无极紫外光消毒在回用水中的研究

检测和分析了无极紫外光消毒器前后中水中大肠杆菌、细菌总数和有机物的去除情况,还研究了浊度对中水无极紫外光消毒的影响,为无极紫外光消毒技术在污水回用中的应用提供实验基础。     

紫外线消毒技术在给排水中的应用

阐述了紫外线消毒的工作原理，技术特征及其应用成本，此外还分析了影响紫外线消毒效率的各种因素。国外实际应用的数据表明，紫外线消毒在灭菌效率，杀菌广谱性，消毒副产物，系统应用成本等方面均大大优于化学消毒，该技术在给排水方面的应用将大大提高用水安全性。     

模拟回用水管道中的反硝化现象研究

回用水管网中的反硝化可以去除水中的硝态氮(或亚硝态氮)及微量的有机质,对于提高回用水水质具有积极意义。以西安市某再生水厂出水为原水,采用4个完全混合式CDC生物膜反应器串联模拟回用水管道,探讨了回用水管道的反硝化现象。连续8个月的运行结果表明,70%的水样通过模拟管道反应器后出现了氮的损失。沿程水质分析、生物膜表面电镜扫描以及反硝化速率测定结果表明,系统具备反硝化所需的碳源条件,且硝化和反硝化是同时发生的;生物膜表面普遍存在通气孔,管道始端的生物膜反硝化速率可达160.08 mgNO-3-N/(h·m2)。     

紫外线消毒在城市污水处理中的应用

城市污水中含有沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和肠病毒等各种可引起传染病的微生物。虽然污水经二级处理后,水质已经改善,细菌含量也大幅度减少,但细菌的绝对数量仍很可观,并存在有病原菌的可能,必须在去除掉这些微生物以后,污水才可以安全地排入水体或循环再用,消毒是灭活这些致病生物体的基本方法之一。在经历2003年SARS以后,仅经二级处理的生活污水对城市水体造成的影响引起了人们对健康和安全问题的更多关注。     

超声预处理强化紫外线消毒效果的研究

采用超声预处理强化紫外线消毒效果,并从分子生物学的角度探讨了其强化机理.结果表明,无论是单独紫外辐照还是超声预处理/紫外辐照,紫外辐照剂量与大肠杆菌灭活率之间均具有良好的线性关系;进行超声灭活时,超声功率、作用时间及菌悬液体积对灭活率均无显著意义(P>0.05),按影响大小排序为:菌悬液体积>超声功率>作用时间;当单独超声处理200 mL大肠杆菌悬液时,超声功率为200 W、作用时间为20 S条件下的灭活率最高(0.22-1g),该条件下继续进行紫外辐照,灭活率最高达到2.75-1g,1 h光复活后灭活率仍高达1.72-1g,超声/紫外协同作用的灭活率大于二者单独作用的灭活率之和,表明该条件下超声预处理起到了强化紫外线消毒的作用;超声处理只能改变细胞的结构,不能破坏其DNA;酶敏感位点数量与大肠杆菌的灭活率具有较强的相关性,相关系数约为0.88.     

紫外线消毒对光复活时大肠杆菌活性的影响

以大肠杆菌为研究对象，考察了紫外线消毒对大肠杆菌的灭活效果及紫外线消毒后大肠杆菌在可见光下发生光复活的情况，同时考察了紫外线消毒和光复活过程中大肠杆菌电子传递体系（ETS）活性的变化。结果表明，大肠杆菌的灭活率随着紫外线剂量的增加而提高，在相同剂量下高强度的紫外线对大肠杆菌的灭活效果好于低强度的紫外线。经紫外线灭活后的大肠杆菌在可见光下会发生光复活，紫外线剂量对大肠杆菌的光复活有一定影响，高剂量下大肠杆菌发生光复活的能力比低剂量下的差；相同剂量下，较高强度的紫外线有利于控制大肠杆菌的光复活。对大肠杆菌ETS活性的研究表明，随着紫外线强度和剂量的增加，大肠杆菌的活性不断降低；紫外线消毒后的大肠杆菌经可见光照射后发生光复活时，其活性有所增加，在较高的紫外线剂量和强度下大肠杆菌的活性增加较少，而在较低剂量和强度下大肠杆菌的活性恢复能力较强。     

紫外线消毒动力学研究

当原水浊度＜3NTU、色度＜5倍、总大肠茵群数为(10^6～10^8）个／100mL时，经试验确定紫外线消毒反应为一级反应，其反应速率常数k值为4.253min^-1，受温度的影响较小，半衰期为9.78s。     

紫外线消毒在污水处理中的应用

为了保护好水环境，阐述了城市污水消毒的必要性和标准要求，分析比较了紫外线消毒与传统加氯消毒的优缺点．展示了紫外线消毒在城市污水处理中的应用前景。     

谈污水处理中的紫外线消毒

简述了城市污水消毒标准与消毒方法,阐明了紫外线消毒的消毒机理,比较了液氯消毒与紫外线消毒的优缺点,并进行经济比较,认为紫外线消毒是更为经济的,并且具有光谱性,在中国的城市污水处理尾水消毒领域是值得推广的好工艺。     

Modeling and efficiency of ultraviolet disinfection systems

Modeling can play a particularly useful role in ultraviolet (u.v.) disinfection because of difficulties in measuring u.v. dose and the immediate results of disinfection. This model predicts bacterial survival in flow-through systems. The calculation takes into account the complex intensity patterns, non-ideal flow patterns, and non-linear curves of log survival vs u.v. dose. Based on the organismal dose-response, the number of survivors in each fraction of the residence time distribution is calculated separately and summed to calculate the average survival. The model uses as input data: the average u.v. intensity within the system, the residence time distribution, and an experimentally determined dose-survival curve in a simplified system where dose can be directly measured. The predictions of the model corresponded well with measured survival in a u.v. pilot plant study. The model was used to show the effects of flow dispersion on average survival by varying residence time distribution. Measures of capacity and efficiency of u.v. systems were derived and illustrated experimentally in simple cylindrical batch units and in two multiple lamp units.     

