金属涂层SPR的单端面LPFG折射率传感器(英文)

提出了一种新型的单端面反射的镀有金属膜的长周期光纤光栅传感器.这种基于表面等离子体谐振的具有三层结构的传感器分为两个部分,光栅部分用连续CO2激光脉冲制作,金属膜是由真空镀膜制成.在光栅上镀上各种不同厚度的薄金属膜来激发表面等离子体波,用这种光纤光栅传感器来测量液体的折射率,并研究它的反射谐振谱的特性.在标准气压下,镀有80 nm银膜的光栅从水(ns=1.33)到酒精(ns=1.36)中光栅谐振波长改变了1.14nm,其敏感度达到折射率变化～5×10-4谐振波长改变20 pm.研究发现不同厚度的不同金属膜显示了不同的敏感度.通过比较光栅在空气,水,酒精,甘油,以及在它们的混合物溶液中的谐振波长,得到这种反射式的长周期光纤光栅传感器的敏感特性.为制作一种高性能的用来测量折射率的光纤光栅传感器提供了一个有益的参考.     

基于双模LPFG折射率不敏感双参量传感器

环境折射率和环境温度变化是影响光纤应变测量误差的主要因素.本文利用双模光纤纤芯双模式(LP01和LP11)支持特性设计了一款环境折射率不敏感的双模光纤(DMF)长周期光纤光栅LPFG)应变传感器.设计了传感器模型结构,制作了最优化参数的传感器样品.实验测试了DMF-LPFG传感结构对外部环境中应变、温度和折射率的响应....     

基于级联光栅温度补偿的溶液浓度测量研究

为解决长周期光纤光栅(LPG)折射率测量时的温度交叉敏感问题,利用布喇格光纤光栅(FBG)对环境折射率不敏感的特点,将其与长周期光纤光栅(LPG)级联,构成具有温度补偿的折射率传感方案。实验结果表明：随着温度的变化级联光栅的两个透射谐振波长都有线性变化,而改变溶液折射率时只有一个透射谐振波长改变。因此,可以利用级联光栅对折射率和温度双参量进行同时测量,补偿因温度变化产生的测量误差。     

保偏微结构光纤光栅 F-P腔折射率传感特性分析

针对提高光纤光栅折射率传感器抗干扰能力以及增加反射率的需求,本文提出了一种基于Fabry-Perot腔的保偏微结构光纤(PM-MOF)布拉格光栅折射率传感器.根据传榆矩阵法和有限元方法,分析了微结构光纤光栅F-P腔中被测物折射率与F-P腔反射谱中两个偏振模谐振波长差的关系,在此基础上讨论了中心孔直径、F-P腔长度等参数对传输特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着空气孔中填充物折射率的增加,保偏微结构光纤光栅F-P腔的两个偏振态的谐振波长差将逐渐减小;F-P腔的干涉作用使反射率较单个光栅有很大提高,便于长距离传输和实时解调;两个偏振模对外界干扰具有相似的响应,因此该传感器具有更强的抗干扰能力.本文研究结果为保偏微结构光纤光栅在折射率传感器及其生物传感器方面的应用提供了理论依据.     

基于级联长周期光纤光栅的溶液折射率与浓度的测量研究

级联长周期光纤光栅的谐振峰对外界折射率较敏感,利用该特性制成的折射率传感器可以实现对溶液折射率和浓度的实时在线测量。通过对不同折射率的NaCl溶液和蔗糖溶液的实验研究,得出溶液折射率、浓度与谐振峰之间的关系。实验结果表明: LPGP较为灵敏的外界折射率范围为1~1.4513,在此范围内,随着外界折射率的增加,透射谱干涉峰的幅值逐渐减小而谐振波长逐渐向短波方向漂移。该传感器可应用于生物、化学、过程控制等高灵敏度传感领域的各种溶液进行监控,具有较高的实用价值。     

一种用于低频测量的光纤光栅振动传感器

利用光纤光栅敏感技术,设计了一种用于低频测量的光纤光栅振动传感器.该传感器采用了等强度悬臂梁作为振动传感元件,并在等强度悬臂梁的上下双面优化布置性能匹配的两个光纤光栅,一个为振动敏感测量光栅,另一个为信号匹配滤波解调光栅.该结构设计可以补偿温度的不利影响,同时也提高了传感器信号检测的灵敏度.实测结果表明,该传感器可以用于25 Hz以下的低频目标的振动测量.     

