葡萄根系分区交替滴灌的土壤水分动态模拟

在根系分区交替滴灌土壤水分动态和根系分布试验观测的基础上,提出了葡萄二维根系吸水模型,并确定了与土壤表层含水率有关的棵间土壤蒸发方程,然后在土壤水分运动基本方程的基础上结合交替滴灌的入渗特性,建立了根系分区交替滴灌的土壤水分动态模型(APRI-Model),模型考虑了该种灌水方式下棵间土壤蒸发和根系吸水的变化特征。通过与田间实测值进行比较,结果表明,模型的均方差在0.01~0.022cm3/cm3范围内,模拟值与实测值的平均相对误差在10%左右,因此,认为模型能很好的模拟干旱区蒸发力较大和作物根系分布不均匀条件下的土壤水分动态。     

Agricultural Multi-Water Source Allocation Model Based on Interval Two-Stage Stochastic Robust Programming under Uncertainty

Numerous uncertainties and complexities exist in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system, that must be considered in the optimization of water resources allocation. In this paper, an agricultural multi-water source allocation model, consisting of stochastic robust programming and two-stage random programming and introducing interval numbers and random variables to represent the uncertainties, was proposed for the optimization of irrigation water allocation in Jiamusi City of Heilongjiang Province, China. The model could optimize the water allocaton to different crops of groundwater and surface water. Then, the optimal target value and the optimal water allocation of different water sources distributed to different crops could be obtained. The model optimized the economic benefits and stability of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system via the introduction of a the penalty cost variable measurement to the objective function. The results revealed that the total water shortage changed from [18.6, 32.3]?×?10⁸ m³ to [15.7, 26.2]?×?10⁸ m³ at a risk level ω from zero to five, indicating that the water shortage decreased and the reliability improved in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system. Additionally, the net economic benefits of irrigation changed from [287.21, 357.86]?×?10⁸ yuan to [253.23, 301.32]?×?10⁸ yuan, indicating that the economic benefit difference was reduced. Therefore, the model can be used by decision makers to develop appropriate water distribution schemes based on the rational consideration of the economic benefit, stability and risk of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system.     

不同水源膜下滴灌对玉米性状及地温的影响

为了研究不同水源膜下滴灌对土壤地温、玉米生育指标和产量的影响,采用田间对比试验方法,定期对试验小区的地温、土壤含水率以及玉米生育指标进行观测,得出在玉米初期地表水滴灌处理的地温高于地下水滴灌,且随着生育期的推进和土层的增加,两处理的地温差异性减小;在含水率方面两种处理的差异性不明显,综合两处理的含水率和地温,两者成反比关系,但地表水对这种关系有削弱的趋势;在产量上地表水滴灌处理比地下水高4．58％,可见地表水膜下滴灌更利于作物的生长和产量的提高。     

滴灌湿润体内土壤墒情监测点位置的试验研究

为了快速精确地监测土壤水分,通过田间试验观测了滴灌带一个湿润体内不同位置的7个中子仪监测点0～120cm深度土壤剖面的水分分布,分析了膜下滴灌湿润体内土壤水分随监测点位置的变化情况。结果表明:土壤含水率的差异,只与监测点与滴灌带的距离有关,距滴头5 cm处的监测点与距滴灌带30 cm处的土壤含水率垂直分布无显著性差异,与距滴灌带55、70 cm处的土壤含水率垂直分布有显著性差异。因此,墒情监测点应布置于距滴灌带0～30 cm范围内,不宜超过此范围。     

干旱区不同灌溉方式下枣树根系分布特性研究

采用土钻取样和扫描分析法,对干旱区两年的滴灌和沟灌两种灌溉方式下的枣树根系分布进行了调查研究。结果表明:滴灌处理的总根长、吸收根根长、根尖数、分叉数以及根表面积和体积分别比沟灌提高了15.4%、13.9%、24.8%、39.7%、29.9%和47%,说明滴灌使根系增多,从而提高了枣树根系吸收水分和养分的能力。并用指数函数建立了枣树有效根长密度分布的二维模型,为干旱区枣树的滴灌技术改进提供依据。     

