一种大功率超声振动子的实验研究

本文给出了一种大功率超声振动子的基本结构,从波动方程出发推导了各分段的位移及应变的表达式,同时给出了频率方程。采用微机辅助设计可计算出各点的位移值,应变值和尺寸。在研制过程中作者对国内传统的结构设计和装配工作作了较大的改进,理论值和实测值非常接近。本文所述振动子完全可以代替进口振动子,某些性能指标还超过进口同类产品。     

Analysis of shaking beam actuator for piezoelectric linear ultrasonic motor

In this paper, piezoelectric linear ultrasonic motors (PLUM) have been investigated on the elliptic trajectory of a contact point in shaking beam, which has been accomplished by two resonance vibration modes of the actuators. The actuators have generated the vibration modes, longitudinal and flexural, by two longitudinal mechanical vibrations with phase difference of pi/2. Modal and harmonic analysis of the shaking beam actuator were performed by the finite element method (FEM) to calculate a resonance frequency and a modal shape and to perform harmonic response. Experimental results proved that a contact point of the PLUM tends to move with an elliptic trajectory.     

单激励纵扭复合超声铣削系统研究

针对切削、焊接过程中超声复合振动能获得较高加工质量、效率及有助于延长刀具使用寿命,研究分析纵扭复合超声铣削系统运动特性及切削轨迹特征;基于斜梁振动原理,提出加工工艺简单、制造成本低的斜梁式超声变幅杆,并利用有限元软件ANSYS进行结构动力学分析, 证实通过单向激励可产生纵扭复合振动;应用研制的纵扭复合超声振动铣削系统对碳纤维复合材料进行切削试验,获得较好加工效果,从而验证理论分析与数值模拟结果的正确性。     

Optimization of a new type of ultrasonic linear motor

This paper presents the design, the properties, and the optimization study of a new type of ultrasonic linear motor. Numerical modeling has been carried out and simulations with software have been realized. To avoid performing a large number of simulations, sensitivity analysis has been carried out, in particular using design of experiments. The Doehlert method has been chosen in our study. The results found show that this preoptimization stage allows one to improve the deformation amplitude and to reduce the input parameter variation ranges. Finite element (FE) optimization is then carried out, and results show that the motion amplitudes can be increased compared to the initial design of the motor. Some experiments on prototypes show that the travel range of the motor has been increased while decreasing the applied voltage by a factor of 2.     

双十字压电振子同型弯振模态驱动的平面超声电机

为了丰富平面超声电机的型式,提出一种双十字压电振子同型弯振模态驱动的平面超声电机。利用双十字压电振子的纵杆面内、面外弯振耦合以及横杆面内、面外弯振耦合,分别在两杆的驱动足上合成沿xoz、yoz面行进的两相椭圆轨迹,以交替地推动动子沿x、y向移动。分析了该平面超声电机的驱动机理,并推导出两相椭圆轨迹方程。建立了双十字压电振子机电耦合模型,对其三相工作模态的振型进行仿真分析,并在结构优化的基础上实现了三相工作模态频率一致,使它们分别为43 468,43 552和43 569 Hz。仿真了双十字压电振子的频响特性并实现了干扰模态分离,当驱动电压为250 V时,驱动足x、y、z向振幅分别为1.3,0.8和0.9 μm,满足电机驱动要求。模拟得到定频激励下双十字压电振子驱动足的两相椭圆运动轨迹,验证了所设计平面超声电机驱动机理的有效性。该平面超声电机可输出较大速度与动力,具有广阔的应用前景。     

New type of piezoelectric ultrasonic motor

The authors describe a newly developed motor concept which allows a bidirectional piezoelectric ultrasonic motor to be operated with only a single voltage feed and thus only one power amplifier. The motor concept is based on the superposition of a longitudinal and a flexural oscillation of a rod-shaped resonator. In a way analogous to the generation of a Lissajous figure, this superposition produces a rotary movement of the resonator end by means of which a rotor is directly driven. By selecting the relative phase of the electrical stimulations of both modes, the speed can be continuously varied in both directions. The motor can be driven in both right and left directions with speeds of 0 to 300 r/min, and a freewheeling state can be set up by means of a suitable phase between the oscillation modes. In the off state, the motor blocks the motion.     