光纤Bragg光栅用于三维编织复合材料结构的内应变测量

本文对应用光纤Bragg光栅传感器编入三维编织复合材料结构内部的测量进行了研究.首先简要介绍了光纤光栅的编入方法和传感原理.随后进行的实验结果显示由应变计及光纤光栅所得到的载荷-应变曲线都具有良好的线性关系,实验之间的结果符合得很好,表明光纤Bragg光栅传感器可以用来精确检测编织试件复杂载荷状态下的内应变.从而将会促进光纤光栅在3-D编织复合材料结构的内部结构检测和强度失效分析中的更广泛应用.     

胶粘剂对表贴式FBG传感器应变传递系数的影响

利用光纤光栅（FBG）传感器对基体表面应变进行测量,通常利用胶粘剂将光纤光栅传感器粘贴在基体表面,使其与基体协调变形。但胶粘剂在不同表面的粘接性能不同,对应变测量所造成的影响也就存在差异。针对这一问题,本文通过实验,简化应变传递模型,对比FBG传感器粘贴在等强度梁以及标准树脂试件的应变测量结果。结果表明:胶粘剂在基体表面的剪切强度越大,表面粘贴式FBG传感器的应变传递系数也越大。      

HCD法测定纯镍中As,Sb,Pb,Sn,Bi含量的研究

纯镍中杂质元素Ａｓ,Ｓｂ ,Ｐｂ ,Ｓｎ ,Ｂｉ等的含量对其本身的性能和由其冶炼的合金的性能有着很大的影响 ,因此准确测定纯镍中这些杂质元素的含量具有重要意义。采用空心阴极光谱法测定纯镍中杂质元素的含量具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、用料少等优点 ,由于不需要经过化学处理 ,减少了被污染的机会。试验方法为称取金属颗粒样品 ,装入石墨电极中 ,在光栅光谱仪上 ,以空心阴极光源为激发源 ,在氩气气氛中进行放电 ,经光栅摄谱仪分光成像后 ,记录于感光板上 ,在测微光度计上测出待测元素的谱线黑度 ,在工作曲线上查得待测元素的百分含量。试样…     

LPG在复合材料实时监测中的应用研究

树脂传递模塑工艺能制造出高质量和形状复杂的复合材料,目前已广泛地应用于舰船、航空航天、国内各工业等领域.在线监测在RTM中是关键环节,可以实时控制最终产品质量.作为一种新型的光纤实时传感系统,长周期光纤光栅传感器受到了越来越多的关注,本工作采用长周期光纤光栅传感器监测RTM工艺的流动前沿,详细地研究了各种工艺条件对LPFG损耗波峰的影响,探讨了LPFG在RTM工艺中的应用情况.     

吸油材料在海洋溢油处理中的应用研究进展

近年来海洋溢油污染事故频发,对海洋环境和海洋生物造成巨大损害,利用吸油材料吸附溢油是一种非常经济有效的方法。概括了吸油材料的类型及发展状况,重点对近年来吸油树脂和超细纤维的最新研究进展进行了介绍,并展望了其发展前景。     

Flow characteristics of refrigerant and oil mixture in an oil separator

The efficiency and pressure drop in the oil separator of a multi heat pump system were experimentally investigated. R410A and polyvinylether (PVE) oil were used as the refrigerant and lubricant of the system, respectively. The refrigerant mass flow rate and the liquid circulation ratio were varied between 30 and 150 g s⁻¹ and between 1.5% and 4.5%, respectively. Five different oil separators were considered, and the measured efficiencies and pressure drops were analyzed with respect to the height and diameter of the oil separators. The analytical results were used to develop empirical equations for predicting the efficiency and pressure drop of the oil separator. The mean absolute percentage errors between the predicted and measured efficiencies and pressure drops for the oil separators were 0.4% and 11.7%, respectively.     

