A new PMU based power swing detector to prevent mal-operation of distance relay

In conventional transmission line protection, a distance relay is used to provide the primary as well as remote backup protection. The voltage and current phasors measurement needed by the distance relay for determining the impedance may be affected by the power disturbances such as power swing. Consequently, this power swing may cause mal-operation of Zone three distance relays which in turn may affect on the reliability of the whole protective scheme. To mitigate these effects and hence improve the relay reliability, this work proposes a new real-time power swing detector using phasor measurement units for blinding the distance relay only during this transient disturbance. However, this developed detector will not block relay when the power swing accompanied with faults. To validate the present work, the performance of developed enhanced distance relay is tested by signals generated by Simulink/MATLAB simulator under different conditions. The test results show that this proposed scheme provides good discrimination between the transient currents and the fault current which in turn it may contribute in enhancing the reliability of Distance relay.     

Adaptive load blinder for distance protection

This paper proposes a novel adaptive load blinder for distance protection. A distance relay can provide remote backup protection by zones 2 and 3, but it may mal-operate under heavy loading conditions and cause cascading trips in the network, which could further lead to a widespread blackout. To prevent cascading outages, load blinders or load encroachment elements are generally used to block the distance relay when there is heavy load in the system. However, these elements are not always able to discriminate heavy loading conditions from fault conditions, especially for heavy loads with low power factors or faults with fault resistance. This paper presents a novel load blinder scheme for distance protection by using artificial neural network (ANN). Test results show that the proposed ANN-based load blinder scheme is able to discriminate between different heavy loads with a wide range of power factors and different faults with fault resistance.     

变压器相间后备保护的改进

目前变压器相间后备保护对变压器匝间故障的灵敏度不高。低压过流保护的灵敏度不高是由于少匝数匝间短路时变压器电压下降很少。负序电流继电器的动作与电压的降落无关，因而可以获得较镐的灵敏度，距离继电器应用于变压器时其性能受Y，d接线变压器两侧电位移的影响。负序距离继电器的行为与变压器绕组的接线无关，所以它是作为变压器后备保的距离继电器的最佳选择。文中不仅讨论了负序电流和负序距离继电器的优越性能，而且提供了防止这两类继电器在电流断线和电压断线时发生误动的方法，从而得到了一个既灵敏又安全的改进的变压器后备保护。     

距离Ⅲ段保护特性研究与整定计算

当110 kV线路电源侧距离保护作为YND11型变压器低压侧故障远后备时,整定阻抗不能简单地取线路阻抗与变压器阻抗之和,针对圆特性、多边形特性及圆、四边形组合特性构成的相间距离Ⅲ段保护在作为变压器远后备和躲负荷能力方面进行了深入研究,并总结出各特性构成的相间距离Ⅲ段保护在负荷阻抗角不同的情况下,计算躲负荷可靠系数的方法, 该方法应用于实际工作,使计算距离保护动作特性躲负荷可靠系数变得简单,取得了良好的效果。     

An enhanced zone 3 algorithm of a distance relay using transient components and state diagram

Zone 3 of a distance relay is used to provide the remote backup protection in case of the failure of the primary protection. However, the risk of maloperation under stressed conditions such as heavy loading, voltage, and transient instability is quite high. Zone 3 is used in combination with the derivatives of the voltage and current, etc. to prevent maloperation. At times, the impedance characteristics that restrict the tripping area of relay are used to avoid maloperation due to load encroachment. This work presents a novel zone 3 scheme based on combining the steady-state components (i.e., 60 Hz) and the transient components (TCs) using a state diagram that visualizes the sequence of studies that emanate from the sequence of events. The simulation results show that the novel zone 3 distance relay elements using the proposed method operate correctly for the various events.     

微机变压器的相间后备保护

提出对变压器内部故障应以两套差动保护互为后备,距离继电器主要作为低压母线及馈线故障的后备保护,并建议采用负序距离继电器和椭圆形继电器为宜     

距离保护远后备功能可靠性分析

为了对110 kV长线路末端变压器起到远后备功能,部分保护设备采用圆阻抗距离继电器和四边形距离继电器相或构成距离继电器。文章从原理分析、动模实验对此类保护功能可靠性进行试验研究,试验结果证明,110 kV线路末端采用Y△/类型接线的变压器低压侧故障时能够正确动作,起到远后备的功能。     

Application of a distance relaying scheme to compensate fault location errors due to fault resistance

This paper proposes a distance relaying scheme based on the current phase jump behavior during fault conditions to improve the apparent impedance estimated by the distance relay. For a nonpilot protection scheme, the measured impedance is affected by error due to the combined effects of fault resistance and prefault load. An experimental relation between the current phase jump introduced with fault inception and the X/R ratio seen by the distance protection is deduced. The phase jump correction factor obtained is an exponential function of the X/R ratio of the line. This factor is applied to the apparent impedance measured by the relay and it allows mitigating the adverse effect of prefault power. The relaying scheme improves significantly the accuracy in estimation of the resistive fault location. The application of this scheme does not require communication links from the remote end of line and is applicable to all types of fault.     