Dynamic linear modeling of a refrigeration process with electronic expansion valve actuator

Usually, commercial control solutions for superheat control still use PID controllers as a standard. Although there are several applications of advanced control in refrigeration processes in the literature, there isn't a consensus about the optimal control solution for each system. The implementation of advanced control algorithms ultimately depends on accurate process knowledge in the form of dynamic mathematical models. This study aims to take a first step toward the designing an adaptive stochastic MPC controller for superheat control in an R404 refrigeration cycle with electronic expansion valve by developing stochastic dynamic models of the process. Both time-varying and time-invariant versions of the models are identified. Statistical validation results show whitening of the residuals of the time-invariant models, creating a basis for comparison. The recursive estimation of the time-varying parameters was realized with the Kalman Filter and the Forgetting Factor algorithms. Results of validation tests by simulation show good results, with average output errors between 0.05 and 1.39°C, indicating that the ARMAX with time-varying parameters may be a good presentation for this system.     

V型贴片式直线超声电机的结构优化设计

设计了一种一端铰支的V型直线超声电机,旨在找到一种输出效率更高、更利于小型化的定子结构。利用有限元软件分析了定子不同结构参数对模态一致性和驱动足处振幅的影响规律;基于结构参数的灵敏度的分析,对定子结构进行了优化设计。制作了45°、60°和90°三种不同角度的定子,并开展了电机机械特性的实验研究;实验结果表明,相对原有的U型电机,V型电机的模态一致性更好,输出速度和输出力有很大提高。在夹角为90°、激励电压为300Vpp、预压力为40 N时,电机空载速度提升了66.8%,负载能力提升了55%,最大空载速度达到784 mm/s,最大输出力达到14 N,推重比达70。研究表明:夹持元件与定子一体化设计和一端铰支的夹持方式简化了电机的结构,有利于直线超声电机的小型化;V型定子夹角为90°时,综合输出性能及稳定性更好。     

弯振复合型超声驱动器振动特性研究

为了避免模态复合型超声驱动器中普遍存在的频率简并问题,作者在前期研究中提出了一种新型的弯振复合型超声驱动器。该驱动器采用压电金属复合梁两个正交弯振模态的复合在两个驱动足处激励出椭圆轨迹振动。本文对该驱动器的振动特性进行深入研究,旨在获得驱动区域质点的真实运动轨迹。首先,建立了矩形截面梁在弯振复合模态下末端区域质点振动轨迹的数学模型;然后,借助有限元瞬态分析,对驱动足振动轨迹进行仿真,实现对所建立振动轨迹数学模型的验证。振动轨迹方程和仿真结果均表明：两个驱动足表面质点振动轨迹均为三维的椭圆,垂直于驱动器轴线的平面内的椭圆振动更适合用于致动输出。最后,分析了该驱动器存在的不足之处,提出了一种改进方案,采用对称设置压电陶瓷片实现两个驱动足振动特性的一致;通过瞬态分析在两个驱动足处得到了一致的振动轨迹,改进的样机实现了输出特性的显著提高。     