满液式螺杆式冷水机组回油和跑油分析

对满液式螺杆式冷水机组的回油方式进行介绍,尤其针对引射回油展开详细分析,具体讨论机组增加引射回油的必要性及其增加引射回油对系统的影响,并且简要分析不同引射回油系统的优缺点;然后对满液式螺杆式冷水机组跑油情况进行分析论述,并针对每种情况给出相应的解决方案。     

Mechanical properties and oil content of CNT reinforced porous CuSn oil bearings

CNTs reinforced porous CuSn oil bearings were prepared by powder metallurgy method. Surfaced modification of CNTs is made to ensure interfacial bonding between CNTs and CuSn matrix. The micro-structure, micro-hardness, radical crushing strength and oil content of reinforced bearings with different amount of CNTs are investigated. The results reveal that coated CNTs can improve mechanical properties and oil content of the porous CuSn oil bearings if they are evenly dispersed. Adding too much CNTs will degrade microstructure of the porous bearings because they are difficult to disperse. It will bring negative effect on the mechanical properties and oil content of the porous bearings.     

Life in oil: Hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial mineralization in oil spill-polluted marine environment

The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms is one of the primary ways by which an oil spill is eliminated from contaminated sites. One such spill was that of the Russian tanker the Nakhodka that spilled heavy oil into the Sea of Japan on January 2, 1997. This paper describes the three main processes of the Nakhodka oil spill, including: (1) the weathering of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (genus Pseudomonas) and crystallized organic compounds from the Nakhodka oil spill-polluted seashores after nine years; (2) the laboratory-scale biodegradation of the Nakhodka oil spill over a 429-day period; and (3) the bioavailability of kaolinite clay minerals and the role they play in seawater polluted with the Nakhodka oil spill.Upon the slow evaporation of the Nakhodka oil spill during the 9-year weathering, the dendritic crystal growth of paraffin (a mixture of alkanes) occurred in the oil crust under natural conditions. Heavy metals were obtained in the original heavy oil samples of three seashores in the Sea of Japan. Si, S, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn were found in the original Nakhodka oil spill samples whereas these heavy metals and S were no longer present after 9 years. The anaerobic reverse side of the oil crust contained numerous coccus-type bacteria associated with halite. The hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and paraffin wax in the oil crust may have a significant effect on the weathering processes of the Nakhodka oil spill during the 9-year bioremediation.A biodegradation process of heavy oil from the Nakhodka oil spill by indigenous microbial consortia was monitored over 429 days in the laboratory. The indigenous microbial consortia consisted of bacteria and fungi as well as the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Atake seashore, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. Both bacteria and fungi had a significant role in the observed biodegradation of heavy oil during the 429-day bioremediation with respect to the pH of the solution. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria had a tendency to play the greatest role under neutral to alkaline condition (pH; 7–7.8). On the contrary, when pH shifted to acidic (pH; 2–4) levels, the fungi took over to degrade heavy oil. During the period, the aliphatic hydrocarbons were reduced significantly but the aromatic hydrocarbons remained relatively constant even after 429 days of bioremediation.Experimental study was undertaken to investigate the bioavailability of kaolinite clay minerals and the role they play in seawater polluted with the Nakhodka oil spill. TEM/EDS imaging suggested that the clays present in oil-polluted seawater were capable of stimulating oil-degrading bacteria probably because Si from clays facilitates bacterial usage of oil and C-O-Na-Si complexes on the surfaces of bacterial cell walls are a stimulator for oil-degrading bacterial growth in seawater contaminated with the Nakhodka oil spill.     