浅谈光在建筑设计中的作用

介绍了光与建筑空间的关系．结合实例从光的造型性、解型性和时空性三个方面分析了光线在建筑设计中的重要作用，指出光线是永恒的建筑元素．是建筑的灵魂所在。     

透紫外、高应变点磷酸盐光学玻璃的研究进展和应用

透紫外、高应变点的磷酸盐玻璃材料是特种功能玻璃材料的重要研究方向之一,主要用于紫外探测器的窗口制备,要求具有紫外透过率高、热稳定性好、热膨胀系数低以及机械性能好、硬度高、耐刮伤等特点。本文从光学性能和热学性能两个方面对该类透紫外玻璃材料进行综述,分析影响紫外透过性能的四个因素和影响热稳定性的两个因素。     

Eggcrate UV: a whole ceiling upper‐room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system for air disinfection in occupied rooms

A novel whole ceiling upper‐room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system [eggcrate ultraviolet (UV)] has been developed that incorporates open‐cell ‘eggcrate’‐suspended ceiling panels and bare UV lamps with a ceiling fan. Upper‐room UVGI is more effective for air disinfection than mechanical ventilation at much lower installation and operating costs. Conventional upper‐room UVGI fixtures employ multiple tightly spaced horizontal louvers to confine UV to the upper‐room. These louvered fixtures protect occupants in the lower‐room from UV‐induced eye and skin irritation, but at a major cost to fixture efficiency. Using a lamp and ballast from a conventional upper‐room UVGI fixture in the eggcrate UV system, the germicidal efficacy was markedly improved even though the UV radiation emitted by the lamp was unchanged. This fundamental change in the application of upper‐room UVGI air disinfection should permit wider, more effective application of UVGI globally to reduce the spread of airborne infection.     

Influence of humic substances on the ultraviolet disinfection of surface waters

The efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and the regrowth potential of total coliforms were investigated in humic waters. Experiments were conducted according to an experimental design in which a UV radiation dose range of 68–681 mW s/cm² was applied to waters containing various concentrations (0–10 mg/L) of fulvic acid. Experimental results strongly suggested that the harmful effect of UV radiation on bacteria was diminished in humic waters due to absorption of UV light. Increasing concentrations of fulvic acid appeared to enhance its influence with elevated doses of UV radiation. Measured inactivation responses were on the order of 1–6 log₁₀ units for the UV dose range used. Comparison of k (inactivation coefficient) values for nonhumic water to highly humic water indicated that k decreased proportionally as the fulvic acid concentration of water was increased. The results of dark‐incubation tests indicated significant regrowth of bacteria in fulvic acid‐containing waters.     

Effect of particles and bioflocculation on ultraviolet disinfection of Escherichia coli

Presence of particles is known to decrease the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection by shielding the targeted microorganisms from UV light. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding on the effect of particles and flocs on UV disinfection by using a stable, well-defined and well-controlled synthetic system that can simulate the bioflocculation of particles and microorganisms in water and wastewater samples. The synthetic system was created by using Escherichia coli, latex particles (1, 3.2, 11, 25, and 45 μm), alginate, and divalent cations; and the bioflocculation of particles was achieved naturally, as it would occur in the environment, without using chemical coagulants. E. coli was quantified before and after UV disinfection using membrane filtration. Even in the absence of particles, some of the self-aggregated E. coli could survive a UV dose of 90 mJ/cm². E. coli inactivation levels measured in the presence of particles were lower than the inactivation levels measured in the absence of particles. At low UV doses (<9 mJ/cm²), neither particle size nor degree of flocculation had a significant effect on the inactivation of E. coli. Particle size had a significant effect on the inactivation of E. coli only at high UV doses (80 mJ/cm²), and larger particles (e.g., 25 μm) protected bacteria more compared to smaller particles (e.g., 3.2 and 11 μm). What size of particles flocs were made of (3.2, 11, and 25 μm) did not make a significant difference on the inactivation levels of E. coli. For 3.2 μm particles, there was no significant difference in E. coli inactivation between non-flocculated and flocculated samples at any UV dose. For 11 and 25 μm particles, there was a significant difference in E. coli inactivation between non-flocculated and flocculated samples at 80 mJ/cm². Degree of flocculation became a significant factor in determining the number of surviving bacteria only at high UV doses and only for larger particles.     

紫外照射对混凝土性能的影响研究

通过设计环境模拟试验,根据不同温度、湿度以及紫外照射模拟了6种混凝土养护条件,对混凝土在不同环境中力学性能及抗碳化性能进行了研究分析。结果表明:紫外照射对混凝土抗压强度无提高或负面作用,但能促进混凝土碳化进程,从而间接影响混凝土强度,在CO2浓度为20%条件下,混凝土强度提高效果显著;紫外照射对混凝土抗碳化能力具有较强的削弱作用。     

紫外线处理排泥水的试验研究

采用紫外线处理水厂排泥水并进行了经济分析。结果表明,紫外处理技术对排泥水有很好的杀菌灭藻效果,并能避免氯消毒带来的消毒副产物问题;静态试验下,灭活水中剑水蚤需要较大的紫外辐射剂量,且照射时间较长;浊度会影响紫外透光率,应尽量降低原水浊度,以保证紫外对生物的灭活效果。