Low Temperature Diffusion Bonding of Ti-6Al-4V to Oxygen Free Copper with High Bonding Strength Using Pure Ag Interlayer

在低温下,利用Ag箔作中间层对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金（TC4）和无氧铜（OFC）进行了扩散焊接。结果表明Ag箔中间层阻止了Ti-Cu金属间化合物的生成,改善了TC4/OFC焊接接头的界面组织结构和焊接强度。同时,Ag箔中间层的添加也降低了TC4/OFC接头的焊接温度。焊接界面从TC4侧到OFC侧依次是TC4基体,AgTi金属间化合物,Ag中间层,Ag-Cu固溶体和OFC基体。在工艺条件：T=700 ℃,P=10 MPa,t=60 min下,TC4/Ag/OFC焊接接头的抗拉强度为150 MPa,其值高于直接焊接时的抗拉强度。焊接接头断裂发生在Ag/OFC界面,并且呈韧性断裂。我们可以推测AgTi化合物的韧性性能优于Ag-Cu固溶体。     

利用Ag箔作中间层实现Ti-6Al-4V钛合金/无氧铜的低温高强扩散焊接（英文）

在低温下,利用Ag箔作中间层对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金(TC4)和无氧铜(OFC)进行了扩散焊接。结果表明Ag箔中间层阻止了Ti-Cu金属间化合物的生成,改善了TC4/OFC焊接接头的界面组织结构和焊接强度。同时,Ag箔中间层的添加也降低了TC4/OFC接头的焊接温度。焊接界面从TC4侧到OFC侧依次是TC4基体,AgTi金属间化合物,Ag中间层,Ag-Cu固溶体和OFC基体。在工艺条件:T=700℃,P=10 MPa,t=60 min下,TC4/Ag/OFC焊接接头的抗拉强度为150 MPa,其值高于直接焊接时的抗拉强度。焊接接头断裂发生在Ag/OFC界面,并且呈韧性断裂。我们可以推测AgTi化合物的韧性性能优于Ag-Cu固溶体。     

TiZrNiCu非晶钎料钎焊TiB_w/TC4复合材料和Ti60合金（英文）

使用TiZrNiCu非晶钎料成功实现了TiB_w/TC4复合材料和Ti60合金的钎焊连接。通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪及万能材料试验机表征钎焊接头的组织及性能。在940°C保温10 min下,钎焊接头的典型界面组织为Ti Bw/TC4复合材料/β-Ti+Ti B晶须/(Ti,Zr)_2(Ni,Cu)金属间化合物层/β-Ti层/Ti60合金。钎焊过程中元素向母材中的扩散过程直接影响接头界面结构。钎焊温度的升高使(Ti,Zr)_2(Ni,Cu)金属间化合物层的厚度减小,当钎焊温度超过1020°C时,(Ti,Zr)_2(Ni,Cu)金属间化合物层消失。钎焊温度较低时,生成的脆性相(Ti,Zr)_2(Ni,Cu)不利于接头性能。接头剪切强度随钎焊温度的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势,在1020°C下获得最大的剪切强度368.6 MPa;而当钎焊温度达到1060°C时,接头强度降低,这是由于形成了粗大的层状(α+β)-Ti组织。     

金属的焊接性

TC4／Cu／ZQSn10-2—3扩散连接接头微观分析 TC4／ZQSn10-2—3直接扩散连接时,结合区由于生成CuSn3Ti5,Cu3Ti等金属间化合物及集聚的Pb质点,接头强度不高（tmax=102MPa）,断口为脆性断口,并发生在靠近ZQSn10-2-3侧;填加金属中间层铜时,T以／Cu／ZQSn10-2—3扩散连接接头强度获得显著提高（tmax=196MPa）,这主要是铜中间层有效地抑制了Sn,Pb等元素向TC4侧的扩散,减少CuSn3Ti5,     

金属的焊接性

TC4／Cu／ZQSn10-2—3扩散连接接头微观分析 TC4／ZQSn10-2—3直接扩散连接时,结合区由于生成CuSn3Ti5,Cu3Ti等金属间化合物及集聚的Pb质点,接头强度不高（tmax=102MPa）,断口为脆性断口,并发生在靠近ZQSn10-2-3侧;填加金属中间层铜时,T以／Cu／ZQSn10-2—3扩散连接接头强度获得显著提高（tmax=196MPa）,这主要是铜中间层有效地抑制了Sn,Pb等元素向TC4侧的扩散,减少CuSn3Ti5,     

