抑制空间行波管五阶交调失真的信号注入法

本文全面地研究了信号注入（谐波,三阶交调）对空间行波管（STWT）的五阶交调（IM5）失真分量的抑制情况。首次采用泰勒级数法对IM5理论分析,继而利用计算机仿真,分别注入谐波和三阶交调（IM3）信号来抑制STWT的IM5,并得出最大抑制量及最佳注入信号参数。实验结果表明：谐波和IM3都能够较明显地抑制IM5,IM3注入技术能够得到31.6 dB的IM5抑制量,大于谐波注入技术的最佳抑制量18.3 dB,且IM3注入功率也更低,实验条件较宽松,因此对窄带STWT而言,IM3注入技术比谐波注入技术能更明显地抑制五阶失真分量。     

抑制空间行波管三阶交调失真的信号注入技术

为了抑制空间行波管非线性特性产生的交调失真,本文通过理论分析、计算机仿真和实验验证,分别研究了谐波、交调和混合信号注入技术对空间行波管三阶交调（IM3）分量的抑制情况。实验结果表明：IM3注入技术能够得到25.2 dB的IM3最大抑制量,明显大于谐波注入技术的12.7 dB,两者对IM3失真分量的抑制效果都很良好,且就窄带空间行波管而言IM3注入技术比谐波注入技术更具优势。通过进一步仿真实验,证明双IM3注入技术可以在两个IM3频率处分别产生46 dB和53 dB的最佳抑制量,且混合注入谐波和交调信号也能最大抑制36.9 dB。     

Theoretical and experimental study of amplifier linearization basedon harmonic and baseband signal injection technique

This paper presents a novel linearization scheme for RF amplifiers based on simultaneous harmonic and baseband signal injection. In this method, second-order frequency components generated by predistortion circuits are fed to the input of the main amplifier to mix with the fundamental signal for third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD) cancellation. A general and rigorous analytical formulation of baseband, harmonic, and the proposed injection techniques is presented, and from these derived expressions, the optimum conditions for IMD suppression are developed. The result also reveals the practical limitation of the proposed method subject to gain and phase error associated with the RF and baseband circuitry. For comparison purposes, an amplifying system is constructed for the experimental investigation of second-order signal injection approach. Both two-tone and digitally modulated waveforms are employed in these measurements     

Amplifier linearization using simultaneous harmonic and basebandinjection

A novel linearization scheme utilizing injection of distortion signal at the input of amplifier is described. Harmonic and baseband signal generated by predistortion circuits is fed to the input of the main amplifier and by controlling the power level of the harmonic and baseband signal properly, mixing products can be made to cancel out with the FET inherent distortion signals. Unlike many other techniques, no precise phase adjustment is required for the RF signal path. For verification, the two-tone performance of a constructed linearized amplifier is measured and a reduction of the third-order IMD power level of about 27 dB is observed     

提高通信行波管线性度的研究

分析了行波管中非线性产生的原因,给出了几种常用提高行波管(TWT,travelling wave tube)线性度的解决方法,介绍了国内外行波管线性度的研究现状,开展了信号注入压缩三阶互调(IM3,third order inter-modulation)的计算和实验研究.利用改进的LMSuite软件模拟计算结果表明谐波注入可以使得一支X波段宽带行波管的上三阶互调压缩38.14 dB,从34.65 dBm压缩到-3.49 dBm,三阶互调与基波比(IM3/C)从-10.41 dBc下降到-50.13 dBc;实验中通过谐波注入三阶互调可以最大压缩30.67 dB,IM3/C从-12.75 dBc下降到-44.67 dBc;通过注入三阶互调信号可以把三阶互调量最大压缩15.75 dB,通过模拟计算和实验研究达到了提高通信行波管线性度的目的,有利于改善行波管的通信质量.     

Linearizability of TWTAs using predistortion techniques

Predistortion linearization is a very effective technique for improving the linearity and efficiency of traveling wave tube (TWT) amplifiers. In this paper, we will study the effectiveness of predistortion techniques for TWT linearization using single-tone, two-tone, and quadrature-amplitude-modulation signals. The results from a series of predistortion linearization experiments for five TWTs covering L-, C-, Ku-, and Ka-bands and including both helix- and coupled-cavity TWTs will be presented. We will demonstrate the additional improvement of fifth-order predistortion linearization over the more commonly used third-order predistortion linearization. To circumvent the complexity and limited availability of a pure fifth-order linearizer, a technique for realizing nonlinear functions of order greater than or equal to five using cascaded third-order nonlinear functions is described. The technique can be used to efficiently generate higher order nonlinearities for predistortion linearization applications. We will demonstrate experimentally that the use of two cascaded third-order functions is comparable to a pure fifth-order implementation in performance.     