Effect of Drip Irrigation with Saline Water on Water Use Efficiency and Quality of Watermelons

High ground water salinity, high water table and secondary soil salinization are dominant in the Hetao Region, China. For the purposes of eliminating secondary salinity and enhancing water use efficiency, drip irrigation of watermelons with saline water was conducted in order to reduce ground water level and soil salinization. Saline groundwater, ranging in salinity from 3.3 dS m^-1 in the early season to 6.3 dS m^-1 at the harvest time was used. Four irrigation treatments (control, 30, 60, and 90% of evaporation from Chinese Evaporation Pan) were used in the experiments.The control treatment was not irrigated through out the season, as is the local practice. The yield of watermelons was increased and the quality improved under drip irrigation, as compared with control, with the highest increases in both yield and quality in the 60% treatment. The water use efficiency as determined by lysimeter measurements for different treatments had the same trend. The water-product efficiency in the four treatments were 39.2, 30.7, 21.45, and 14.3 kg m^-3, respectively. Salts accumulated in the topsoil layer close to the emitter in the 30% treatment. Most salts were leached out of the root zone in the 60 and 90% treatments. The results suggested thatdrip irrigation of watermelon with saline water was feasible.     

浅埋式滴灌土壤水分分布规律试验研究

以探寻合理的滴头埋深与流量为目的,开展浅埋式滴灌下土壤水分分布规律的试验研究。试验土箱净尺寸为30cm×30cm×60cm(长×宽×高),供试土壤取自新疆青河县阿苇灌区试验站。试验设置5、10、15 cm 3个滴头埋深,各埋深条件下设置不同流量的处理。结果表明:不同滴头埋深的情况下均存在土体破坏的临界流量,滴头埋深越大临界流量也越大,滴头埋深为5、10和15 cm对应的临界流量分别为1.0、1.7和2.5 L/h;随着流量的增大,滴头埋深过浅时,水量向湿润体上部聚集,当埋深超过一定深度时,水量向湿润体下部聚集;在临界流量情况下,湿润锋前60 min运移速率较快,随着滴头埋深的增大,灌水结束后湿润体的垂向湿润长度越长,土壤平均含水率值越小;滴头埋深为10 cm、流量1.7 L/h时,湿润体水分分布较为合理。     

Design of Sprinkler Irrigation Subunit of Minimum Cost with Proper Operation. Application at Corn Crop in Spain

MATLAB^? software named PRESUD (Pressurized Subunit Design) was developed to identify the optimum solid set sprinkler irrigation subunit design with a criterion of minimizing the annual water application cost (C_T). This C_T is defined as the cost per cubic meter of water applied to the soil for crop use. In this study, only rectangular subunits are considered, using an iterative method for calculating the lateral and manifold pipelines. The results indicate that water cost (C_w)_, which includes the investment and operation costs for pumping water from the source to the subunit inlet, makes up 75 % of C_T. Another important factor is energy cost, which comprises 14 % of C_T. The remaining variables, such as sprinkler spacing and layout, or application rate (AR_a), have a lower impact on C_T. In cases of use groundwater, the proportion of energy cost in C_W can reach 40 %; thus, energy is an important part of C_T. Results shows that the criterion of limiting the maximum difference in pressure heads in the irrigation subunit (Δh?T, and the use of tools such as PRESUD can help obtain better solutions.     

