工艺条件对WC-12%Co超细硬质合金性能的影响

采用不同粒度的WC粉,加入VC、Cr3C2做抑制剂,制备WC-12%Co超细硬质合金。采用D60-25型钴磁仪测量合金磁饱和,利用排水法测定合金密度,采用三点弯曲法在CMT4504拉伸机上检测合金的抗弯强度,试样抛光后在JEOL-6701F扫描电镜下观察合金的显微组织。研究了不同的WC粉末粒度、球磨时间、烧结工艺对WC-12%Co的超细硬质合金性能的影响。结果表明:过压烧结可明显提高合金抗弯强度、硬度和密度;随着球磨时间的增加,合金硬度不断上升,抗弯强度先增后减;采用0.55μm粒度WC粉制备的合金的硬度明显高于0.70μm粒度WC粉制备的合金。在本次实验中,选用0.55μm的WC粉末原料,混合料球磨85 h,通过过压烧结,可制备出性能优良的WC-12%Co超细硬质合金,硬度HV≥1 800,抗弯强度≥3 400 N/mm2。     

原料形貌特性和高温梯度碳化工艺对纳米WC粉末及其WC-Co合金均匀性的影响

采用不同氧化钨原料,通过氢还原、高温碳化工艺制备纳米W、WC粉末,研究了氧化钨形貌特性对纳米W、WC粉体形貌、均匀性的影响.择优选取了高比表面特制蓝钨(SBTO),并结合新型高温梯度碳化工艺制备了纳米碳化钨粉末,研究了新型高温梯度碳化工艺对纳米WC粉体特性及超细晶WC-Co硬质合金性能的影响.通过比表面测定仪、费氏粒度...     

两步碳化制备纳米WC粉末及其合金性能

研究了两步碳化工艺对氢还原/碳化制备的纳米WC粉末及其WC-Co合金性能的影响。结果表明,WC粉末的晶粒聚集和异常粗大颗粒主要是由于碳化初期钨颗粒因烧结合并增粗,而钨粉碳化不完全主要是由于碳化后期的温度偏低,利用先低温碳化后高温碳化的两步碳化工艺不仅能够有效抑制纳米颗粒烧结合并增粗,而且可以使钨粉充分碳化,得到颗粒细小、均匀,W2C含量极少的WC粉末;采用1120℃碳化加1180℃碳化的两步碳化工艺制备出的138 nm的WC粉末,W2C含量少于0.5%(质量分数),以其为原料制备的WC-Co烧结体显微组织结构均匀,为超细晶硬质合金,综合性能优良,洛氏硬度HRA高达93.7,抗弯强度高达4380 MPa。     

高性能超细碳化钨粉质量影响因素探讨

在硬质合金的发展中,为了适应加工行业对高效、高质量金属切削工具的要求,人们对超细晶硬质合金的研究一直没有停止过。高性能超细碳化钨粉末是制备超细晶合金的首要条件。本文从原料APT、还原工艺、气流分散等关键工序,探讨均匀性好、稳定性高的超细碳化钨粉末的质量影响因素。研究结果说明,氧化钨关键指标应该包含粒度分布、相成分、氧指数及NH3、H2O含量;还原过程中,低温反应时间适应相应粒度长大,可以使钨粉的粒度更加均匀;优化分散工艺,可改善超细碳化钨粉末物理指标。     

EFFECTS OF SIZE COMBINATION AND CONTACTING STATE OF RAW POWDER PARTICLES ON SPARK PLASMA SINTERED ULTRAFINE CEMENTED CARBIDES

本文采用亚微米WC粉和纳米Co粉、亚微米WC粉和高能球磨后具有纳米晶组织的微米级Co粉这两种具有不同粒径匹配的混合粉末作为原料粉末，利用放电等离子烧结（SPS）技术制备超细晶WC-10Co硬质合金。对不同原料粉末的SPS过程及烧结试样的显微组织和性能进行了系统的对比分析。实验结果表明，以两种混合粉末为原料均获得了平均晶粒尺寸在200nm以下的超细硬质合金材料，其中，采用亚微米WC粉和高能球磨的微米级Co粉利用SPS技术制备的材料相对密度达到98%以上，硬度达到HRA94.5，断裂韧性达到13.50MPa•m1/2，表明具有优良的综合性能。而采用亚微米WC粉和纳米Co粉利用SPS技术制备出的超细晶硬质合金的组织均匀性和性能较差。根据SPS技术的特殊烧结机理，对采用不同粒径匹配和结合状态的WC和Co混合粉末的SPS致密化机制进行了分析。     

