Prediction of Indentation Behavior of Superelastic TiNi

Superelastic TiNi shape memory alloys have been extensively used in various applications. The great interest in TiNi alloys is due to its unique shape memory and superelastic effects, along with its superior wear and dent resistance. Assessment of mechanical properties and dent resistance of superelastic TiNi is commonly performed using indentation techniques. However, the coupling of deformation and reversible martensitic transformation of TiNi under indentation conditions makes the interpretation of results challenging. An attempt is made to enhance current interpretation of indentation data. A load-depth curve is predicted that takes into consideration the reversible martensitic transformation. The predicted curve is in good agreement with experimental results. It is found in this study that the elastic modulus is a function of indentation depth. At shallow depths, the elastic modulus is high due to austenite dominance, while at high depths, the elastic modulus drops as the depth increases due to austenite to martensite transition, i.e., martensite dominance. It is also found that TiNi exhibits superior dent resistance compared to AISI 304 steel. There is two orders of magnitude improvement in dent resistance of TiNi in comparison to AISI 304 steel.     

烧结温度对TiNi储氢合金电化学性能的影响

采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析,充放电测试,线性极化和电位阶跃等方法研究了在750,850,950℃3个不同温度下进行固相烧结对TiNi储氢合金的相结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:随着烧结温度的提高,TiNi合金最大放电容量由179.0 mAh.g-1增加到188.1和211.3 mAh.g-1。虽然温度的升高并没有提高合金的交换电流密度,但却大大增强了氢在合金中的扩散速率,扩散系数D从750℃的2.49×10-10cm2.s-1增加到850℃的2.61×10-10cm2.s-1和950℃的3.48×10-10cm2.s-1,从而显著的改善了合金电极的高倍率放电性能(HRD)。950℃烧结后的合金在1500 mA.g-1的放电电流下仍然可以放出84.6 mAh.g-1的电量。     

Loading Rate Effect on Nanohardness of Soda-Lime-Silica Glass

To understand how hardness, the key design parameter for applications of brittle solids such as glass concerning contact deformation, is affected by loading rate variation, nanoindentation with a Berkovich tip was used to measure the nanohardness of a 330-μm-thick soda-lime-silica glass as a function of loading rate (1 to 1000 mN·s⁻¹). The results showed for the very first time that, with variations in the loading rate, there was a 6 to 9 pct increase in the nanohardness of glass up to a threshold loading rate (TLR), whereafter it did not appreciably increase with further increase in loading rate. Further, the nanohardness data showed an indentation size effect (ISE) that obeyed the Meyer’s law. These observations were explained in terms of a strong shear stress component developed just beneath the nanoindenter and the related shear-induced deformation processes at local microstructural scale weak links. The significant or insignificant presence of shear-induced serrations in load depth plots and corresponding scanning electron microscopic evidence of a strong or mild presence of shear deformation bands in and around the nanoindentation cavity supported such a rationalization. Finally, a qualitative picture was developed for different deformation processes induced at various loading rates in glass.     

热处理对新型坩埚熔炼的TiNi合金性能的影响

将自制的25kg级BaZrO3坩埚用于Ti-55.8%Ni合金(质量分数)的真空感应熔炼,并将合金铸锭经锻造、轧制、拉拔等工序制成φ1.0mm的TiNi合金丝材,取样经不同的制度热处理后,分析了TiNi合金丝材的拉伸性能、低周弯曲疲劳性能以及拉伸、疲劳断口形貌。结果表明:丝材经700℃保温1h水淬处理后,延伸率可达23%,韧窝尺寸变小、数量增多,且微孔数量大幅减少。此外,丝材经500℃或550℃保温20min水淬处理后,疲劳寿命得到提高,最高可达3072次,疲劳断口处贝纹线排列紧密,裂纹较短且部分存在分叉现象。     

