Dynamic image sequence analysis using fuzzy measures

In this paper, we present an image understanding system using fuzzy sets and fuzzy measures. This system is based on a symbolic object-oriented image interpretation system. We apply a simple, powerful three-dimensional (3-D) recursive filter to tracking moving objects in a dynamic image sequence. This filter has a time-varying 3-D frequency-planar passband that is adapted in a feedback system to automatically track moving objects. However, as objects in the image sequence are not well-defined and are engaged in dynamic activities, their shapes and trajectories in most cases can be described only vaguely. In order to handle these uncertainties, we use fuzzy measures to capture subtle variations and manage the uncertainties involved. This enables us to develop an image understanding system that produces a very natural output. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system with complex real traffic scenes.     

EEM: evolutionary ensembles model for activity recognition in Smart Homes

Activity recognition requires further research to enable a multitude of human-centric applications in the smart home environment. Currently, the major challenges in activity recognition include the domination of major activities over minor activities, their non-deterministic nature and the lack of availability of human-understandable output. In this paper, we introduce a novel Evolutionary Ensembles Model (EEM) that values both minor and major activities by processing each of them independently. It is based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to handle the non-deterministic nature of activities. Our evolutionary ensemble learner generates a human-understandable rule profile to ensure a certain level of confidence for performed activities. To evaluate the EEM, we performed experiments on three different real world datasets. Our experiments show significant improvement of 0.6 % to 0.28 % in the F-measures of recognized activities compared to existing counterparts. It is expected that EEM would be a practical solution for the activity recognition problem due to its understandable output and improved accuracy.     

A hierarchical type-2 fuzzy logic control architecture for autonomous mobile robots

Autonomous mobile robots navigating in changing and dynamic unstructured environments like the outdoor environments need to cope with large amounts of uncertainties that are inherent of natural environments. The traditional type-1 fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using precise type-1 fuzzy sets cannot fully handle such uncertainties. A type-2 FLC using type-2 fuzzy sets can handle such uncertainties to produce a better performance. In this paper, we present a novel reactive control architecture for autonomous mobile robots that is based on type-2 FLC to implement the basic navigation behaviors and the coordination between these behaviors to produce a type-2 hierarchical FLC. In our experiments, we implemented this type-2 architecture in different types of mobile robots navigating in indoor and outdoor unstructured and challenging environments. The type-2-based control system dealt with the uncertainties facing mobile robots in unstructured environments and resulted in a very good performance that outperformed the type-1-based control system while achieving a significant rule reduction compared to the type-1 system.     

Fuzzy logic-based pre-classifier for tropical wood species recognition system

Classifying tropical wood species poses a considerable economic challenge and failure to classify the wood species accurately can have significant effects on timber industries. The problem of wood recognition is compounded with the nonlinearities of the features among the similar wood species. Besides that, large wood databases presented a problem of large processing time especially for online wood recognition system. In view of these problems, we propose the use of fuzzy logic-based pre-classifier as a means of treating uncertainty to improve the classification accuracy of tropical wood recognition system. The pre-classifier serve as a clustering mechanism for the large database simplifying the classification process making it more efficient. The use of the fuzzy logic-based pre-classifier has managed to increase the accuracy of the wood recognition system by 4 % and reduce the processing time for training and testing by more than 75 % and 26 % respectively.     

增强型区间二型FCM算法

不确定性存在于图像处理、模式识别等众多领域的实际应用中, 模糊?? 均值聚类(FCM) 算法虽广泛应用于这些领域, 但其处理不确定性的能力较差. 引入区间二型模糊理论能有效提升算法处理不确定性的能力, 但相应地造成算法复杂度增加, 制约了区间二型FCM算法的推广应用. 鉴于此, 提出增强型区间二型FCM算法, 通过优化初始聚类中心和降型运算, 极大地减少了区间二型FCM算法的运算量, 并提升算法的收敛速度. 通过对随机和实际数据的实验比较验证了改进算法的有效性.

     

Further reduced form of wavelet feature for text independent speaker recognition

A text independent speaker recognition system based on wavelet transform derived from fuzzy c-means clustering is proposed. The fuzzy c-means clustering is applied to the speaker data compression in spectrum domain. A set of experiments are conducted, which gives a 95% recognition rate for 100 Mandarin speakers.     