Stand alone intelligent digital distance relay

Remote end infeed causes problems in distance relay especially under high resistance earth fault conditions. Although a distance relay set to an ideal operating region can cover the fault resistance at one particular load condition, the operating region is affected by changes in load condition. Hence a distance relay may overreach or underreach when load changes. From the main factors which affect the ideal digital distance relay operating region, a stand alone intelligent digital distance relay which can adapt to these changes is presented. This approach does not need communication links from the remote end of the line or the system control center. Numerous computer simulations have been carried out on realistic system configurations and the results show that there is a high potential for developing an intelligent digital distance relay     

距离继电器作为变压器低压侧故障远后备保护时的性能

对Y,d接线变压器低压侧故障时高压侧线路保护距离继电器的测量阻抗进行了分析,得出装设在Y,d接线变压器高压侧线路上的距离保护对变压器低压侧的各种短路故障可以起到远后备作用.在此基础上提出圆阻抗结合四边形阻抗作为线路末端变压器后故障的远后备保护,并给出了负荷校验公式.动模试验验证了理论分析结果.     

Applying CTs with digital ground relays

Industrial power distribution system substation transformers and generator step-up transformers in power stations often use resistance-grounded wye secondary windings for medium-voltage power distribution. The purpose of this is to limit damage due to ground-fault currents, while providing sufficient fault current for the operation of ground-fault relaying. The relaying used to protect against ground faults in the system may not provide sufficient protection of the transformer winding against internal faults because the backup ground overcurrent relay in the transformer neutral-to-ground connection must be set to coordinate with downstream relays. In order to protect the winding itself, special relays are utilized. Ground differential protection can be provided by digital overcurrent relays in conjunction with auxiliary ratio matching transformers. Ground differential protection can also be provided in multifunction digital relays. Transformer protection relays may include this feature with one of the schemes used with component relays. If a feeder-protection relay is used on the secondary, in some cases, this may have a ground-directional feature that can be utilized for ground-differential protection     

新型微机电抗器保护的研制与开发

分析了目前超高压并联电抗器保护所存在的一些问题，包括电抗器匝间短路保护灵敏度与可靠性、电流互感器暂态特性不一致对差动保护的影响等。介绍了新一代数字式电抗器成套保护装置的总体设计思想(双主双后配置)、新型高灵敏度高安全可靠的匝间短路保护原理以及考虑电流互感器暂态特性不一致的差动保护原理。新型电抗器匝间短路保护由自适应补偿的零序功率方向元件、零序阻抗元件、故障开放元件、谐波闭锁元件以及具有工频变化量浮动门槛的匝间短路保护启动元件共同构成。给出了这些保护原理的数字仿真、动模试验及现场运行结果。     

A probabilistic approach to setting distance relays in transmissionnetworks

The setting of back-up zones in distance relays has to deal with fault current infeeds between the relay and remote faults. Traditional approaches to this problem are conservative, some times leaving portions of a power system without sensitive or selective back-up protection. In this paper, a probabilistic model for the relay errors resulting from the variation of the infeeds is developed. Other measurement inaccuracies are also considered in order to build a probabilistic approach to setting all zones of distance relays. The developed concepts are associated to automatic tools for computer aided protection coordination and applied to the Portuguese transmission grid     

Agent-based self-healing protection system

This paper proposes an agent-based paradigm for self-healing protection systems. Numerical relays implemented with intelligent electronic devices are designed as a relay agent to perform a protective relaying function in cooperation with other relay agents. A graph-theory-based expert system, which can be integrated with supervisory control and a data acquisition system, has been developed to divide the power grid into primary and backup protection zones online and all relay agents are assigned to specific zones according to system topological configuration. In order to facilitate a more robust, less vulnerable protection system, predictive and corrective self-healing strategies are implemented as guideline regulations of the relay agent, and the relay agents within the same protection zone communicate and cooperate to detect, locate, and trip fault precisely with primary and backup protection. Performance of the proposed protection system has been simulated with cascading fault, failures in communication and protection units, and compared with a coordinated directional overcurrent protection system.     