TiNi合金制备技术及连续铸造的可行性探讨

TiNi合金具有优良的机械性能、耐腐蚀性能、超弹性以及形状记忆性能,被广泛应用于电子、机械、宇航、运输、建筑、化学、医疗、能源以及日常生活用品等各个领域,但其高昂的价格成为制约TiNi合金进一步发展的瓶颈。本文简单介绍了TiNi合金的性能和应用,综述了其传统制备技术及新的制备工艺,在讨论连续铸造特点的基础上对该技术用于制备TiNi合金的可行性进行了探讨。     

Effect of Cooling Rate after hot Deformation on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy Wear Resistance Cast iron

The effect of cooling rate after 40% hot deformation on structure and mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistance cast iron was investigated by metallographic, scanning electron microscopes and detection of properties. The results show that for the cast steel after deformed, the amount of granular carbides of precipitation during the cooling decreased with the increase of the cooling rate, but the hardness was obviously enhanced, as a result, better mechanical properties will be obtained by force air cooling (cooling rate is about 7℃·s-1). And the reason of the change for structure and mechanical properties of the cast steel were analyzed.     

加载速率对低合金钢缺口断裂行为的影响

通过对低合金钢(FCW-62)在-100℃1~500mm/min不同加载速率下缺口试样四点弯曲实验及断裂应的测量,研究了加载速率对低合金钢缺口试样断裂行为的影响.结果表明:加载速率较低时,断裂应力较高;加载速率较高时,断裂应力较低.断裂应力的变化是由断裂的临界事件随加载速率的变化引起的,并且当临界事件相同时断裂应力不随加载速率变化.当加载速率在30mm/min左右时,缺口韧性随加载速率的增加迅速下降,这是由于断裂应力在此时发生了突然改变.     

Effect of Indentation Size and Strain Rate on Nanomechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4VAlloy

Nanoindentation experiments were carried out at strain rates of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20/s at indentation depths of 1000, 1500 and 2000 nm to investigate the nanomechanical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The strain rate had little influence on nanohardness, however, nanohardness as well as Young’s modulus gradually decreased with the increase of indentation depth indicating strong indentation size effects. The relation between H² and 1/h exhibited a good linear relationship, and it is observed that the effect of strain gradient on σ/σ₀ is significant at high strain rates according to Nix and Gao strain gradient model. The analysis of plastic behaviour revealed that, strain rates had no significant effect on strain hardening exponent, but had little influence on yield stress.     

NiTi形状记忆合金超弹性的研究现状

综述了NiTi形状记忆合金在有关超弹性性能方面的基础研究、应用研究、力学行为、磨损性能以及数学建模等问题。     

Effect of Penetration Rate on Penetrometer Resistance in Clay

This paper discusses the effects of penetration rate on the penetration resistance in soft clay for various shaped penetrometers (cone, T-bar, ball, and plate) and for T-bars with different aspect ratios. Constant rate (“normal”) and variable rate (“twitch”) penetration tests, where the penetration rate was successively halved over eight steps with the penetrometer advanced by one or two diameters in each step, were undertaken in the beam centrifuge at the University of Western Australia. The tests were conducted on samples reconstituted from clay collected from the Burswood site in Western Australia. The twitch tests showed higher penetration resistance than the corresponding normal tests after the penetration rate had been reduced by a factor of 16 due to cumulative effects of partial consolidation. The penetration rate at which the resistance started to increase due to partial consolidation was used to estimate the consolidation coefficient, cv, of the reconstituted clay. The interpreted cv values were similar to values estimated from other consolidation data, both in the centrifuge and from laboratory Rowe cell and constant rate of strain consolidation tests. In addition, results from in situ twitch tests at the Burswood site were examined to evaluate viscous effects on the penetration resistance.     