Quantifying the Poorly Known Role of Groundwater in Agriculture: the Case of Cyprus

Agriculture in the Mediterranean region is constrained by limited water resources and in many countries irrigation demand exceeds the renewable water supply. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to (a) quantify the consumptive green (soil moisture provided by precipitation) and blue (irrigation) water use for crop production, (b) distinguish the contribution of groundwater to irrigation supply and (c) estimate groundwater over-abstraction. A spatiotemporally explicit soil water balance model, based on the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach, which includes the computation of evaporation losses of the different irrigation systems, was applied to the 5,760-km² area of the Republic of Cyprus for the agro-meteorological years 1995–2009. The model uses national agricultural statistics, community-level data from the agricultural census and daily data from 34 meteorological stations and 70 precipitation gauges. Groundwater over-abstraction is quantified per groundwater body, based on the sustainable abstraction rates specified in the Cyprus River Basin Management Plan, as prepared for the EU Water Framework Directive. It was found that, on average, total agricultural water use was 506 Mm³/year, of which 62 % is attributed to green water use and 38 % to blue water use. Groundwater contributed, on average, 81 % (151 Mm³/year) to blue water use and exceeded the recommended abstraction rates by 45 % (47 Mm³/year). Even though the irrigated area decreased by 18 % during the 2008 drought year, relative to the wettest year (2003), total blue water use decreased by only 1 %. The limited surface water supply during the driest year resulted in a 37 % increase in groundwater use, relative to the wettest year, and exceeded the sustainable abstraction rate by 53 % (55 Mm³/year). Overall, the model provides objective and quantitative outcomes that can potentially contribute to the improvement of water resource management in Mediterranean environments, in the light of climate change and expected policy reforms.     

再生水滴灌土壤中砷（As）时空分布规律试验研究

为研究再生水中污染物As在土壤中迁移转化规律,以地下水滴灌为对照,对生长季内大棚蔬菜进行再生水滴灌试验研究,分析探讨了再生水滴灌后7天内土壤不同深度中As积累分布和运移情况。结果表明:滴灌后第1天,土壤表层As浓度最大,滴灌后第3天100 cm深度处As浓度最大,表层土壤As浓度略有降低,第5天到第7天,各层土壤As浓度接近,80~120 cm处浓度最大,深度低于120 cm时As浓度随深度增加而略降低。生长季内及生长季后土壤As随着灌水次数增加而变化,具体情况为,表层土壤As蓄积增加,土壤深度80~120 cm处As增加较少,200 cm处As浓度减小。因此,适当浓度再生水滴灌情况下,土壤深层As浓度符合《土壤环境质量标准》的标准限值,适当浓度的再生水滴灌不会造成As污染。     

干旱缺水地区根系分区交替灌溉技术探讨

干旱缺水地区的科学合理灌溉模式不仅能为作物提供适宜的水分,降低ET损耗,还能使土壤中的水、气、热维持在良好状态,给作物生长发育带来良性刺激,有利于提高作物产量.本文探讨干旱缺水地区地表滴灌与地下滴灌相结合的作物根系分区交替灌溉模式,包括两种布置方式:1)滴灌带单行直线布置;2)滴灌带双行直线布置.两种布置方式有其不同的适用性,但地表及地下滴灌带单行铺设易于在生产实际中得到推广.地表灌溉与地下灌溉相结合的灌溉模式对于干旱缺水地区推广精准灌溉,发展现代农业具有重要的意义.     

Soil Water Distribution and Movement in Layered Soils of a Dam Farmland

In soil profiles, special emphasis has been placed on the migration of agricultural chemicals spread intentionally or accidentally into deep soils or groundwater body. To prevent soil water pollution and estimate the magnitude of the hazard caused by these chemicals, it is necessary to know the processes controlling their movement from the soil surface, through the root zone and eventually to the water table. This paper deals with two-dimensional soil water distribution and movement in sloping layered soils of a dam farmland on the Loess Plateau of China. In the dam farmland, soil water content showed horizontal distribution corresponding to spatial patterns of the particle sizes. The soil water content of deeper soil was relatively stable compared with topsoil. Generally, rainfall infiltration was limited to 0.8 m in the study period. Funnel flows were found in the layered soils of the dam farmland after rainfall proving the existence of this phenomenon which was observed in simulation experiments and field observation by previous researches. In the study area, the wetting front was unstable due to the layered soils. The spatial correlation analysis of the soil water content showed water movement along the layers in the wetting process with 7 m day^???1 only on the first day after rainfall. On the vertical direction, the velocity of water movement was 0.3 m day^???1 on the first day after rainfall. The results indicated that the quantity of funnel flow increases with distance along the inclined interfaces in the dam farmland which can cause contamination of groundwater. Consequently, future studies should consider the funnel flow and the management of agriculture chemicals in dam farmlands.     