On another view of an inverse of an interval matrix

We consider n × n matrix whose elements are fuzzy numbers (hereinafter a fuzzy matrix) and we introduce notions of regularity of a fuzzy matrix and the inverse matrix of a fuzzy matrix (hereinafter the fuzzy inverse) in this paper. It is shown that the fuzzy inverse is a fuzzy matrix as well. Also we pay attention to the calculation of the fuzzy inverse in a special case. Main results are based on Rohn’s results in the field of linear problems with inexact data.     

Fuzzy Evaluation of Heart Rate Signals for Mental Stress Assessment

Mental stress is accompanied by dynamic changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a popular tool for assessing the activities of autonomic nervous system. This paper presents a novel method of HRV analysis for mental stress assessment using fuzzy clustering and robust identification techniques. The approach consists of 1) online monitoring of heart rate signals, 2) signal processing (e.g., using the continuous wavelet transform to extract the local features of HRV in time-frequency domain), 3) exploiting fuzzy clustering and fuzzy identification techniques to render robustness in HRV analysis against uncertainties due to individual variations, and 4) monitoring the functioning of autonomic nervous system under different stress conditions. Our experiments involved 38 physically fit subjects (26 male, 12 female, aged 18-29 years) in air traffic control task simulations. The subjective rating scores of mental workload were assessed using NASA task load index. Fuzzy clustering methods have been used to model the experimental data. Further, a robust fuzzy identification technique has been used to handle the uncertainties due to individual variations for the assessment of mental stress. [ All rights reserved Elsevier].     

Type-2 Fuzzy Control for Driving State and Behavioral Decisions of Unmanned Vehicle

In this paper, interval type-2 fuzzy sets, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and the fuzzy control rules are synthesized to realize the control of unmanned vehicle in driving state and behavioral decisions. Compared to the type-1 fuzzy set, type-2 fuzzy sets have more advantages in handling the model based on uncertainties, linguistic information because the membership functions are fuzzy sets. Different membership functions are established for each factor when the unmanned vehicle is driving at different speed intervals. In addition, a new evaluation method is developed to analyze unmanned vehicle’s driving state. Finally, a set of dynamic fuzzy rules are sorted out, which can be applied to the unmanned vehicle’s behavioral decision-making and provide a new idea to related research.      

Extensions to the fuzzy pointed set with applications to imageprocessing

In all man-machine systems with image processing functions, an important unsolved problem arises in the treatment of uncertain and incomplete image information. Several frameworks have been suggested for handling uncertain image information including; expert systems, fuzzification, likelihood estimation, and neural networks. In this paper we review those methods. We also present a new method for handling uncertainties by unifying the representations of gray-values and uncertainty into one framework in a way that parallels fuzzy logic. This new framework is based on the application of the extended fuzzy pointed set and an associated algebra to handle uncertain information. We further show how this framework can be used in image processing and artificial intelligence     

Speech-driven talking face using embedded confusable system for real time mobile multimedia

This paper presents a real-time speech-driven talking face system which provides low computational complexity and smoothly visual sense. A novel embedded confusable system is proposed to generate an efficient phoneme-viseme mapping table which is constructed by phoneme grouping using Houtgast similarity approach based on the results of viseme similarity estimation using histogram distance, according to the concept of viseme visually ambiguous. The generated mapping table can simplify the mapping problem and promote viseme classification accuracy. The implemented real time speech-driven talking face system includes: 1) speech signal processing, including SNR-aware speech enhancement for noise reduction and ICA-based feature set extractions for robust acoustic feature vectors; 2) recognition network processing, HMM and MCSVM are combined as a recognition network approach for phoneme recognition and viseme classification, which HMM is good at dealing with sequential inputs, while MCSVM shows superior performance in classifying with good generalization properties, especially for limited samples. The phoneme-viseme mapping table is used for MCSVM to classify the observation sequence of HMM results, which the viseme class is belong to; 3) visual processing, arranges lip shape image of visemes in time sequence, and presents more authenticity using a dynamic alpha blending with different alpha value settings. Presented by the experiments, the used speech signal processing with noise speech comparing with clean speech, could gain 1.1 % (16.7 % to 15.6 %) and 4.8 % (30.4 % to 35.2 %) accuracy rate improvements in PER and WER, respectively. For viseme classification, the error rate is decreased from 19.22 % to 9.37 %. Last, we simulated a GSM communication between mobile phone and PC for visual quality rating and speech driven feeling using mean opinion score. Therefore, our method reduces the number of visemes and lip shape images by confusable sets and enables real-time operation.     