粉末装载量对W-Ni-FemIM合金喂料粘度及力学性能的影响

对粉末装载量对Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ ＭＩＭ合金喂料的粘度及力学性能的影响进行了研究，发现喂料粘度随粉末装载量的升高而增大，但不同粉末装载量喂料的应变敏感性因子基本一致，呈现基本相同的假塑性体流变行为。Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ喂料存在一最佳粉末装载量，此时合金力学性能最好，低于或高于这个粉末装载量都使得合金力学性能降低。     

各向同性钢与烘烤硬化钢的烘烤硬化性和抗凹陷性

 研究了烘烤温度、烘烤时间和预拉伸应变量对罩式炉退火工艺生产的各向同性钢的烘烤硬化性的影响，并与力学性能相当的冷轧烘烤硬化钢进行了对比。结果表明，在不同的烘烤条件下，各向同性钢的烘烤硬化值均低于同样强度级别的烘烤硬化钢。抗凹陷性测试结果表明，各向同性钢的抗凹陷性低于烘烤硬化钢。汽车外板实物分析结果表明，两种钢冲压成形后再烘烤，其屈服强度几乎没有提高。     

加载方式与初生α相对钛合金裂纹扩展行为的影响

利用带载荷台的扫描电镜原位观察了近α型钛合金TA15中初生α相在单向拉伸和循环交变载荷下裂纹的扩展行为,结果表明:单向拉伸时,由于初生α相强度高于基体β转变组织,裂纹遇到初生α相时一般不能穿过而是绕过;而在交变载荷下,由于基体β转变组织产生循环硬化,其强度水平与初生α相相当,裂纹遇到初生α相时可直接贯穿,并沿与应力垂直的水平方向扩展.     

应变速率对Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金组织和力学性能的影响

目前的TRIP钢由于Mn、Si含量较低,室温条件下仅保留约10%的残余奥氏体,结果使变形过程中材料产生的相变诱发塑性量有限,不能满足一些要求产生更大相变诱发塑性场合的需要。研究表明：提高钢中Mn、Si含量并辅以适量其它合金元素（如铬和镍）是提高材料相变诱发塑性的有效途径。研究了Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni合...     

Influences of Quench Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Al-Cu-Mg Alloy Based on the End-Quenching Test

To investigate the effects of the quench cooling rate on corrosion resistance of Al-Cu-Mg alloy, an end-quenching test was conducted and the microstructures at different cooling rates were observed by SEM and TEM. Additionally, the corrosion resistance was characterized by an intergranular corrosion test and electrochemical test. Moreover, the finite element method was applied to simulate the end quenching process. The results indicate that the actual end quenching process can be approximated as one-dimensional heat transfer, and the cooling rate varies at different cooling distances. By affecting the microstructures, decreasing the cooling rate leads to a decline in the corrosion properties. Low cooling rates coarsen the constituent particles and grain boundary particles, resulting in a wide precipitation-free zone and an increase in the intensity of corrosion reactions. A high cooling rate concentrates on the intragranular precipitant, which can reduce the pitting depth and represents a conversion from localized corrosion to general corrosion.     

TiNi单晶形状记忆合金制备及组织和性能研究

在自行设计的高温度梯度定向凝固装置中, 采用改进后的Bridgeman法, 用特制的引晶器, 成功拉制出Ti-50.8%Ni形状记忆合金单晶.做了结构和组织的观察, 并使用DSC, SEM, XRD等方法对其相变及记忆性能等进行相应的分析研究.结果表明: 这种钛镍形状记忆合金具有柱状单晶显微组织特征, 消除了横向晶界; 塑性加工性能、记忆稳定性、冷热循环次数均有较大提高.     

