部分耗尽SOI工艺器件辐射效应的研究

对0.13μm部分耗尽SOI工艺的抗辐射特性进行了研究.首先通过三维仿真研究了单粒子事件中的器件敏感区域,随后通过实验分析了器件的总剂量效应.三维仿真研究了离子入射位置不同时SOI NMOS器件的寄生双极效应和电荷收集现象,结果表明,离子入射在晶体管的体区和漏区时,均可以引起较大水平的电荷收集.对SRAM单元的单粒子翻转效应(SEU)进行了仿真,结果表明,体区和反偏的漏区都是翻转的敏感区域.通过辐照实验分析了器件的总剂量效应,在该工艺下对于隐埋氧化层,关断状态是比传输门状态更劣的辐射偏置条件.     

Total ionizing dose effect in 0.2 μm PDSOI NMOSFETs with shallow trench isolation

This paper presents the total ionizing dose radiation performance of 0.2 μm PDSOI NMOS devices under different bias conditions. The hump effect is observed in the transfer characteristic of the back gate device instead of the front gate device after radiation. A STI bottom corner parasitic transistor model is proposed to explain this phenomenon. It also provides a simple way to extract the effective sheet charge density along the STI sidewall. Three-dimensional simulation was applied to explain the radiation effect. It shows that charge trapped in the shallow trench isolation, particularly at the bottom region of the trench oxide where the STI and the BOX are connected, is the dominant contributor to the off-state drain-to-source leakage current. The dimension of the transistor plays an important role on influencing the device’s performance after radiation. Larger off-state leakage current and radiation induced threshold voltage shift are reported in the narrow channel device than in the wide channel one. Different TID responses due to the STI process variation are also discussed.     

The impact of total ionizing radiation on body effect

A new phenomenon, for the first time, shows that radiation-induced body effect factor decrease in NMOS transistors is presented. The results indicate that body effect factor shift decreases as the total ionizing dose (TID) level increases in NMOS transistors, especially in the narrow-channel ones, which can be considered as one of the radiation-induced narrow-channel effect (RINCE). A first-order model is developed by applying charge conservation principle. Good agreement is obtained by comparing the modeling with experimental results. Finally, some implications to mitigate the RINCE effect are discussed.     

SOI MOSFET 抗辐射加固的常用方法与新结构

SOI CMOS技术存在许多优势,但由于存在厚的埋氧层,其总剂量效应反而比体Si器件更差,因此需进行总剂量抗辐射加固设计.对几种SOI MOSFET的栅氧、埋氧和场氧总剂量抗辐射加固的方法进行了对比较分析,指出了各自的优劣势,给出了研究方向.并对FLEXFET和G4-FET三维SOI器件抗辐射加固新结构进行了阐述,分析了其优越性.     

Total dose effects on a fully-depleted SOI NMOSFET and its lateralparasitic transistor

The dose induced threshold voltage shift of fully-depleted NMOS transistors is strongly correlated with charge trapping in the buried oxide. Thinner buried oxides, which are less dose sensitive than thicker ones, not necessarily improve the radiation hardness of fully-depleted transistors because of the higher coupling effect. The lateral parasitic transistor is more affected by the buried oxide charge trapping than the main active transistor. The lateral and back surface conduction in the thin part of the mesa edge, increases with ionizing dose and adds to the front surface conduction. Body tie is the only lateral isolation immune to dose effects     