Analysis of the suppression of nonlinear distortions in amplifiers using the envelope signal

The suppression of the nonlinear distortions in amplifier using the effect of the envelope signal of the amplified HF oscillations on the amplifier parameters is analyzed. A slow (on the time scale of the HF oscillations) variation in the parameters gives rise to additional frequency components of oscillations that compensate for the nonlinear distortions of the original signal. Several variants to employ the compensating signal using the feedback circuits in the transistor amplifiers and variations in the electron-beam current in TWT in the absence of such circuits are considered. The suppression of the nonlinear intermodulation distortions (IMDs) of the test two-frequency signal is studied for the above variants and the suppression of the third-order IMD by 6–19 dB corresponds to the known experimental data on the microwave transistor amplifier. The generalization of the quasi-stationary method for the analysis of the nonlinear transformation of signals allows the analysis of the amplification and suppression of IMD for more complicated multifrequency signals that are used in radio systems.     

An analog compensation method for asymmetric IMD characteristics of power amplifier

The modulation frequency affects the asymmetric intermodulation distortion (IMD) products of a RF power amplifier. This effect reduces IMD cancellation performance of power amplifiers in connection with predistortion linearization. A phase extraction method to determine phase difference between upper and lower third-order IMD products and a phase compensation circuit using an envelope injection technique is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in the third-order IMD cancellation performance.     

New predistortion linearizer using low-frequency even-orderintermodulation components

We present two types of new predistortion linearizers using low-frequency even-order components. One adopts an in-phase and quadrature balanced modulator as a generator of the third-order intermodulation (IM3) and fifth-order intermodulation (IM5) components and the other adopts a double-balanced diode mixer. Both types are very compact and could independently control the amplitudes and phases of the intermodulation (IM) components. We have analyzed the delay mismatch effect of these predistortion circuits. The result shows that the IM5 components are twice as sensitive than the third ones. Two types of predistorters are implemented and tested at the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 band. Two tone test results show that the IM3 cancellation is about 23-25 dB and the IM5 is cancelled by about 12-20 dB for both cases. The adjacent channel power ratio is improved by over 11 dB at the broad-band CDMA signal with a chip rate of 4.096 Mc/s, and this improvement is maintained through a broad range of output power level     

Characterization of a low-noise linearized microwave power amplifier module

An X-band, low-noise, linearized microwave power amplifier module consisting of a low-noise solid-state amplifier (SSA), predistortion linearizing circuit, and low-gain helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is designed and tested in order to demonstrate both reduced noise figure and suppressed intermodulation distortion ratio. Two-tone intermodulation distortion (IMD) ratios are predicted from simulations obtained from modeling of the TWT, linearizing circuit, and SSA by the use of Agilent's Advanced Design System simulation code. Simulated IMD ratios are in good agreement with measured results. Measurements show a noise figure of 2.2 dB at 9.5 GHz and the third-order IMD ratio of -53 dBc at 10 dB input back off from the input P1dB point. It is found that both noise figure and IMD ratio are significantly improved compared with conventional helix-TWTs and microwave power modules.     

Cuber predistortion linearizer for relay equipment in 800 MHz band land mobile telephone system

New relay equipment for a tunnel relay system used in an 800 MHz band land mobile telephone network has been developed. Significant improvements in size and power consumption have been achieved using a predistortion (PD) circuit to compensate for third-order intermodulation (IM) distortion generated in the power amplifier. This predistortion circuit features a simple configuration and easy adjustment, as well as high distortion reduction performance. The circuit configuration is derived from an analysis based on a complex power series representation of input-output nonlinearities for microwave transistor amplifiers. This analysis shows that two kinds of nonlinearities, AM-AM and AM-PM conversions, are uniquely related through the third-order distortion phase, In addition, an automatically controlled predistortion system is introduced to establish an adjustment and maintenance-free compensator. Using the developed predistortion circuit, a stable distortion reduction of more than 20 dB per 25 MHz bandwidth has been attained.     

Dynamic Range of Frequency Modulated Direct-Detection Analog Fiber Optic Links

A frequency modulated (FM) analog optical link using an FM discriminator is analyzed. Figures-of-merit are derived, including expressions for the second-order (OIP2) and third-order intercept points (OIP3), spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) and noise figure (NF). It is found that a discriminator with linear field transmission and constant group delay will produce no third-order or higher-order distortions, and balanced detection will suppress the remaining second-order distortion. Low biasing the discriminator is found not to improve the NF of the link. Residual intensity modulation (IM) of the laser is shown to significantly increase the link's distortion. A discriminator using tenth-order finite-impulse response (FIR) filters implemented in planar lightwave circuits (PLC) is proposed and shown to improve OIP3 by 31 dB over a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) discriminator.      