Producing clean diesel fuel by co-hydrogenation of vegetable oil with gas oil

The goal of our investigation was the production of partially bio-derived fuels in the gas oil boiling point range. Our aim was the production of diesel fuel blending components by co-hydrogenation of mixtures of high-sulphur gas oil (about 1.0%) and vegetable oil raw materials with different vegetable oil contents (0, 5, 15, 25 and 100%). The experiments were carried out on a NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst with a targeted composition (T = 300–380°C, P = 60–80 bar, LHSV = 1.0/h and H₂/HC = 600 Nm³/m³). We obtained that both the vegetable oil conversion reactions and the gas oil quality improvement reactions took place. Under the favourable operational conditions (360–380°C, P = 80 bar, LHSV = 1.0/h and H₂/HC = 600 Nm³/m³ and up to 15% vegetable oil content of the feed), the main properties of the high-yield (>90%) products except for the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) value satisfied the requirements of the standard of diesel fuels (EN 590:2009). The amount of vegetable oil higher than 15% reduced the desulphurization efficiency, because of the intake of large quantities of oxygen with the triglyceride molecules of the vegetable oil. The products—depending on the vegetable oil content of the feedstocks—have an increased n- and i-paraffin content, so their combustion properties are very favourable, and the emission of particles is lower.     

Life in oil: Hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial mineralization in oil spill-polluted marine environment

The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms is one of the primary ways by which an oil spill is eliminated from contaminated sites. One such spill was that of the Russian tanker the Nakhodka that spilled heavy oil into the Sea of Japan on January 2, 1997. This paper describes the three main processes of the Nakhodka oil spill, including: (1) the weathering of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (genus Pseudomonas) and crystallized organic compounds from the Nakhodka oil spill-polluted seashores after nine years; (2) the laboratory-scale biodegradation of the Nakhodka oil spill over a 429-day period; and (3) the bioavailability of kaolinite clay minerals and the role they play in seawater polluted with the Nakhodka oil spill. Upon the slow evaporation of the Nakhodka oil spill during the 9-year weathering, the dendritic crystal growth of paraffin (a mixture of alkanes) occurred in the oil crust under natural conditions. Heavy metals were obtained in the original heavy oil samples of three seashores in the Sea of Japan. Si, S, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn were found in the original Nakhodka oil spill samples whereas these heavy metals and S were no longer present after 9 years. The anaerobic reverse side of the oil crust contained numerous coccus-type bacteria associated with halite. The hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and paraffin wax in the oil crust may have a significant effect on the weathering processes of the Nakhodka oil spill during the 9-year bioremediation. A biodegradation process of heavy oil from the Nakhodka oil spill by indigenous microbial consortia was monitored over 429 days in the laboratory. The indigenous microbial consortia consisted of bacteria and fungi as well as the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Atake seashore, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. Both bacteria and fungi had a significant role in the observed biodegradation of heavy oil during the 429-day bioremediation with respect to the pH of the solution. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria had a tendency to play the greatest role under neutral to alkaline condition (pH; 7–7.8). On the contrary, when pH shifted to acidic (pH; 2–4) levels, the fungi took over to degrade heavy oil. During the period, the aliphatic hydrocarbons were reduced significantly but the aromatic hydrocarbons remained relatively constant even after 429 days of bioremediation. Experimental study was undertaken to investigate the bioavailability of kaolinite clay minerals and the role they play in seawater polluted with the Nakhodka oil spill. TEM/EDS imaging suggested that the clays present in oil-polluted seawater were capable of stimulating oil-degrading bacteria probably because Si from clays facilitates bacterial usage of oil and C-O-Na-Si complexes on the surfaces of bacterial cell walls are a stimulator for oil-degrading bacterial growth in seawater contaminated with the Nakhodka oil spill.     

Rise of oil drops in water and fall of water drops in oil

Rise and fall velocities of oil drops in water and water drops in oil, respectively, are measured in a liquid column. The main perspective is on the similarity of the flows in these largely different cases. When the experimental data are plotted as the normalized rise velocity, which is the Reynolds number, versus the Archimedes number a common curve appears. This proves that similarity exists at least with respect to the velocity. Larger drops deviate considerably from the spherical shape. Nevertheless the data set can be represented by a formula derived from data on hard spheres. In particular the Stokes limit for Re→0 is nicely confirmed by measuring down to 10^? 4.