CMOS／SIMOX和CMOS／BESOI的γ射线辐照特性比较

用薄膜ＳＩＭＯＸ（ＳｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｂｙＩＭｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＯＸｙｇｅｎ）、厚膜ＢＥＳＯＩ（ｆｆｅｎｄｉｎｇａｎｄＥｔｃｈ－ｂａｃｋＳｉｌｉｃｏｎＯｎＩｎｓｕｌａｔｏｒ）和体硅材料制备了ＣＭＯＳ倒相器电路，并用６０Ｃｏγ射线进行了总剂量辐照试验。在不同偏置条件下，经不同剂量辐照后，分别测量了ＰＭＯＳ、ＮＭＯＳ的亚阈特性曲线，分析了引起ＭＯＳＦＥＴ阈值电压漂移的两种因素（辐照诱生氧化层电荷和新生界面态电荷）。对ＮＭＯＳ／ＳＩＭＯＸ，由于寄生背沟ＭＯＳ结构的影响，经辐照后背沟漏电很快增大，经３００Ｇｙ（Ｓｉ）辐照后器件已失效。而厚膜ＢＥＳＯＩ器件由于顶层硅膜较厚，基本上没有背沟效应，其辐照特性优于体硅器件。最后讨论了提高薄膜ＳＩＭＯＸ器件抗辐照性能的几种措施。     

Radiation induced transconductance overshoot in the 130 nm partially-depleted SOI MOSFETs

This paper presents the total ionizing dose (TID) radiation performances of core and input/output (I/O) MOSFETs from 130 nm partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (PDSOI). Both the core NMOS and PMOS are totally hardened to 1.5 Mrad(Si), while the I/O devices are still sensitive to TID effect. The worst performance degradation is observed in I/O PMOS which is manifested as significant front gate threshold voltage shift and transconductance decrease. Contrary to PMOS, front gate transconductance overshoot is observed in short channel I/O NMOS after irradiation. A radiation induced localized damage model is proposed to explain this anomalous phenomenon. According to this model, the increments of transconductance depend on the extension distance and trapped charge density of the localized damage region in gate oxide. More trapped charge lead to more transconductance increase. These conclusions are also verified by the TCAD simulations. Furthermore, the model presents a way to extract the trapped charge density in the localized damage region.     

Influences of silicon-rich shallow trench isolation on total ionizing dose hardening and gate oxide integrity in a 130 nm partially depleted SOI CMOS technology

The influences of silicon-rich shallow trench isolation (STI) on total ionizing dose (TID) hardening and gate oxide integrity (GOI) in a 130 nm partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology are investigated. Radiation-induced charges buildup in STI oxide can invert the parasitic sidewall channel of the n-channel transistor, which will increase the off-state leakage current and decrease the threshold voltage for the main transistor. Compared with the general STI process, the silicon-rich STI process can significantly suppress the increase in leakage current and negative shifts in subthreshold region induced by the total dose radiation, implying TID hardening for STI trench oxide. However, the silicon-rich STI process has a deleterious impact on GOI. It leads to the thin gate oxide thickness at trench corner and lowers the gate oxide breakdown voltage. Issues of gate oxide integrity induced by silicon-rich STI are investigated in this paper, and an optimized process to solve this problem is proposed and examined. Finally, the TID response of the optimized silicon-rich STI process is presented in comparison to the general and silicon-rich STI processes.     

版图结构对MOS器件总剂量辐照特性的影响

在商用标准0.6μm体硅CMOS工艺下,设计了采用普通单栅及多栅版图结构的nMOS和pMOS晶体管作为测试样品,讨论其经过γ射线照射后的总剂量辐照特性.辐照中器件采用不同电压偏置,并在辐照前后对器件的源漏极间泄漏电流、阈值电压漂移及跨导特性进行测量.研究表明nMOS总剂量效应对器件的版图结构非常敏感,而pMOS的总剂量效应几乎不受版图结构的影响.     

深亚微米CMOS管总剂量辐照特性的对比研究

对深亚微米NMOS和PMOS管进行了60Co γ总剂量辐射实验.实验结果表明,PMOS管在转移特性、噪声、匹配特性方面比NMOS管的抗辐照能力更强.对NMOS管和PMOS管的辐照损伤机理进行了理论分析.分析结果表明,不同的衬底类型导致了PMOS管和NMOS管的辐照效应的差异.基于实验与分析结果,提出了一些深亚微米模拟I...     

一种抗总剂量辐照的新型PD SOI器件

提出了一种具有叠层埋氧层的新栅型绝缘体上硅(SOI)器件.针对SOI器件的抗总电离剂量(TID)加固方案,对绝缘埋氧层(BOX)采用了叠层埋氧方案,对浅沟槽隔离(STI)层采用了特殊S栅方案.利用Sentaurus TCAD软件,采用Insulator Fixed Charge模型设置固定电荷密度,基于0.18 μm ...     