具有自适应电流速断保护功能的配电线路保护监控装置研制

分析了配电线路自适应电流速断保护的基本原理.在此基础上,研制出具有自适应电流速断保护功能的配电线路保护监控装置.该装置主要包舍中央处理单元(CPU)、互感器、继电器、电源等插件和人机接口模块,其中CPU插件集成了微控制器(MCU)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程逻辑阵列(FPGA)、大容量静态存储器(SRAM)和闪速存储器(Flash RAM)、数据采集电路、开关量输入/输出电路和通信接口电路.在软件方面,装置将自适应电流速断保护、传统三段式电流保护、三相一次重合闸、低周减栽、事件告警、数据采集与监控(SCADA)和故障录波等多种功能融为一体.测试表明,所研制的装置具有功能可靠、配置灵活等优点,尤其是其保护性能能随着系统运行方式、故障类型和负荷条件的变化而自动调整到最佳状态.     

接地距离继电器的误动分析及改进

分析了作为输电线路接地故障保护的接地距离继电器的动作性能;研究了在相邻线路发生接地故障且本线路无零序电流的情况下,本线路接地距离继电器误动的现象及原因,以及本线路区外相间故障时接地距离继电器受负荷电流影响发生误动的现象及原因;提出了比例特性的零序电流闭锁方案.实时数字仿真器(RTDS)仿真验证了理论分析的正确性及所述方法的有效性.     

A new blocking principle with phase and earth fault detectionduring fast power swings for distance protection

Any sudden change in the configuration or the loading of an electrical network causes power swings between the load concentrations of that network. In order to prevent the distance protection from tripping during such conditions, a power swing blocking device is often utilized. Conventional power swing blocking devices cannot cope with very fast power swings of up to 5 Hz/sec. This paper presents a new power swing blocking principle that has the ability to immediately clear the block when a fault occurs within the relay trip zone. This is demonstrated for extremely fast swings (greater than 5 Hz/sec) and even for two phase operation (during single pole tripping). This new principle is in a form which can be implemented on an existing digital distance protection relay. Results are presented based on extensive simulation studies carried out on a typical 400 kV system, using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) software     

Impact Analyses of Wind Farm on Performances ofTransmission Line Relay Protection

A simulation system for power grid with concentrated large-scale wind farm integration is established based on the electro-magnetic transient model of wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),which is built by real-time digital simulator (RTDS).Using the hardware communication interface of RTDS,a closed-loop testing experiment is accomplished to study the impacts of large-scale wind farms on the existing relay protection devices for wind farm outgoing transmission line.This paper points out problems existing in current relay protection devices as follows:fault phase selector can select unwanted phase due to the changes of fault features caused by special network connection of wind farms;blocking condition for distance protections needs to be re-examined due to the weak power-feed characteristics of wind farms;and power frequency parameter based relay protection devices cannot accurately operate due to the special transient voltage and current characteristics of wind farms during fault period.Results lay the foundation for improving the performances of the existing relay protection device and developing new principle relay protection.     

A novel fault protection system using communication-assisted digital relays for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system

This paper develops a novel fault protection system for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system. Communication-supported digital relays which have different protection modules are used for this novel microgrid protection system. The protection modules in a digital relay have various functionalities to protect AC microgrids from various fault types, such as: low/high-impedance ground faults and short-circuits. To effectively use the developed novel microgrid protection system, the first step is to reconfigure different microgrid structures into a standard microgrid configuration having a multiple-grounding system through using delta/wye-grounded or wye-grounded/wye-grounded transformers. Then, a fast–dependable–adaptable (FDA) fault protection algorithm is developed to protect AC microgrids from faults occurring at trunk lines, common buses or branch lines. At an islanded operation mode of AC microgrids, by using digital relays, a new protection module is designed to detect, locate, and classify the faults occurring at trunk lines and common AC buses, while other protection modules can use the existing protection methodologies (e.g. directional/non-directional overcurrent protection principles, etc.) to detect and clear the faults at source branches or load branches of the microgrids. At a grid-connected operation mode, standard overcurrent protection modules are applied for the FDA fault protection system. Simulation and experiment results obtained from various fault cases at a real low-voltage AC microgrid have validated the effective operation of the FDA fault protection system.     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.