基于模糊准则的小波特征选择在人脸识别中的应用

提出一种基于模糊准则的小波特征选择方法来实现人脸识别．首先，利用模糊准则得到最优小波包分解；其次，亦利用模糊准则对最优小波包分解中特征（小波系数）的分类能力进行评价并排序；再次，选择鉴别能力强的特征并将它们输入到EFM模型以实现降维，并使用基于最小二乘误差的线性鉴别函数实现分类．人脸识别实验结果表明基于模糊准则的小波特征选择方法的识别率要高于主元分析（PCA）算法．     

Interval type-2 fuzzy logic based multiclass ANFIS algorithm for real-time EEG based movement control of a robot arm

Brain–computer interfacing is an emerging field of research where signals extracted from the human brain are used for decision making and generation of control signals. Selection of the right classifier to detect the mental states from electroencephalography (EEG) signal is an open area of research because of the signal’s non-stationary and Ergodic nature. Though neural network based classifiers, like Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), act efficiently, to deal with the uncertainties involved in EEG signals, we have introduced interval type-2 fuzzy system in the fray to improve its uncertainty handling. Also, real-time scenarios require a classifier to detect more than two mental states. Thus, a multi-class discriminating algorithm based on the fusion of interval type-2 fuzzy logic and ANFIS, is introduced in this paper. Two variants of this algorithm have been developed on the basis of One-Vs-All and One-Vs-One methods. Both the variants have been tested on an experiment involving the real-time control of robot arm, where both the variants of the proposed classifier, produces an average success rate of reaching a target to 65% and 70% respectively. The result shows the competitiveness of our algorithm over other standard ones in the domain of non-stationary and uncertain signal data classification.     

CNN and Fuzzy Rules Based Text Detection and Recognition from Natural Scenes

In today’s real world, an important research part in image processing is scene text detection and recognition. Scene text can be in different languages, fonts, sizes, colours, orientations and structures. Moreover, the aspect ratios and layouts of a scene text may differ significantly. All these variations appear assignificant challenges for the detection and recognition algorithms that are considered for the text in natural scenes. In this paper, a new intelligent text detection and recognition method for detectingthe text from natural scenes and forrecognizing the text by applying the newly proposed Conditional Random Field-based fuzzy rules incorporated Convolutional Neural Network (CR-CNN) has been proposed. Moreover, we have recommended a new text detection method for detecting the exact text from the input natural scene images. For enhancing the presentation of the edge detection process, image pre-processing activities such as edge detection and color modeling have beenapplied in this work. In addition, we have generated new fuzzy rules for making effective decisions on the processes of text detection and recognition. The experiments have been directedusing the standard benchmark datasets such as the ICDAR 2003, the ICDAR 2011, the ICDAR 2005 and the SVT and have achieved better detection accuracy intext detection and recognition. By using these three datasets, five different experiments have been conducted for evaluating the proposed model. And also, we have compared the proposed system with the other classifiers such as the SVM, the MLP and the CNN. In these comparisons, the proposed model has achieved better classification accuracywhen compared with the other existing works.     

Modeling the permeability of carbonate reservoir using type-2 fuzzy logic systems

In this work, the use of type-2 fuzzy logic systems as a novel approach for predicting permeability from well logs has been investigated and implemented. Type-2 fuzzy logic system is good in handling uncertainties, including uncertainties in measurements and data used to calibrate the parameters. In the formulation used, the value of a membership function corresponding to a particular permeability value is no longer a crisp value; rather, it is associated with a range of values that can be characterized by a function that reflects the level of uncertainty. In this way, the model will be able to adequately account for all forms of uncertainties associated with predicting permeability from well log data, where uncertainties are very high and the need for stable results are highly desirable. Comparative studies have been carried out to compare the performance of the proposed type-2 fuzzy logic system framework with those earlier used methods, using five different industrial reservoir data. Empirical results from simulation show that type-2 fuzzy logic approach outperformed others in general and particularly in the area of stability and ability to handle data in uncertain situations, which are common characteristics of well logs data. Another unique advantage of the newly proposed model is its ability to generate, in addition to the normal target forecast, prediction intervals as its by-products without extra computational cost.     