Total ionizing dose effects in elementary devices for 180-nm flash technologies

The response of single flash cell in a 180-nm flash technology to total ionizing dose (TID) is studied. The results indicate that the erased cell flips at a dose level of 100 krad(Si), whereas the programmed cell does not even at the dose level up to 1 Mrad(Si). This asymmetric phenomenon is attributed to the difference between the reference current of the comparator circuit and the intrinsic current of the flash cell. For the first time, we show that the irradiation-induced flash cell drain-current variation does not saturate at the intrinsic value, i.e. the drain current of a device with neutrally charged floating gate. After degrading to the intrinsic state, the read current of the erased cell gradually increases while the programmed cell continues to increase and then slightly drops back. Radiation tolerance comparison of single flash cell, I/O transistors and high-voltage (HV) transistors demonstrates that HV NMOS is most susceptible to ionizing radiation. The radiation tolerance of the circuit level is also evaluated from the elementary devices.     

0.13μm SOI标准单元库抗总剂量辐射的测试验证

基于上海微系统与信息技术研究所0.13 μm抗辐射部分耗尽(PD)绝缘体上硅(SOI)互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺标准单元库,设计了一款测试芯片,针对总剂量辐射效应对抗辐射标准单元库的验证方法进行研究.测试芯片主要用于测试标准单元的功能和性能,同时为了满足总剂量辐射测试的试验要求,开发了现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)自动测试平台,用于芯片测试和数据采集工作.试验在模拟空间辐射环境下进行,通过了总剂量150 krad(Si)的辐射测试.测试经过辐射后的芯片,单元功能保持正确,性能变化在10％以内,经过退火处理后,内核(core)电流恢复辐射前的水平.     

Total ionizing dose effects in shallow trench isolation oxides

The peaked evolution of leakage current with total ionizing dose observed in transistors in 130 nm generation technologies is studied with field oxide field effect transistors (FOXFETs) that use the shallow trench isolation as gate oxide. The overall radiation response of these structures is determined by the balance between positive charge trapped in the bulk of the oxide and negative charge in defect centers at its interface with the silicon substrate. That these are mostly interface traps and not border traps is demonstrated through dynamic transconductance and variable-frequency charge-pumping measurements. These interface traps, whose formation is only marginally sensitive to the bias polarity across the oxide, have been observed to anneal at temperatures as low as 80 °C. At moderate or low dose rate, the buildup of interface traps more than offsets the increase in field oxide leakage due to oxide-trap charge. Consequences of these observations for circuit reliability are discussed.     

应变Si NMOS器件总剂量辐射对单粒子效应的影响

针对应变Si NMOS器件总剂量辐射对单粒子效应的影响机制,采用计算机TCAD仿真进行研究。通过对比实验结果,构建50 nm应变Si NMOS器件的TCAD仿真模型,并使用该模型研究处于截至态(V_ds=1 V)的NMOS器件在总剂量条件下的单粒子效应。实验结果表明,总剂量辐照引入的氧化层陷阱正电荷使得体区电势升高,加剧了NMOS器件的单粒子效应。在2 kGy总剂量辐照下,漏极瞬态电流增加4.88%,而漏极收集电荷增量高达29.15%,表明总剂量辐射对单粒子效应的影响主要体现在漏极收集电荷的大幅增加方面。     

不同类型双极晶体管抗辐照性能的研究

时于制作工艺相同的NPN和LPNP两种类型的双极型晶体管进行了辐照实验,研究了不同类型双极晶体管的电离总剂量辐射损伤机理和退火效应。实验结果表明：在相同的辐照总剂量下．LPNP型双极晶体管的归一化电流增益的下降比NPN型双极晶体管的下降多．说明LPNP型双极晶体管的辐照敏感性更强。这与NPN和LPNP这两种类型的双极晶体管的辐射损伤机理的不同有关。对于NPN型双极晶体管,电离辐照总剂照效应主要是造成氧化物正电荷的积累：而对于LPNP型双极晶体管．电离辐照总剂量效应主要是造成界面态密度的增加。     