New type of matching layer for air-coupled ultrasonic transducers

This paper presents a new concept in the design of an impedance matching structure for air coupled ultrasonic transducers. A reflective layer structure is inserted between the transducer and propagation medium with a small air space. Adjusting the air space and the reflectivity of the inserted structure causes the transducer impedance to match with the impedance of the propagation medium. Two such structures were investigated as a reflector: a polymer thin film and a thick plate with many holes. Wave impedance theory was applied to these reflecting structures, and the impedance of a thin film layer at the incident surface was calculated using boundary conditions. Impedance of holed plate is calculated in a similar fashion. It was found that the calculated impedance of these structures approximately matched the impedance of the PZT air transducer (40 KHz). The acoustic pressure output was maximized by adjusting the position of the matching structure. A theoretical gain of up to 10 dB in the acoustic pressure was predicted under ideal circumstances, and the experimental observations showed a gain of 9.5 dB in the acoustic pressure for a 12 μm polyethylene film placed at a distance of ~0.1 mm from the transducer's surface. The increase was 9.8 dB for a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film and 9.7 dB for a 1.5 mm printed circuit board with many holes at a distance of ~25 μm from the transducer's surface     

An electrochemically driven actuator based on a nanostructured carbon material

A new type of electrochemically driven actuator is described. This actuator uses graphitic carbon as the electroactive material (as opposed to the polymeric films used in previous devices of this type), and it is the first example of an actuator based on a nanostructured material. The actuator consists of branched carbon nanotubules embedded within the pores of a microporous alumina template membrane. Electrochemical Li(+) intercalation causes this nanotubule-containing membrane to flex, and electrochemical deintercalation causes the membrane to relax to its original position. The characteristics of this new actuator are described here.     

Image encoding based on a damped triangular function and a discrete sequence

An encoding system based on a damped triangular function is presented. The image encoding is implemented by a computational algorithm, which transforms the image intensity to a triangular function. This procedure generates a random pattern from the original image. Thus, a secret image is obtained to perform the electronic transmission. The decoding algorithm is implemented by an inverse discrete damped triangular function. This procedure generates a discrete sequence by sampling the damped triangular function. The sequence contains the key data to compute the image decoding. Then, the original image is retrieved by matching the intensity of the secret image in the discrete sequence. The viability of the proposed method is established based on the quality of the image encoding and decoding. These parameters are evaluated based on traditional encoding methods to provide evidence of the power of the proposed method. Thus, the contribution of the proposed technique in the field of image encoding is stated. The technique is tested by encoding real objects and its results are presented in computational form.     

基于水平分置线性双阵列的超声全聚焦成像方法在粗晶材料检测中的应用

针对粗晶材料超声检测信噪比低的问题,提出了一种水平分置线性双阵列超声成像方法。将两个线阵超声换能器沿直线水平分置在待检区域表面两侧,用收发分离的信号采集模式,一侧激发,另一侧记录各通道数据,进行聚焦成像。相比单阵列和同位置双线阵检测,文中的方法有效地减少了背向散射信号对缺陷信号的干扰,提高了成像信噪比。在粗晶铜质试块上的成像实验结果表明,当缺陷距离阵列较近时,文中的方法优于单阵列和同位置双线阵方法,成像信噪比提高约5～10 dB;当缺陷距离阵列较远时,单阵列模式和同位置双线阵检测方法失效,但文中的方法依然可以识别缺陷。文中的研究为粗晶材料的超声检测提供了一种可行的方案。     

Design of a traveling wave type ultrasonic motor

The purpose of the present paper is to establish a method of design for a traveling wave type ultrasonic motor. This method is based on two models for the ultrasonic motor. A two-dimensional elastic contact model is used for estimating the friction drive between the rotor and vibrator of the motor. Moreover, an electrical equivalent circuit is used to estimate the interaction between the electrical and mechanical parts of the vibrator. The proposed method is applied to the design of a prototype motor. To determine applicability of the method, the load characteristics of the prototype motor are measured. The measured characteristics agree with the required ones which are specified in advance. As a result, the validity of the proposed method is experimentally confirmed     

Design of a hybrid transducer type ultrasonic motor

The authors present a design method for a hybrid transducer-type ultrasonic motor (HTUSM) for practical use. They introduce a simple equivalent circuit that expresses the unique operation mechanism of the hybrid transducer-type motor. A numerical simulation based on the model enables them to predict the motor characteristics such as the maximum torque and the no-load revolution speed. In addition, for the purpose of efficient design and physical interpretation of the phenomena, they discuss analytically the maximum torque of a special case and develop two design charts for the prediction of the no-load speed of the motor.     

