Friction stir welding of copper and copper alloys

Copper, through having good thermal conductivity and a relatively high melting point, generally requires preheating treatment to maintain satisfactory penetration during arc welding, ranking as a hard-to-weld material. Like aluminium and magnesium, however, copper is basically a soft metal and can therefore be relatively easily joined by friction stir welding. Available FSW research has focused on fabrication of copper (oxygen-free copper) containment canisters for nuclear waste,^1-6 fabrication of copper backing plates for sputtering devices by FSW seal welding,^{7, 8} and some other applications,⁹ whereas FSW research on copper alloys has thus far been little documented.^{10, 11} Related research topics include studies of Al alloy to Cu alloy dissimilar joints^{12, 13} as well as - although not quite the same as friction stir welding - friction stir processing of Ni-Al bronze for casting structure modification^14-16 and friction stir processing of a Cu-Mn alloy for surface modification purposes.¹⁷     

铝合金LF6与工业纯铜T1的搅拌摩擦焊工艺

利用搅拌摩擦焊技术成功地焊接了防锈铝LF6和工业纯铜T1对接接头,研究了工艺参数对接头组织与性能的影响.结果表明:搅拌头旋转速度与焊接速度的比值大小是保证接头致密性和决定组织、性能的关键因素,合适的焊接工艺参数可以获得组织、性能优良的Al/Cu接头.板材厚度较小时,形成良好焊缝的规范参数范围较宽,焊接过程中接头内部发生了剧烈的塑性流动.由于摩擦热与变形能的共同作用,在焊缝内部形成了Al3.892Cu6.108型金属间化合物,使焊缝局部区域硬度升高.     

Friction stir welding of copper alloys

Copper plates ,brass plates and copper/brass plates were friction stir welded with various parameters. Experimental results show that the microstructure of the weld is characterized by its much finer grains as contrasted with the coarse grains of parent materials and the heat-affected zones are very narrow. The microhardness of the copper weld is a little higher than that of parent plate. The microhardness of brass weld is about 25% higher than that of parent material. The tensile strength of copper joints increases with increasing welding speed in the test range. The range of parameters to obtain good welds for copper is much wider than that for brass. When different materials were welded, the position of copper plate before welding affected the quality of FSW joints. If the copperplate was put on the advancing side of weld, the good quality of weld could be got under proper parameters.     

铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊

在详细介绍搅拌摩擦焊原理，特点的基础上，针对铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊特点，性能以及工业应用进行了阐述，并且对搅拌摩擦焊在中国市场的发展和应用作了简略介绍和预测。     

紫铜厚板的搅拌摩擦焊接

采用搅拌摩擦焊接方法对厚度为25mm的T2紫铜厚板进行了单道对接焊试验,并对焊缝的微观组织、力学性能、导电特性及焊缝能谱进行了分析.结果表明,用搅拌摩擦焊方法焊接25mm厚的T2紫铜板,可得到成形美观、内部无缺陷的平板对接接头.在旋转速度为960r/min、焊接速度为70mm/min时,搅拌摩擦焊的焊接接头的抗拉强度可达到186.6MPa,搅拌摩擦焊接头的电阻率与母材基本相当.     

防锈铝搅拌摩擦焊接

通过大量试验研究了防锈铝LF21搅拌摩擦焊接技术,深入分析了防锈铝搅拌摩擦焊接头的金相组织和力学性能,并探讨了焊接参数对组织性能的影响.对于3mm厚的防锈铝板,优化的搅拌头材料为ICr18Ni9Ti,形状为圆锥带凹面形,轴肩尺寸为φ12mm,焊针跟部直径为4mm,焊针端部直径为2.8mm,焊针高度为2.7mm.优化的焊接工艺参数范围为旋转速度950-1 500 r/min,焊接速度37.5～60mm/min.研究的成果可应用于有色金属材料搅拌摩擦焊接参数的优化,推动中国搅拌摩擦焊接技术在铝焊接中的应用.     

2219-O铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接

对2219-O铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,采用光学显微镜分析了接头的微观组织,采用拉伸试验方法评价了接头的力学性能.微观分析表明,在热机循环的共同作用下,焊核区(WNZ)发生了动态再结晶,形成了细小的等轴晶粒,并且沉淀相的数量较其它各区有所增加;热机影响区(TMAZ)晶粒被拉长、弯曲,发生了动态回复和部分再结晶,晶粒内部开始有新的晶粒生成;热影响区(HAZ)的晶粒发生粗化.力学性能测试结果表明,当转速为800r/min,焊接速度为200～400 mm/min时,接头与母材等强度,断裂发生在母材区;当焊接速度大于400mm/min时,接头的抗拉强度很低,断裂发生在缺陷处.     