Type-2 FLCs: A New Generation of Fuzzy Controllers

Type-1 fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) have been applied to date with great success to many different applications. However, for dynamic unstructured environments and many real-world applications, there is a need to cope with large amounts of uncertainties. The traditional type-1 FLC using crisp type-1 fuzzy sets cannot directly handle such uncertainties. A type-2 FLC using type-2 fuzzy sets can handle such uncertainties to produce a better performance. Hence, type-2 FLCs will have the potential to overcome the limitations of type-1 FLCs and produce a new generation of fuzzy controllers with improved performance for many applications, which require handling high levels of uncertainty. This paper introduces briefly the interval type-2 FLC and its benefits. We also present briefly the type-2 FLC application to three challenging domains: industrial control, mobile robots control and ambient intelligent environments control     

Fuzzy model of dominance emotions in affective computing

To date, most of the human emotion recognition systems are intended to sense the emotions and their dominance individually. This paper discusses a fuzzy model for multilevel affective computing based on the dominance dimensional model of emotions. This model can detect any other possible emotions simultaneously at the time of recognition. One hundred and thirty volunteers from various countries with different cultural backgrounds were selected to record their emotional states. These volunteers have been selected from various races and different geographical locations. Twenty-seven different emotions with their strengths in a scale of 5 were questioned through a survey. Recorded emotions were analyzed with the other possible emotions and their levels of dominance to build the fuzzy model. Then this model was integrated into a fuzzy emotion recognition system using three input devices of mouse, keyboard and the touch screen display. Support vector machine classifier detected the other possible emotions of the users along with the directly sensed emotion. The binary system (non-fuzzy) sensed emotions with an incredible accuracy of 93 %. However, it only could sense limited emotions. By integrating this model, the system was able to detect more possible emotions at a time with slightly lower recognition accuracy of 86 %. The recorded false positive rates of this model for four emotions were measured at 16.7 %. The resulted accuracy and its false positive rate are among the top three accurate human emotion recognition (affective computing) systems.     

Genetically optimized fuzzy decision trees.

In this study, we are concerned with genetically optimized fuzzy decision trees (G-DTs). Decision trees are fundamental architectures of machine learning, pattern recognition, and system modeling. Starting with the generic decision tree with discrete or interval-valued attributes, we develop its fuzzy set-based generalization. In this generalized structure we admit the values of the attributes that are represented by some membership functions. Such fuzzy decision trees are constructed in the setting of genetic optimization. The underlying genetic algorithm optimizes the parameters of the fuzzy sets associated with the individual nodes where they play a role of fuzzy "switches" by distributing a flow of processing completed within the tree. We discuss various forms of the fitness function that help capture the essence of the problem at hand (that could be either of classification nature when dealing with discrete outputs or regression-like when handling a continuous output variable). We quantify a nature of the generalization of the tree by studying an optimally adjusted spreads of the membership functions located at the nodes of the decision tree. A series of experiments exploiting synthetic and machine learning data is used to illustrate the performance of the G-DTs.     

River flow forecasting through nonlinear local approximation in a fuzzy model

This study investigates the potential of nonlinear local function approximation in a Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model for river flow forecasting. Generally, in a TS framework, the local approximation is performed by a linear model, while in this approach, linear function approximation is substituted using a nonlinear function approximation. The primary hypothesis herein is that the process being modeled (rainfall–runoff in this study) is highly nonlinear, and a linear approximation at the local domain might still leave a lot of unexplained variance by the model. In this study, subtractive clustering technique is used for domain partition, and neural network is used for function approximation. The modeling approach has been tested on two case studies: Kolar basin in India and Kentucky basin in USA. The results of fuzzy nonlinear local approximation (FNLLA) model are highly promising. The performance of the FNLLA is compared with that of a pure fuzzy inference system (FIS), and it is observed that both the models perform similar at 1-step-ahead forecasts. However, the FNLLA performs much better than FIS at higher lead times. It is also observed that FNLLA forecasts the river flow with lesser error compared to FIS. In the case of Kolar River, more than 40 % of the total data are forecasted with <2 % error by FNLLA at 1 h ahead, while the corresponding value for FIS is only 20 %. In the case of 3-h-ahead forecasts, these values are 25 % for FNLLA and 15 % for FIS. Performance of FNLLA in the case of Kentucky River basin was also better compared to FIS. It is also found that FNLLA simulates the peak flow better than FIS, which is certainly an improvement over the existing models.