新型人工中耳压电振子设计

提出利用压电叠堆作砧骨激励式人工中耳的振子,并利用中耳-压电叠堆耦合力学模型对该压电叠堆振子进行辅助设计。该模型基于一无任何听力损伤病史的成年志愿者的左耳,利用CT扫描和逆向成型技术建成。其可靠性通过与实验对比加以验证。最终设计的压电振子只需要10.5 V的有效驱动电压,便可以对镫骨激起相当于鼓膜处90 dB声压激励的振幅。该振子在频率为1 kHz的单伏电压驱动工况下,能耗仅为0.03 mW,满足人工中耳低电压、低能耗的要求。     

Sound field calculations for an ultrasonic linear phased array with a spherical liquid lens

Lenses are often used to provide focusing in the elevation dimension of ultrasonic linear phased-array transducers. The use of a liquid lens in this application adds a variable geometric focusing capability, determined by the radius of curvature of the lens surface and speed of sound in the liquid, to the electronic focusing produced by the linear phased array. An efficient method to calculate the sound field radiated from the linear phased-array transducer through the liquid lens is presented. It treats the lens surface as a secondary source distribution according to Huygens's principle, and employs a modified form of the rectangular radiator method to calculate the field. The appropriate phases for the array elements to focus and steer the beam are calculated by considering the refraction on the lens surface. Comparisons of computer simulations and experimental measurements of the field intensity distribution of a prototype linear array transducer with a liquid lens demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method.     

基于ARM核芯片的嵌入式电动头性能测试系统

 为满足核电站对电动头性能定期检测和实时监控的需要,采用“一加四”的结构形式,研发了一套基于ARM核芯片的嵌入式电动头性能测试系统．系统采用AT91M55800A作为MCU,μc／os—Ⅰ作为RTOS,同时配套研制了一套自标定系统以较正转矩传感器的误差,提高测试精度．通过长时间运行表明,该系统具有高精度、高可靠性、强实时性以及良好性价比等特点．     

一种基于33250A型信号源的数字超声探伤仪水平线性误差测试方法

针对数字式超声探伤仪水平线性误差的准确测试,提出一种方法,即基于33250A型函数信号发生器,利用其函数信号发生器外部触发延时输出的功能模拟超声探伤仪水平线性的距离,可以准确地测试数字式超声探伤仪的水平线性误差。通过实验设计和实验数据验证,结果表明:该方法有效可行,可为超声探伤仪的水平线性误差测试提供参考。     

Sensitivity analysis and optimization of a standing wave ultrasonic linear motor

This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of an ultrasonic linear motor using design of experiments (DOE) and the finite element (FE) optimization of its deformation amplitude. A first ultrasonic linear motor prototype has been built at the laboratory. A deformation amplitude of about 6.6 microm can be obtained by applying a 100 V voltage. The goal is to obtain a bigger deformation amplitude by varying the motor parameters, in particular the vibratory piece dimensions. First of all, a parametrization of the motor structure is carried out. Then, with the aim of reducing the variation ranges of the input parameters--but also to avoid performing a large number of simulations--a preoptimization stage is necessary. Thus, sensitivity analysis is carried out using design of experiments, which is a good way to obtain the influence of the input parameters on the objective function. Factorial designs have been chosen to find out the effects of each input factor but also the effect of their interactions. This method then is compared with Doehlert design technique, which is generally used for optimization approaches. The results show that it is absolutely necessary to take into account the quadratic terms in the model because they represent an important effect. The use of design of experiments revealed to be an interesting way to analyze numerically the ultrasonic motor as a preoptimization stage and already allows one to improve the deformation amplitude but also to reduce the input parameter variation ranges. Different FE optimization methods are then applied, and results show that the deformation amplitude can be increased by a factor higher than 10 compared to the initial design.