Effect of Alloying Method on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Fe-Cr-V-B Based Alloy

The microstructure and wear behavior of Fe-Cr-V-B based alloy was investigated.Each of the specimens was characterized by metallographic techniques and hardness test.Phase analysis of alloy was performed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results showed that the microstructure of Fe-Cr-V-B based as-cast alloy containing 8.6mass% V was composed ofα-(Fe,Cr)solid solution,VC carbides,and V_3B_4 borides,whereas the as-cast alloy containing 24.8mass% Cr was composed ofα-(Fe,Cr)solid solution and V_3B_4borides;the eutectic V_3B_4 borides mainly comprise M2B-type borides(M presents Fe and Cr).The existence of a large amount of V atoms affects the growth pattern of eutectic borides,which mainly display rod-like and grainy structure.The wear behavior of the experimental alloy has been investigated using pin-on-disk type friction and wear apparatus.The comparison of experimental results indicated that the relative wear resistance of the alloy containing 8.6mass% V after destabilization heat treatment in a conventional furnace at 1 373 K for 2hwas about six times higher than that of the high chromium(19mass%)cast iron.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Cu-Zn Alloy

The microstructure of Cu-Zn alloy with different heat treatment conditions in 3.5% NaCl NH3 solution were observed, and the average corrosion rates and electrochemical data of Cu-Zn alloy were measured, as well as the effect of heat treatment on microstructure and corrosion resistance of Cu-Zn alloy was analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of Cu-Zn alloy has been changed due to the heat treatment. As a results, the better corrosion resistance can be obtained for the Cu-Zn alloy quenched from 900℃ for 0.5h followed by tempered at 100℃ for 2h.     

碳含量和组织类型对低合金钢耐蚀性的影响

 研究了碳含量不同和显微组织不同的低合金钢的耐腐蚀性能和腐蚀行为,并和商业耐候钢09CuPCrNi做了相应的比较。在碳含量比较低的情况下,组织类型对试验钢的耐蚀性影响不大;碳含量比较高时,单相贝氏体钢的耐蚀性优于由铁素体、渗碳体(珠光体)等构成的复相组织钢。轧后水冷时,不同碳含量的钢耐蚀性差别不大;轧后空冷时,碳含量低的钢的耐蚀性优于碳含量较高的钢。用扫描电镜对锈层进行观察,可以看出耐蚀性较好的试样在腐蚀后期形成了较致密的内锈层。碳的质量分数分别为0.03%和0.1%的钢水冷后的平均腐蚀速率相差很小,但从微观角度看其点蚀发展趋势不同。加速腐蚀5个周期后,w(C)为003%的水冷钢中蚀坑尺寸不再增加,而w(C)为01%的钢中蚀坑尺寸仍有增加趋势。     

Effect of Multi-Axial Loading on Residual Strain Tensor for 12L14 Steel Alloy

Evaluating the state of residual strain or stress is critically important for structural materials and for reliable design of complex shape components that need to function in extreme environment subjected to large thermo-mechanical loading. When residual stress state is superposed to external loads, it can lead to reduction or increase in failure strength. Past diffraction studies for evaluating the residual strain state involved measuring lattice spacings in three orthogonal directions and do not often correspond to principal directions. To completely resolve the state of strain at a given location, a full strain tensor must be determined. This is especially important when characterizing materials or metallic components exposed to biaxial or complex loading. Neutron diffraction at the second Generation Neutron Residual Stress Facility (NRSF2) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is used in this study to measure strain tensors associated with different modes of stress path. Hollow cylinder steel samples with 2 mm wall thickness are subjected to either pure axial extension or pure torsion to simulate multi-axial loading conditions. A virgin sample that is not subjected to any deformation, but subjected to identical manufacturing conditions and machining steps involved to obtain hollow cylinder geometry is used for obtaining reference d-spacing for given hkl planes at target spatial location(s). The two samples which are subjected to either pure tension or torsion are loaded to a deformation state that corresponded to equal amount of octahedral shear strain which is an invariant. This procedure is used so that a basis for comparison between the two samples can be made to isolate the stress path effects. A 2-circle Huber orienteer is used to obtain strain measurements on identical gauge volume at a series of φ and ψ values. The residual state of stress tensor corresponding to ex situ (upon unloading) conditions is presented for three lattice planes (211, 110, 200) for a bcc ferritic system exposed to tension and pure torsion.