有机电合成发展应用

有机电合成是一门涉及电化学、有机合成及化学工程的交叉学科。本文概述了有机电氧化反应、有机电还原反应、间接有机电合成、金属有机化合物电合成及特殊有机电合成方面的应用进展，并简要介绍了超声、超临界、光和磁场及仿生等技术与有机电合成融合发展的最新动向。     

超临界流体技术在有机电合成中应用可能性探讨

阐述了超临界流体技术与有机电合成的优势和不足，探讨了在有机电合成中应用超临界技术的可能性，并指出其应用前景。     

成对电合成技术的新进展

介绍了作者在有机电合成技术方面的研究成果 ,结合已研究成功的实例 ,简介了每个工艺的原理、最佳工艺条件、所获得产品的电流效率及产物的质量分数。结合有机电合成的发展方向 ,介绍了近期作者在阴极间接电氧化和阳极间接电氧化所做的工作 ,这一研究将会促进有机电合成的发展 ,开拓有机电合成的思路 ,扩大有机电合成的研究范围 ,使阴极、阳极能合成更多、更复杂、更有意义的有机化合物     

间接有机电合成原理及应用 Ⅰ.原理和方法

电合成技术以其无污染等特性在有机合成领域越来越受人们的重视。直接有机电合成方法可能存在反应速度慢、能耗较大以及电极受干扰等问题,而间接有机电合成方法可以弥补这些不足。本系列报道分三部分介绍间接有机电合成的原理及其应用。本文报道第一部分内容,主要论述间接有机电合成的原理和方法。     

绿色有机电合成的研究进展

介绍了有机电合成的发展概况。阐述了有机电化学合成的基本原理、应用和优势。论述了有机电化学合成相对于传统有机合成的优势在于可以消除传统有机合成造成的污染的根源。对有机电化学合成的最新发展方向和应用领域作了探讨,指出有机电化学合成将成为21世纪各化学基础学科和应用技术研究的热点。     

芳醛电合成技术研究进展

阐述了有机电合成的发展概况，详细介绍了在主要电合成技术（直接电合成、间接电合成以及成对电合成）在芳醛电合成中的应用。     

有机电化学的新进展

综述了有机电化学的最新进展。例如 :利用反应性电极的有机电合成 ;使用第Ⅳ族元素的有机电化学 ;利用三价磷化合物的有机电合成 ;把卤素作为成键元素的有机电合成 ;用光和磁场来影响电解反应的有机电合成等。     

有机电合成概述

近二十年来,国外有机电合成工业得到了迅速的发展,而国内有机电台成起步较晚。本文简单介绍了有机电合成的发展历史;概述了其基本原理,旨在为化学工业工作者了解有机电合成提供一些基本的知识。     

合成香料的绿色技术研究进展简述

采用绿色技术是制备合成香料的发展趋势.本文介绍了微波技术、有机电合成、分子氧氧化、催化加氢、新型催化剂和不对称催化等绿色技术在香料合成过程中的应用研究进展.     

对有机电合成的原理及应用

本文综述了国内外成对有机电合成的新研究进展,根据电解合成的方式即电解过程是否需要媒质的情况对成对有机电合成进行了新的分类,介绍了这二类有机成对电合成的原理和应用情况,并对它们的特点进行了评述。成对有机电合成的不断发展,为有机化合物的合成开辟了新的途径,并将推动绿色工业的进步,其应用将会有更广阔的前景。     

对苯二酚的合成与应用研究进展

介绍了对苯二酚的应用,叙述了其各种有机与电化学合成工艺,指出了各种工艺的优缺点,展望对苯二酚合成研究前景.认为有机电合成工艺是制备对苯二酚最具潜力的方法.     

Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes

Conducting diamond thin film is a new electrode material that has received great attention recently because it possesses several technologically important characteristics such as an inert surface with low adsorption properties, remarkable corrosion stability, even in strong acidic media, and an extremely wide potential window in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. Thanks to these properties diamond electrodes meet the requirements for a wide range of electrochemical applications. The object of this article is to summarise and discuss the recent results available in the literature concerning the application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes such as water treatment and electro-synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds.     

硫酸水溶液中3-甲基吡啶透过Nafion膜的渗透

引　言Nafion膜是美国Dupont公司开发的一类全氟磺酸型阳离子交换膜, 由疏水性骨架与亲水性磺酸基团组成, 具有优良的离子选择透过性和化学稳定性, 广泛用于膜电解制碱工业. 在质子交换膜燃料电池、膜分离、有机电合成等领域的应用研究进展迅速[1~5]. 在直接燃料电池中, Nafio     

Bifunctional redox flow battery: 2. V(III)/V(II)-l-cystine(O2) system

A new bifunctional redox flow battery (BRFB) system, V(III)/V(II)—l-cystine(O₂), was systematically investigated by using different separators. It is shown that during charge, water transfer is significantly restricted with increasing the concentration of HBr when the Nafion 115 cation exchange membrane is employed. The same result can be obtained when the gas diffusion layer (GDL) hot-pressed separator is used. The organic electro-synthesis is directly correlated with the crossover of vanadium. When employing the anion exchange membrane, the electro-synthesis efficiency is over 96% due to a minimal crossover of vanadium. When the GDL hot-pressed separator is applied, the crossover of vanadium and water transfer are noticeably prevented and the electro-synthesis efficiency of over 99% is obtained. Those impurities such as vanadium ions and bromine can be eliminated through the purification of organic electro-synthesized products. The purified product is identified to be l-cysteic acid by IR spectrum. The BRFB shows a favorable discharge performance at a current density of 20 mA cm⁻². Best discharge performance is achieved by using the GDL hot-pressed separator. The coulombic efficiency of 87% and energy efficiency of about 58% can be obtained. The cause of major energy losses is mainly associated with the cross-contamination of anodic and cathodic active electrolytes.     

