在差异性成分,如佛术烯、α-马榄烯、喇叭烯、β-花柏烯、杜松醇。主成分分析得分图显示3种炮制品在主成分空间中的分布十分分散,说明生晒参、红参和模压红参的挥发性成分有差异。结论 3...     

亚临界水萃取在天然产物有效成分提取中的研究新进展

本文简要阐述了亚临界水萃取技术的原理、特点和工艺,并与其他提取方式相比较,综述了亚临界水萃取技术在天然产物有效成分提取方面的研究新进展。      

亚临界水萃取麦胚蛋白及其功能特性的研究

以小麦胚芽为原料,通过单因素和响应面分析实验对亚临界水萃取麦胚蛋白的工艺条件进行优化,并对其功能特性进行评价。结果表明,麦胚蛋白最佳提取条件为:萃取温度130℃,萃取时间15 min,料水比1∶20 g/m L,p H为9.4。在此条件下,麦胚蛋白的提取得率达42.25%,乳化活性为113.63 m~2/g,乳化稳定性为82.16%,起泡性为71.45%,起泡稳定性为36.05%,持水性为4.21%,持油性为4.49%,溶解度为60.93%。与传统碱溶酸沉法相比,亚临界水萃取麦胚蛋白在提取时间、提取率等方面均具有明显优势。      

Volatile compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultured with different cultivation methods

The volatile compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer analyzed to interpret whether cultivation methods affect volatile compounds. The volatile compounds in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultured with 3 different cultivation methods such as good agricultural practice, organic cultivation method, and general cultivation method were isolated by solid-phase microextraction fiber (polydimethylsiloxane 65 μm) and identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Then, the scattering patterns of volatile compounds compared by principal component analysis. As the results, the 14 volatile compounds were identified from 30 ginseng samples and consisted mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The differences among the different cultivation methods of the samples were obvious from the PC1 and PC2 scatter point plot. As the conclusion, the cultivation methods can affect to produce the volatile component of ginseng root. The organic and good agriculture practice cultivation can increase the ginseng characteristic volatile compounds.     

人参中精氨酸双糖苷和单糖苷的研究进展

人参作为我国传统的一种药食同源植物, 已被广泛应用于流行性功能性食品和膳食补充剂中。在其加工过程中（蒸制和烘烤等）, 很容易就会发生美拉德反应。精氨酸双糖苷(arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, AFG)和精氨酸单糖苷(arginyl-fructose, AF)就是通过美拉德反应生成的一类比较典型的化合物, 分别是精氨酸和麦芽糖或葡萄糖在美拉德反应早期形成的主要阿马里多(Amadori)重排化合物, 既可通过蒸制和烘烤人参进行制备, 又可通过精氨酸和糖反应进行人工合成。由于目前关于AFG和AF的研究相对较少,且常规的药理活性尚未综合报道,因此本文通过对人参中AFG和AF的理化性质、制备方法、含量测定以及药理活性进行综述, 以期为今后改进制备工艺、研究和产品开发提供理论依据。     

亚临界水提取白兰叶挥发油工艺优化研究

采用亚临界水提取白兰叶挥发油。主要探究了提取压力、提取时间、液料比、提取温度对白兰叶挥发油提取率的影响。通过正交试验得出亚临界水提取白兰叶挥发油的最佳工艺条件为:提取压力5MPa、提取时间35min、液料比1500ml:80g、提取温度135℃。     

Monitoring of roasting-induced changes in ginsenoside composition of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

This study was intended to roast freeze-dried ginseng in order to determine the effect of roasting conditions on major ginsenosides by monitoring their changes using response surface methodology. As the roasting temperature and time increased, the contents of ginsenoside Re, Rg₁, Rf, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, and Rd tended to decrease but that of ginsenoside Rg₃ increased, reaching the maximum content (0.96 mg/g) at 189.99°C and 20.29 min as compared to the initial value (0.01 mg/g). The total ginsenoside content was estimated to be increased from 4.30 to 5.19 mg/g at 140.17°C and 27.51 min. It was found that the roasted ginseng has different ginsenoside compositions from raw ginseng. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the functional and biological properties of roasted ginseng as compared to the conventional white and red ginseng.     

亚临界水提取沙姜精油的优化工艺研究

考察了亚临界水提取（SWE）沙姜精油的效果,采用正交实验研究提取温度、时间、液料比对沙姜精油得率的影响,从而确定最佳工艺条件,并对精油进行气相色谱-质谱分析,确定其成分及含量。结果表明,最优工艺条件是:提取温度120℃、提取时间30min、液料比1500mL·100g-1。与传统方法水蒸气蒸馏对比,亚临界水提取沙姜精油的最适宜时间比水蒸气蒸馏缩短了87·5%;精油得率提高了4·11倍;GC-MS测定表明,精油中最主要成分为反式对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯,该种化合物相对含量SWE法（74·70%）是水蒸气蒸馏（64·19%）的1·16倍。证实了SWE提取高效、节能的优势,这为沙姜精油的产业化生产提供了一定的理论依据。      

酶解-亚临界水提取沙姜有效成分的研究

考察了酶解-亚临界水提取沙姜精油中主要成分对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯的效果。分别研究了提取过程中的提取温度、提取压力、加酶量、投料量和提取时间等因素对提取得率的影响,并与亚临界水提取(SWE)进行对比。结果表明,酶解-亚临界水提取过程,最适宜的温度为120℃,与SWE一致;最佳提取压力为8MPa,比SWE的最适宜压力低了2MPa;加酶量为0.3%(m酶/m沙姜);投料量100g,与SWE相同;提取时间为20min,比SWE法缩短了10min;沙姜精油中有效成分得率提高约10%。     