93W/Ni/Ta扩散焊接接头的显微结构和力学性能

采用真空扩散焊接的方法获得了93W/Ni/Ta扩散焊接接头。利用万能试验机测试焊接接头剪切强度,通过XRD,SEM,EDS对焊接接头的物相组成和显微结构进行了分析。结果表明,93W/Ni/Ta扩散焊接接头剪切强度随焊接温度和保温时间的增加而增加,最大值达到244 MPa。焊接接头主要由Ni/Ta和93W/Ni界面组成,界面处金属间化合物分别为hcp-Ni3Ta,fcc-Ni3Ta,Ni2Ta和Ni4W。接头断裂发生在Ni/Ta界面处,表明Ni/Ta界面为接头的弱结合处。焊接接头界面的形成主要分为物理接触、固溶体形成、金属间化合物形成和金属间化合物长大4个阶段。     

钎焊温度对TC4/Ti60接头组织及性能的影响

为研究钎焊温度对TC4/Ti60接头组织及力学性能的影响,采用纯铜箔作为中间层对TC4与Ti60合金进行接触反应钎焊,钎焊温度范围为970~1 010℃.采用SEM,EDS,XRD,拉剪试验对接头组织及力学性能进行研究.结果表明,接头的典型界面组织为TC4/α-Ti+Ti_2Cu/Ti_2Cu/Ti Cu/Ti_2Cu/α-Ti+Ti_2Cu/Ti60.随着钎焊温度的升高,基体侧的反应扩散层厚度增加,钎缝厚度及Ti-Cu金属间化合物含量逐渐减少,钎缝成分趋于均匀化.接头抗剪度随钎焊温度的升高先增加后减少,当钎焊工艺为1 000℃保温10 min时,接头抗剪强度最高为130 MPa.断口分析表明,接头断裂于钎缝与扩散反应层之间,断裂方式为准解理断裂.     

TC4钛合金与0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢真空热轧连接

利用真空热轧焊接的方法实现了镍作中间层材料的TC4钛合金与0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢板的连接.通过扫描电镜、能谱、X射线衍射等方法对连接界面的微观结构进行了描述,测试了Ni-TC4连接界面的金属间化合物层的成分,研究了焊接温度对焊接接头连接强度的影响规律.结果表明,金属间化合物层的厚度随着焊接温度的升高而增大,接头连接强度随之降低,当焊接温度为760℃、压缩率为20%、轧制速度为38 mm/s时焊接接头的抗拉强度达到最高值452.1MPa.拉伸试样断口均呈脆性断裂特征,XRD分析表明,在拉伸试样断口处存在多种Ni-Ti的金属间化合物.     

TC4/Ni/ZQSn10-2-3扩散连接

采用镍箔做中间层,在真空下对TC4和ZQSn10-2-3进行扩散连接.使用扫描电镜对接头的界面组织进行了研究.确定TC4/Ni/ZQSn10-2-3接头的界面结构是TC4/β-Ti/Ti2Ni/TiNi/TiNi31Ni/Cu(Cu,Ni)/ZQSn10-2-3.通过最优工艺试验,确定最佳工艺参数为连接温度830℃,连接压力10 MPa,连接时间30 min.此时接头最大抗剪强度为135 MPa,接头断口为带有一定塑性的结晶状形貌.通过x射线衍射对断口分析认为,断裂位于TC4/Ni界面处的金属间化合物TiNi3层.     

93W/Ni/Mo1接头的等离子活化扩散焊接研究

利用等离子活化技术对93W/Ni/Mo1进行真空扩散焊接,用剪切强度和显微硬度表征焊接接头的力学性能,对焊接界面和接头断口物相及微观结构进行表征分析。结果表明,焊接温度低于800℃时,焊接界面有孔洞,焊接温度高于800℃时,焊接界面良好。焊接接头的剪切强度随着焊接温度的升高先升高后降低,在焊接温度为800℃时接头强度最大为100.2 MPa。焊接温度低于800℃时,焊接界面发生扩散形成固溶体;焊接温度高于800℃时,Ni/Mo1界面生成MoNi高硬度金属间化合物,降低焊接接头结合强度。93W/Ni/Mo1焊接接头的断裂破坏主要发生在Ni/Mo1扩散界面。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。