Bifunctional redox flow battery-1 V(III)/V(II)-glyoxal(O2) system

Bifunctional redox flow batteries (BRFB) possess functions of both electricity storage and electrochemical preparation, having the potential for increasing the electrical energy utilization. A V(III)/V(II)-glyoxal(O₂) system has been developed. Separators of the BRFB play a key role in BRFB performance. A Nafion solution was sprayed on a gas diffusion layer (GDL) at the Nafion loading of 2 mg cm⁻², and the GDL was then hot-pressed onto a Nafion115 cation exchange membrane, obtaining a modified separator. This separator not only prevents the crossover of vanadium but also has favorable conductivity, obtaining optimal charge and organic electro-synthesis performance of the BRFB. The effects of the concentrations of glyoxal and HCl on the performance of BRFB were also investigated. It is shown that the optimal concentration of glyoxal and HCl should be 1.2 and 3 M, respectively. As a result, the current efficiency of organic electro-synthesis is further increased. An acceptable discharge performance is achieved for a period exceeding 20 h at the current density of 20 mA cm⁻². The average discharge voltage of 0.73 V and the coulombic efficiency of 66% are obtained. It is demonstrated that the principle of the BRFB is feasible. However, further experiments are needed to improve the performance.     

Studies in Kolbe electrosynthesis. I. Electrolysis of capric acid

A study of the various parameters affecting the Kolbe electro-synthesis reaction with capric acid has shown that amongst the water-solvent systems studied, a mixture of 30 vol.% of 2-methoxy ethanol with water is superior. The necessary conductance could be readily maintained by using potassium carbonate. The desirable conditions under which capric acid could be converted to the expected reaction product, octadecane, have been established. Continuous electrolysis was possible and yields of the order of 90% were readily achieved.     

钛基锡锑氧化物电极在合成偶氮二甲酰胺中的应用

采用热分解法制备的SnO2+Sb2O3/Ti作为阳极材料,以联二脲为原料,电化学氧化法合成出偶氮二甲酰胺。通过单因素实验和正交实验研究了电流密度、电量、NaBr的质量浓度和H2SO4的浓度以及反应温度对偶氮二甲酰胺的产率和电流效率的影响。得出最佳工艺条件:电流密度2 300 A/m2,电量12 350 C,NaBr的质量浓度和H2SO4的浓度分别为8 g/L和1.47 mol/L,温度40℃。在最佳条件下,偶氮二甲酰胺的产率达94%,质量分数97%,电流效率89%。此外,SnO2+Sb2O3/Ti电极在NaBr和H2SO4的溶液中的循环伏安测试结果表明,吸附溴原子Brad复合成溴的步骤控制电合成偶氮二甲酰胺的反应速度。整个电极过程包括电子转移及后续的化学反应(EC机理)。     

The corrosion-inhibiting effect of polypyrrole films doped with p-toluene-sulfonate,benzene-sulfonate or dodecyl-sulfate anions,as coating on stainless steel in NaCl aqueous solutions

This article presents a study of the conditions for electro-synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) films on stainless steel, in the presence of the anions p-toluene-sulfonate (pTS), benzene-sulfonate (BS) or dodecyl-sulfate (DS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used in the synthesis of the polypyrrole films on the stainless steel (SS). These polymeric films were characterized by IR and UV–vis spectroscopy and their morphology and thickness were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their performance as protective films against corrosive processes presented by the SS/PPy-pTS, SS/PPy-BS or SS/PPy-DS systems was evaluated in 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution. The study of the corrosion processes of the stainless steel/polymer systems was conducted through measurements of open circuit potential (E_OCP), polarization curves (PC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the protective capacity of these polymeric systems on stainless steel, mainly with regard to pitting, depends on the nature of the anion dopant used during electro-synthesis of the PPy film. The best performance was seen with the dopants pTS and BS.     

Ionic liquids in separations

Ionic liquids are liquids composed completely of ions. In the past two decades, ionic liquids have been widely used as "green solvents" replacing traditional organic solvents for organic synthesis and catalysis. In addition, ionic liquids are playing an increasingly important role in separation science. In this Account, the application of ionic liquids in all areas of separation science including extractions, gas chromatography, and supported liquid membrane processes are highlighted.     

绿色食品生产中有机肥的合理施用

阐述了大量集中施用有机肥对环境的威胁,提出绿色食品生产基地安全施用有机肥的基本原则,主要是控制有机肥施用量,尽量使用通过"绿色食品生产资料认证"的商品有机肥,实施有机肥与无机肥相结合,同时对绿色食品生产基地土壤、水源、农产品实施监控.科学的施肥措施是以有机肥为主,并适当配施化肥来协调氮、磷、钾比例,做到平衡施肥.