2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺

试验研究了8 mm厚2195-T8铝锂合金板材搅拌摩擦焊工艺,分析了不同搅拌针结构设计对焊缝内部质量的影响,研究了工艺参数对接头表面成形的影响,测试了接头的力学性能。结果表明,使用圆锥螺纹+三个斜面结构的搅拌针焊接,接头内部质量更好;在室温和低温(-196 ℃)条件下,接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率都呈现出随焊接速度的增加先增加后减少的趋势,当焊接速度为100 mm/min时,室温和低温(-196 ℃)下接头抗拉强度、断后伸长率都达到最高值,接头抗拉强度分别为428 MPa,538 MPa,断后伸长率分别为4.9%,7.4%;接头断裂位置位于热影响区,断口呈45°剪切断裂,断裂部位有明显颈缩。     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an new solid-phase joining technology which has more advantages over fusion welding methods in welding of aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The effects of welding parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure during friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy were studied in this paper. Microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electric microscopy ( SEM ) , micro-hardness analysis, and tensile test. Experimental results show that the magnesium alloy can be successfully welded by FSW method, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of FSW joint reaches up to 90 percent of base metal. The microstructures of welded joints exhibit the variation from dynamically recrystallized fine grains to greatly deformed grains. Hardness in nugget zone was found lower than the base metal but not too obvious.     

铜及铜合金焊接研究现状和手工自蔓延焊接铜问题探讨

概述了铜及铜合金的气焊、钎焊、活性焊、MIG焊、搅拌摩擦焊及热摩擦搅拌焊、激光焊、电子束焊等常规焊法和自蔓延焊法的技术特点及国内外的研究现状.论述了在当前铜及铜合金手工自蔓延焊接技术的研究过程中如何借鉴融合其他焊接技术的工艺及机理,并讨论了铜及铜合金手工自蔓延焊接所存在的问题并对其产生原因作了初步分析.着重分析了焊接时...     

7055铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺

利用正交试验法研究搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对4 mm厚7055-T6铝合金对接接头力学性能和显微组织的影响。结果表明:焊接速度对接头抗拉强度影响最大,旋转速度和压入量依次减小;最优参数焊接的试样的抗拉强度为475.5 MPa,接头强度系数0.788;焊缝的显微硬度低于母材,呈"W型"分布;在正弯角约75.4°和背弯角约62.1°时出现开裂。     

TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金的摩擦焊接

对TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金异种材料进行了摩擦焊接工艺试验. 基于接头的拉伸性能,初步优化了焊接工艺参数. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对焊接接头组织、焊合区成分变化及接头连接机理进行了分析. 结果表明,TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金两种异种材料摩擦焊接具有可行性,在摩擦焊接过程中热力耦合的作用下,GH3039侧热力影响区塑性变形较大,TiAl合金侧热力影响区变形较小;TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金摩擦焊接连接界面两侧的合金元素发生了扩散,形成了复杂的层状金属间化合物组织结构;断于TiAl合金母材的焊接接头断口属于典型的脆性断口.     

车用铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊工艺

针对2 mm厚6082-T6铝合金搭接搅拌摩擦点焊进行工艺研究,以转速、下扎时间、回填时间、下扎深度为变量,进行不同试验,通过测量不同参数下的剪切强度、观察金相组织,获得了2 mm厚6082-T6铝合金搭接点焊的优化工艺参数。试验表明,最佳转速为2 100 rpm,最佳下扎时间为3 s,最佳回填时间为3 s,最佳下扎深度为2.7 mm。     

钛合金/纯铝异种金属摩擦焊接工艺

进行了TC4钛合金与L5纯铝异种金属的摩擦焊接工艺及其焊后回火热处理工艺研究,利用光学金相分析、扫描电镜EDX线扫描、拉伸性能及硬度的测试,探讨了TC4钛合金与L5纯铝异种焊接接头焊合区的微观组织及其力学性能.研究表明,T℃4钛合金与L5纯铝间具有良好的摩擦焊接性,焊合区无金属间化合物相生成,焊接接头强度等于或高于铝基材.经焊后回火热处理,摩擦焊接头两侧主要合金元素的扩散区宽度增大,焊合区钛合金侧的硬度值因时效作用而有所提高.     

搅拌摩擦焊与铝船制造革命

铝合金材料替代钢铁材料由于能显著减轾船舶的自重、增加船舶的速度，因而在造船业中日益受到重视；由于搅拌摩擦焊技术的一系列优点，将使铝合金在造船工业中得到曼进一步的应用。在此主要介绍搅拌摩擦焊应用于铝合金船舶焊接中的优点，世界各国造船厂应用搅拌摩擦焊的实例以及搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝质量等3方面的内容。     

Friction stir welding of magnesium alloy AZ31B to aluminium alloy 5083

Abstract

A preliminary investigation has been carried out into the application of friction stir welding for joining a magnesium alloy to an aluminium alloy. The work has shown that liquation during the welding process can lead to the formation of a brittle intermetallic at the joint interface. This intermetallic has a microstructure composed of a divorced lamellar eutectic containing Al₁₂Mg₁₇ and magnesium. The formation of this microstructure and its influence on mechanical properties are discussed in terms of solidification theory.     

GH2132与42CrMo内燃机车增压器摩擦焊

在试验基础上，探讨高温合金ＧＨ２１３２与合金调质钢４２ＣｒＭｏ摩擦焊接头的冶金特点，研究接头组织与性能的关系，为焊接工艺参数的优化提供了理论依据，机车运行结果表明，摩擦焊接的涡轮转子性能可靠，行程已远远超过铁道部规定的指标。