新型微机电抗器保护的研制与开发

分析了目前超高压并联电抗器保护所存在的一些问题，包括电抗器匝间短路保护灵敏度与可靠性、电流互感器暂态特性不一致对差动保护的影响等。介绍了新一代数字式电抗器成套保护装置的总体设计思想(双主双后配置)、新型高灵敏度高安全可靠的匝间短路保护原理以及考虑电流互感器暂态特性不一致的差动保护原理。新型电抗器匝间短路保护由自适应补偿的零序功率方向元件、零序阻抗元件、故障开放元件、谐波闭锁元件以及具有工频变化量浮动门槛的匝间短路保护启动元件共同构成。给出了这些保护原理的数字仿真、动模试验及现场运行结果。     

电力变压器的匝间短路故障及其保护问题

本文分析了变压器匝间故障的计算方法。从保护的观点出发，提出了匝间故障时负序电流I2，零序I0、电压V0和差电流Id的计算公式。文中提供了模拟试验结果，它同计算结果是吻合的。通过试验和分析，本文提出可利用变压器三角形侧的U2和星形的U0或I0作为差动保护电流回路断线闭锁之用。     

基于不同转角方式的变压器差动保护灵敏度分析

目前业内对变压器差动保护的灵敏度存在争议。文中以Y0，d11变压器为例，比较了变压器差动保护采用4种不同幅值相位校正方法后的灵敏度，研究表明差动保护的灵敏度与其转角方式有关，不同原理的差动保护灵敏度由差动电流对内部故障电流中的正序、负序、零序分量保留程度决定。绕组差动与相电流减零序差动（中性点零流）的灵敏度最高，它们完全保留了内部故障电流中的各序分量;目前现场广泛采用的相间电流差动与相电流减零序差动（自产零序）都不反应内部故障电流中的零序分量，且两者灵敏度本质上不存在差别，可以通过定值来补偿。     

大型水轮发电机组保护若干技术问题探讨

针对水轮发电机组保护的若干实际应用问题进行了探讨,包括厂用变压器(以下简称厂变)高压侧电流是否差入主变压器(以下简称主变)差动保护、失磁保护阻抗圆选择、转子接地保护的实现方式、注入式定子接地保护启动失灵问题、发电机复压过流保护跳母联断路器问题、接地变短路阻抗对基波零序电压定子接地保护的影响等。针对上述问题给出了具体的建议:厂变高压侧电流不计入主变差动电流计算的前提是厂变低压侧母线上发生短路故障时,该电流产生的差流不会导致主变差动保护误动;水轮发电机失磁保护宜选择静稳阻抗圆;转子接地保护宜就地安装;注入式定子接地保护动作后,动作接点不会快速返回,启动断路器失灵时可靠性有所降低;发电机复压过流保护不宜动作于跳母联断路器;应校核接地变短路阻抗对基波零序电压定子接地保护的影响。     

基于小波理论的全线相继速动保护方案

针对传统中低压系统三段式保护的保护范围小、动作时限长的缺点，提出了一种基于小波变换理论的全线相继速动保护新方案。该方案用db小波提取故障后线路对侧断路器跳闸时本侧零序电流与负序电流之和产生的突变；并判断对侧断路器跳闸稳态后本侧零序和负序电流幅值是否小于定值，以区分本线路末端与下条线路出口的故障，作为本侧保护加速动作的依据。大量的ATP仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

变压器差动保护的隐患

随着电力系统容量的增大，接地故障导致的零序电流也逐渐增加，而目前的变压器差动保护在消除零序电流时，均未计及电流互感器误差的影响，存在误动的可能。分析了当变压器电源侧发生区外接地故障时，各序电流的分布及大小，以及此时变压器差动保护中的穿越电流及差动电流，指出了目前差动保护的隐患，提出了采用零序制动来消除该隐患。     

一起220 kV变压器差动保护动作行为分析

针对一起220 kV变压器发生接地故障情况进行了介绍及诊断,分析了变压器差动保护动作特性和故障情况下正序、负序、零序电流情况,分析结果与保护动作报告完全吻合.指出在电动机负荷距离故障点较近时故障后会向故障点返送电流.同时由于△绕组的存在,在单相接地时,装置采集电流中的正序和零序并不相等.     

基于电阻性差流的差动保护新原理

差动保护原理已经广泛应用于高压线路保护，但受电容电流的影响，全电流差动保护的抗过渡电阻能力低。文中提出基于电阻性差流分量的差动保护新原理，利用差电流的电阻性分量来构成差动保护判据，可以避免电容电流的影响。该原理与线路电容参数及电抗器补偿情况无关，对于高阻接地故障的灵敏度高，可以作为现有差动保护原理的补充。EMTP仿真验证了基于该差动保护新原理所构成的保护判据的可靠性和灵敏性。     

适应配电自动化的馈线接地保护研究

传统的基于零序电流基波、高次谐波的故障选线方法，测量复杂，可靠性不高。文中对负序电流馈线接地保护及负序电流与零序电流比较式接地保护进行了分析，讨论了保护判据，分析了保护精度，介绍了实现方法。该保护方法适用于各种中性点接地方式，便于在馈线保护中实现和在FTU上安装。仿真分析及模拟实验表明，该方法能对弧光接地故障正确选线，抗过渡电阻能力强，可靠性高。     

自耦变压器零序差动保护问题

根据自耦变压器的特性，分析了自耦变压器发生区内、区外接地故障时的故障电流，讨论 了3种形式的自耦变压器零序差动保护的优、缺点，并提出改进建议，对促进变压器零序差 动保护的推广应用和巨型自耦变压器零序差动保护灵敏度的提高有实际意义。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。