宁夏半干旱区玉米滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

为了促进宁夏半干旱区节水灌溉技术的推广应用,本文针对宁夏扬黄灌区规模推广玉米大田滴灌缺乏相关滴灌灌溉制度的突出问题,采用大田小区对比试验与示范区技术应用监测相结合的方法,开展了玉米裸地滴灌灌溉制度试验研究。在综合分析玉米生育期灌溉定额、土壤含水率变化、耗水量、作物产量、水分生产效率的基础上,研究提出了玉米生育期滴灌11~12次、灌水定额300~450 m3/hm~2,灌溉定额4 200~4 425 m3/hm~2的滴灌灌溉制度。研究结果表明:玉米大田滴灌目标产量15 000 kg/hm~2,水分生产效率达到3.0 kg/m3,玉米滴灌较大田畦灌可提高经济效益3 735元/hm~2,同时节水1 800 m3/hm~2、节水30%以上。     

单双管微咸水膜下滴灌棉田根区土壤水电导率空间变异分析

土壤水电导率可直接表征土壤水易溶盐状况,为分析单、双管微咸水膜下滴灌棉田根区土壤盐分空间分布差异,采用WET探针对0～60 cm深度的剖面土壤水电导率进行网格化监测。通过统计特征值分析、半方差函数构建和Kriging空间插值等,获取土壤水电导率空间变异与分布特征。结果表明:单、双管滴灌模式下土壤水电导率均呈中等强度变异,且最优半方差函数拟合模型为高斯模型。同时,单管模式下结构性因素引起的变异强于双管模式。在试验壤土条件下,双管模式积盐程度相对较高,差异性达到了显著性水平(P 0. 05);单管模式则因相对较大的滴头流量,具有更强的横向渗流扩展洗盐能力。研究结果可为优化微咸水灌溉方式提供一定指导。     

滴灌带埋深对田间土壤水氮分布及春玉米产量的影响

地下滴灌是在滴灌技术日益完善的基础上发展而成的一种新型高效节水灌溉技术。本文以春玉米为研究对象,在一种砂壤土上使用压差式施肥罐和比例施肥泵两种施肥装置,研究了3种滴灌带埋深（0cm,15cm,30cm）对田间土壤水氮分布及作物生长的影响。田间春玉米滴灌小区试验的结果表明：滴灌带埋深影响田间土壤垂直剖面中水氮的分布状态;在本试验条件下,经过多次滴灌后,0cm埋深处理的地表滴灌其土壤剖面下部70cm以下土层的土壤含水量和NO3^-N含量均高于15cm和30cm埋深处理的地下滴灌;15cm和30cm埋深处理的地下滴灌其春玉米籽粒和鲜穗产量均显著高于0cm埋深处理的地表滴灌,以T区为例,15cm和30cm埋深处理的籽粒产量比0cm埋深处理的地表滴灌分别提高10．1％和11．6％,鲜穗产量分别提高5．6％和6．6％。     

Modernization of irrigation systems in Spain: review and analysis for decision making

Abstract

This article presents a method for analyzing the economic feasibility of modernizing irrigation systems. By using substitution relationships between two variables, one can determine irrigation performance and farm profit ?above which modernization would be justified from an economic point of view; ?and also the investments and energy consumption up to which modernization could be considered cost-effective. By means of representative average values, this method is applied to the now widespread conversion from surface irrigation to drip irrigation in Spain. Two conclusions are drawn. First, modernization may, in some instances, be justified only if more productive crop patterns are implemented. Second, saving water is a cheaper option than using an alternative resource only under certain conditions.     