APT晶型与粒度组成对碳化钨粉粒度及硬质合金晶粒异常长大的影响

选择单晶和多晶两种晶型的APT为原料，对粒度组成进行了筛分控制，通过对比以不同晶型与粒度组成的APT为初始原料制备的WC粉的形貌与粒度、硬质合金的粗晶数量，研究了APT晶型与粒度对WC粉和硬质合金物理性能与微观结构的影响。结果表明：相较于多晶APT，采用平均粒度接近的单晶APT制备的WC粉具备相对较小的平均粒度和更集中的粒度分布。同时，在不同碳含量和烧结温度下，以单晶APT为初始原料生产的WC所制备的硬质合金具备明显较少的异常长大晶粒，并且随烧结温度的升高和碳含量的增加，异常长大WC晶粒数量增加显著低于多晶APT生产WC所制备的合金；另外，无论是单晶还是多晶APT粉末中，控制200目以上粗大颗粒的存在，都会明显降低WC粉的平均粒度和离散度，并获得异常长大晶粒较少的硬质合金。     

北京科技大学推出纳米级超细晶粒无钴硬质合金制备技术

北京科技大学近日推出纳米级超细晶粒无钴硬质合金制备技术，该项技术由三部分组成：第一部分技术为生产超细颗粒WC粉末提供生产原料。只有WO３粉末的粒径≤５００nm才能保证生产出WC粉的粒径≤３００nm。目前第一部分技术可保证每日（２４小时）生产２０～２５Kg超细颗粒WO３粉末（采用超声喷热转换技术）。第二部分技术主要能提供平均粒径≤３００nm的WC粉末。目前可保证单台设计能力每日（２４小时）生产２０～３０Kg的２０～３０Kg的WC粉末。第三部分技术主要由各种特殊成型设备和特殊烧结设备及相应的操作技术来保证。目前…     

超细晶碳化钨-钴复合粉短流程制备工艺研究

以偏钨酸铵、醋酸钴及葡萄糖为原料,采用短流程工艺,通过喷雾转化法制备出含W、Co等元素的前驱体粉末、煅烧制备W、Co的氧化粉、最后以低温连续还原碳化法制备出WC晶粒尺寸约为260 nm的WC-Co复合粉。研究了短流程工艺3个关键步骤的参数变化对粉末形貌、粒径、氧含量、总碳和化合碳含量等特征的影响。结果表明,当溶液浓度为60%、进料速度为2 000 mL/min、离心转速为12 000 r/min时,制备的前驱体粉末粒度分布均匀,相互粘结的现象较少。温度为550℃、保温时间20 min时煅烧前驱体制备出的氧化物粉末粒度较均匀。当低温连续还原碳化温度为900℃、氢气流量为1.3 m3/h、保温时间为60 min时,可获得WC晶粒细小均匀、总碳和化合碳较为一致且接近于理论碳含量的WC-Co复合粉。     

原料粉末粒径匹配对放电等离子烧结制备的超细WC-Co硬质合金性能的影响

采用亚微米WC粉和纳米Co粉以及亚微米WC粉和微米Co粉的混合粉末作为原料,利用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备超细晶WC-10Co硬质合金.对比研究表明,以两种混合粉末为原料均获得了平均晶粒尺寸约为200 nm的超细硬质合金材料.其中,采用微米Co粉制备的材料的相对密度达到98.0%以上,硬度HRA达到94.5,断裂韧性达到13.50 MPa·m1/2,具有优良的综合性能;而采用纳米Co粉制备的硬质合金的组织均匀性和性能较差.根据SPS技术的烧结机理,对混合粉末的致密化机制进行了分析.     

自贡厂研制成超细WC粉和超细硬质合金牌号

自贡硬质合金厂承担了作为“八五”国家级重点开发项目之一超细WC粉及4个超细硬质合金牌号的研制。该厂的科技人员与中南工大粉冶所紧密合作，在研制过程中解决了两大难题。一是制粉问题，采用一种较为特殊的，称之谓“气相还原──—碳化法”，即以高纯鹤的化合物为原料，添加少量Cr、V等为抑制剂，能工业生产BET平均粒度＜0．15μm，小角度X射线散射测定＜0．1μm，粒度分布窄的超细WC粉。与此同时还研制成超细Co粉，平均粒度（朋T）＜0.4μmm；二是解决了利用上还超细WC粉和钴粉配制的超细合金在烧结过程中的晶粒长大问题。该厂研…     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.