行波管谐波注入技术新进展

根据Rowe理论计算行波管的1D圆盘模型生成的TWTRF2.0程序用来计算谐波注入对基波功率增长及管内谐波抑制的影响。LMSuite程序用来计算谐波注入对交调(IM3)的抑制。两程序的计算结果与实验符合得比较好。     

Highly Linear Predistortion Power Amplifiers With Phase-Controlled Error Generator

A simple predistortion technique to cancel the fifth-order intermodulation (IM5) as well as third-order intermodulation (IM3) components using a third-order predistorter (PD) is represented. The IM3 and IM5 components are cancelled out simultaneously by their same magnitude and phase difference in the PD and power amplifier (PA). Moreover, this phase difference is controlled by using the phase-controlled error generator in the PD. For experimental verification, a third-order PD has been implemented and tested in a 30-W class-AB PA at the wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA) band of 2.11-2.17GHz. Two-tone test results show that significant cancellation of the IM3 and IM5 components can be obtained. For a four-carrier WCDMA application, significant adjacent channel leakage ratio improvement is achieved over a wide range of output power levels     

Reduction of dispersion-induced distortion in SCM transmissionsystems by using predistortion-linearized MQW-EA modulators

The application of low-chirp MQW (multiquantum well)-EA (electro-absorption) modulators to subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) optical transmission systems is studied. The authors show that a third-order predistortion circuit is feasible for compensating the nonlinearity of this type of modulator. The degree of frequency chirping per optical intensity modulation depth of the modulator is theoretically determined to be about 1.4 MHz. A 42-channel AM-SCM signal transmitter with the predistortion circuit realizes both composite second-order distortion (CSO) and composite triple beat distortion (CTB) values under -57 dBc after 200-km-long transmission. The authors confirm dispersion-induced distortion of the MQW-EA modulator is as small as that of the LiNbO₃ modulator. Carrier-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of 45.2 dB for channel 1 and 43.8 dB for channel 42 were measured after 100 km transmission. It is found that the deterioration of a CNR is caused by the cascaded erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), Rayleigh backscattered power and the optical phase noise. Theoretical CNRs show that the output power of the modulator should be higher to improve CNR     

Linearization of mixers using predistortion and envelope signal injection

This letter presents a new linearization method for mixers employing predistortion and envelope signal injection. In this technique the third order intermodulation distortion (IM3), at the output of a mixer in IF band, was cancelled by using a diode predistortor and injecting the envelope of the RF input signal to both the predistortor and the mixer. By properly adjusting the amplitude and polarity of the injected envelope signal, up to 26 dB improvement of the IM3 is obtained in a two tone test with 100 kHz separation at 1.9 GHz. This method operates very well over a wide range of output power up to the 1 dB compression point of the mixer.     

改善放大器三阶交调失真的一种方法

提出一种降低放大器三阶交调失真的方法。信号注入二极管电路引起失真，然后经过主放大器，又将一个新的频率分量注入到二极管和主放大器中，最终抵消掉部分三阶交调分量，使放大器线性化。不同于其他方法的是，这种方法不需要可变增益放大器、可变衰减器等复杂的电路器件。最后给出了双频激励测试的结果，结果表明此方法运用于工作在850MHz的MESFET放大器中，使放大器的三阶交调分量降低了26dBm。     

基于改进型径向基函数神经网络的功放线性化

提出了一种基于改进型径向基函数神经网络(MRBFNN)的数字预失真线性化模型,用于更为精确地矫正宽带射频功率放大器的动态非线性。该神经网络模型的输入层使用传统的延时抽头以补偿功放的线性记忆效应,同时对每个抽头进行级数展开用于补偿功放的非线性记忆效应,从而更好地抑制功放的动态非线性失真。文中使用WCDMA 三载波信号对一个460MHz 的Doherty 功率放大器进行数字预失真线性化实验。实验结果表明,与传统数字预失真线性化模型相比,基于改进型径向基神经网络的数字预失真线性化模型能更好地抑制宽带功放动态非线性引起的带外频谱再生,其三阶互调(IMD3)失真最多可以抑制23dB,大大提高了功放的线性度,验证了所提出的数字预失真线性化模型的有效性。     

利用三维粒子软件计算螺旋线行波管的互作用和三阶互调

采用三维电磁软件CST粒子工作室模拟单信号输入时某Ku波段螺旋线行波管的互作用及双信号输入时该行波管的三阶互调。模拟计算时,采用理想电子注和均匀聚焦磁场,对衰减器采用分段处理,通过设置每段衰减器材料的损耗正切值来表征其衰减量。单信号输入互作用模拟计算结果与实测结果非常接近,通过模拟得到了行波管双信号输入时两个基波信号输出功率以及三阶互调（IM3）产物,并给出输出信号的快速傅立叶变化频谱。     

一种基于开路短截线相位补偿的模拟预失真电路

传统的单路并联式模拟预失真电路,其可调性不高,对功率放大器的三阶交调改善量也非常有限。为了解决上述问题,提出了一种能用开路短截线进行适当相位补偿的S 波段模拟预失真电路。该模拟预失真电路使用肖特基二极管产生三阶交调信号,通过改变开路短截线的长度,来调整基波信号与三阶交调信号的相位差,使它的特性跟功率放大器的特性相反,从而抵消功放的三阶交调信号。实验结果表明,在3.5 GHz 的AB 类功放的1 dB压缩点处,加模拟预失真电路后,三阶交调量改善了约34 dB。