滴灌条件下干旱区农田水盐运移及调控研究进展与展望

以滴灌为代表的节水灌溉技术在我国干旱区大面积推广应用,提高了水肥利用效率,也改变了农田水盐运移模式。一方面,地下水位下降,土壤水与地下水之间的联系减弱,减少了潜水蒸发带来的盐分,使得土壤盐碱化减轻;另一方面,由于缺乏洗盐水量,导致积累在土壤表层的盐分不能及时淋洗入深层,表层土壤盐碱化加重。本文通过回顾滴灌技术在干旱区的应用和研究,系统分析了滴灌条件下干旱区农田土壤水盐运移特点和盐分累积规律,概括了不同作物的水盐响应特征,总结了不同滴灌条件下的土壤水盐数值模型,归纳了目前常用的土壤水盐调控方法。在此基础上提出了需要进一步研究的问题和方向,包括:进一步揭示滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移及累积特征,科学制定农田水盐调控方案;进一步揭示作物水盐耦合响应动力学机制,科学确定调控阈值;发展具有我国自主知识产权的水盐运移和作物生长耦合模拟软件;构建基于生态格局的农田排水和区域盐分处置模式。     

浅埋式滴灌条件下毛管间距对苜蓿生长的影响

为了探讨浅埋式滴灌毛管间距对苜蓿生长的影响,在阿勒泰市青河地区进行苜蓿浅埋式滴灌田间试验,试验设置30、60、90 cm 3种毛管间距。通过观测各土层含水率、苜蓿毛细根密度以及生长指标等,研究毛管间距对土壤水分以及苜蓿生长的影响。结果表明:毛管间距为60、90 cm处理的各土层含水率增值优于30cm处理;毛管间距30、60 cm处理苜蓿的毛细根密度明显高于毛管间距90 cm的处理;毛管间距为30、60 cm的处理对苜蓿生长的影响差异较小,其中以间距60 cm处理为优,而间距为90 cm对其影响较大,不利于苜蓿的生长。因此,毛管间距以60 cm最优,适合该地区苜蓿的灌溉。     

地下水位下降对干旱区膜下滴灌棉花需水量的影响

膜下滴灌种植方式大面积在西北干旱地区推广应用,使得该区地下水得不到有效补给,地下水位出现大幅下降。水位下降使地下水对土壤水的顶托作用和潜水的蒸发作用减弱,对作物需水量产生一定影响。利用2008~2018年新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州国家重点灌溉试验站不同地下水位进行滴灌实验的有利条件,研究地下水位下降对干旱地区膜下滴灌棉花滴灌水量的影响,并使用Penman-Monteith公式计算地下水埋深7～8 m时膜下滴灌棉花的需水量。研究表明：地下水位下降致使干旱地区的膜下滴灌棉花高产的需水量上升;滴灌水的入渗能力具有随矿化度增加而增加的趋势,且适宜的含盐量对棉花的生长具有一定的协同作用;当地下水埋深大于6 m时,水位的进一步下降将不再促使膜下棉花的需水量进一步上升。     

干旱区膜下滴灌农田土壤盐分非生育期淋洗和多年动态

膜下滴灌土壤盐分在生育期和非生育期的累积与淋洗,共同决定了土壤的盐碱化趋势,影响着当地农业的可持续发展。为分析长期膜下滴灌土壤盐分多年动态,于2008—2013年在中国西北干旱区的清华大学-库尔勒生态水文实验基地开展了棉田实验,采集和化验了15 000余个土壤样本,结合SHAW模型模拟,探讨了非生育期冬春灌方式的盐分淋洗效果;基于长期连续观测及理论分析,评估了区域盐碱化趋势。结果表明:冬灌和春灌的盐分淋洗作用明显,冬灌盐分淋洗深度大致为60 cm,效果优于春灌。若膜下滴灌条件下综合采用非生育期冬灌或春灌洗盐,在多年尺度上土壤根区盐分不会出现明显累积,土壤盐碱化趋势可以得到控制。