Rail to rail radiation hardened operational amplifier in standard CMOS technology with standard layout techniques

This work presents a rail-to-rail operational amplifier hardened by design against ionizing radiation at circuit level, using only standard layout techniques. Not changing transistor layout, for instance by using enclosed layout structures, allows design and simulation using the standard models provided by the foundry. The circuit was fabricated on a standard 0.35 μm CMOS process, and submitted to a total ionizing dose (TID) test campaign using a ⁶⁰Co radiation source, at a dose rate of 0.5 rad(Si)/s, reaching a final accumulated dose of 500 krad(Si). The circuit proved to be radiation tolerant for the tested accumulated dose. The design practices used to mitigate TID effects are presented and discussed in detail.     

基于FDSOI的TFET和MOSFET总剂量效应仿真

对基于全耗尽绝缘体上硅(FDSOI)的隧穿场效应晶体管(TFET)器件和金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)器件进行了总剂量(TID)效应仿真,基于两种器件不同的工作原理,研究了总剂量效应对两种器件造成的电学影响,分析了辐照前后TFET和MOSFET的能带结构、载流子密度等关键因素的变化。仿真结果表明:两种器件在受到较大辐射剂量时(1 Mrad (Si)),TFET受辐射引起的固定电荷影响较小,仍能保持较好的开关特性、稳定的阈值电压;而MOSFET则受固定电荷的影响较大,出现了背部导电沟道,其关态电流增加了几个数量级,开关特性发生了严重退化,阈值电压也严重地向负电压偏移。此外,TFET的开态电流会随着辐照剂量的增加而减小,这与MOSFET的表现恰好相反。因此TFET比MOSFET有更好的抗总剂量效应能力。     

Effects of ionizing radiation on oxidized silicon surfaces and planar devices

This paper examines in detail the effects of high and low energy electron, X-ray, and ultraviolet radiation on oxidized silicon surfaces and planar devices. Two permanent effects of ionizing radiation on oxidized silicon surfaces are distinguished: 1) The buildup of a positive space charge within the oxide, and 2) The creation of fast surface states at the oxide-silicon interface resulting in increased surface recombination velocity. The dependence of these effects on dose and dose rate, on bias applied during irradiation, and on structural parameters is discussed and a theory is presented which accounts for the observed features of the space-charge buildup. This theory involves trapping of holes which are generated within the oxide by the radiation. It is shown that all details of the experimental observations can be accounted for by assuming a high density of hole traps near the oxide-silicon interface which decays rapidly with distance into the oxide. Radiation-induced changes in the characteristics of MOS and junction field-effect transistors, p-n junction diodes, and p-n-p and n-p-n transistors are reported and examined in terms of the above two effects. It is shown that the charge buildup causes shifts in the operating point of MOS transistors, catastrophic increases in the reverse current of p-n junctions, and variations in their breakdown voltage. The increase in fast surface-state density is responsible for the lowering of the transconductance of MOS transistors and, in combination with the space-charge buildup, for the degradation of the current gain in bipolar transistors. It is shown that junction field-effect transistors are relatively insensitive to both effects of ionizing radiation and therefore offer the most promise for use in ionizing radiation environments.     

Evaluation of resistance of CMOS LSIC to the factor of absorbed dose under the pulsed radiation effect

A method of testing CMOS VLSIs for resistance to the factor of the absorbed dose under the effect of high-intense pulsed ionizing radiation by the results of analysis of the reaction of the LSIC in the radiation field of a sequence of relatively low-intense pulses is suggested and substantiated. The approach makes it possible to evaluate the levels of radiation resistance of CMOS LSICs at small simulating installations under the dose gained in the mode of a series of pulses. Conservatism is provided with respect to charge transfer and relaxation in the oxide of MOS structures being independent of the field mode and sample topology.