蛹虫草多糖的亚临界水萃取及其抗氧化活性研究

以蛹虫草为原料,通过单因素和响应面分析实验对亚临界水提取蛹虫草多糖的工艺条件进行优化并对所得到的多糖进行结构鉴定和抗氧化活性测定。结果表明,优化得到的最佳提取条件为:p H为8,提取温度180℃,水料比为21∶1（m L/g）,萃取时间为13 min时,萃取得率为7.13%,与传统热水浸提法相比,亚临界水浸提法在提取得率和提取时间方面均具有明显的优势（传统热水浸提法分别为1.72%,180 min）。传统热水浸提法和亚临界水浸提法得到的蛹虫草多糖均具有一定的还原能力,并且其DPPH·清除作用的IC₅₀值分别为0.324、0.314 mg/m L。红外光谱分析表明热水浸提和亚临界水浸提得到的蛹虫草多糖具有相同的结构特征。      

Drying characteristics and quality of taegeuk ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using far‐infrared rays

The purpose of this study is to investigate the drying characteristics of taegeuk ginseng using a far‐infrared dryer. The dryer used for this experiment can control the drying parameters such as far‐infrared heater temperature and air velocity. The far‐infrared drying tests of taegeuk ginseng were performed using large, medium and small ginseng at an air velocity of 0.6 m s^?1, and drying chamber temperatures of 45, 55 and 65 °C. The results were compared with those of the hot‐air drying method. The drying characteristics were analysed based on factors such as drying rate, colour changes, internal tissue structure of ginseng, saponin contents and antioxidant activities, and energy consumption. In general, the hot‐air drying time was 3–3.5 days longer than that of far‐infrared drying under the same conditions. The colour changes of far‐infrared drying were also smaller than that of hot‐air drying. Far‐infrared dryer required less energy consumption about 9.67–14.8% less than that required by hot‐air drying. At the same time, the saponin and polyphenol contents of taegeuk ginseng subjected to far‐infrared drying were 1.01 mg g^?1, 7.81 mg/100 g higher than that subjected to hot‐air drying, respectively. The results showed that the far‐infrared drying increases the capacity and quality of taegeuk ginseng.     

Short communication: Antiviral activity of subcritical water extract of Brassica juncea against influenza virus A/H1N1 in nonfat milk

Subcritical water extract (SWE) of Brassica juncea was studied for antiviral effects against influenza virus A/H1N1 and for the possibility of application as a nonfat milk supplement for use as an “antiviral food.” At maximum nontoxic concentrations, SWE had higher antiviral activity against influenza virus A/H1N1 than n-hexane, ethanol, or hot water (80°C) extracts. Addition of 0.5 mg/mL of B. juncea SWE to culture medium led to 50.35% cell viability (% antiviral activity) for Madin-Darby canine kidney cells infected with influenza virus A/H1N1. Nonfat milk supplemented with 0.28 mg/mL of B. juncea SWE showed 39.62% antiviral activity against influenza virus A/H1N1. Thus, the use of B. juncea SWE as a food supplement might aid in protection from influenza viral infection.     

Changes in ginsenosides and antioxidant activity of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with Heating Temperature and Pressure

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activity of fresh ginseng induced by thermal processing at different temperatures (25, 100, 121, and 150°C), pressure (0.1, 10, 20, and 30 MPa), and soaking solvents (water and ethanol). The levels of ginsenosides were similar trend with the pressure of 0.1–30 MPa, while there were significantly differences in heated ginseng with heating temperature and soaking solvent. When water and ethanol was used, the ginsenoside compositions significantly changed at 100 and 121°C, respectively, and it was rapidly decreased at 150°C. After heating, the level of 3 ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg1) decreased and that of 5 other ginsenosides [Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rg2(S)] increased up to 121°C compare to raw ginseng. Ginsenoside F2, F4, Rg2(R), Rk3, Rh4, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5, which was absent in raw ginseng, was detected in heated ginseng. Especially, ginsenoside Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5 were remarkably produced after thermal processing. After heating, the phenolic compounds (1.43–11.62 mg/g), 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) value (1.48–3.11 mg/g), and ABTS radical scavenging activity (0.66–9.09 mg AA eq/g) of heated ginseng were increased.     

核桃青皮活性成分的亚临界水提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性

该研究采用随机质心映射法优化了核桃青皮中的单宁酸、总黄酮及蒽醌等活性成分的亚临界水提取工艺,并考察了其抗氧化活性。结果表明,核桃青皮的最佳提取工艺为萃取温度194 ℃,萃取时间55 min,粉碎粒度80目。在此条件下,核桃青皮中活性成分总提取率为（147.59±0.59） mg/g,其中,总黄酮、单宁酸、蒽醌的提取率分别为（87.43±0.64） mg/g、（56.03±0.06） mg/g、（4.12±0.01） mg/g。在提取物质量浓度为0.6 mg/mL时对DPPH自由基清除率可达99.76%,质量浓度为0.8 mg/mL时对羟基自由基清除率可达97.42%。核桃青皮提取物对DPPH和羟基自由基清除作用的IC50分别为0.186 mg/mL和0.129 mg/mL。研究表明核桃青皮提取物具有较好的抗氧化活性。