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1.
This study was conducted to determine effects of genotypes and growing environment on phytosterols, triterpene alcohols, and
phospholipids (PL) in lupin (Lupinus albus L.) oil from seven genotypes grown in Maine and Virginia. The unsaponifiable lipid (UNSAP) and phospholipid (PL) fractions
ranged from 2.1 to 2.8% and from 2.6 to 2.8% of oil, respectively. UNSAP in lupin oil contained 19.9 to 28.7% sterols and
17.3 to 22.0% triterpene alcohols. Growing location significantly affected contents of total PL, PS, phosphatidylglycerol,
β-sitosterol, campesterol, and β-amyrin. Genotypic effects were significant for stigmasterol. PC (32.6 to 46.3% of PL), PE
(21.6 to 32% of PL), and PS (11.2 to 17.9% of PL) were the major PL in lupin oil. The concentration of PL classes in lupin
oil were in the following descending order: PC>PE>PS>PI>phosphatidic acid > lysophosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylglycerol
> diphosphatidylglycerol. In descending order of abundance, the sterols present in lupin oil were: β-sitosterol > campesterol
> stigmasterol > Δ5-avenasterol > Δ7-stigmastenol Lupeol was the most prominent triterpene alcohol in lupin seed oil. In general, growing environment had a much
greater influence on lupin oil characteristics than the genotypes. 相似文献
2.
Anwar A. Hamama Harbans L. Bhardwaj 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(3):361-366
In this study, the contents of total and individual phytosterols in sprouts made from seeds of seven canola (Brassica
napus L.) lines (Acropolis, Banjo, Jetton, KS-7740, KSM3-1-124, Mussette and Virginia), grown at three locations in Virginia (Orange,
Petersburg and Suffolk), were determined. Canola sprouts contained, on an average, 36.3 g sterols in 100 g of unsaponifiable
matter (UNSAP), 10.7 mg sterols in 1 g of oil and 2.4 mg sterols in 1 g of dry sprouts. The contents of individual phytosterols
(μg per g of oil) in canola sprouts were 1,162 brassicasterol, 3,799 campesterol, 34 stigmasterol, 5,359 β-sitosterol, 201
Δ5-avenasterol and 97 Δ7-stigmastenol. Canola lines had significant effects on the contents of oil, brassicasterol and campesterol. Locations had
significant effects on the oil, UNSAP, total sterols, brassicasterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The oil content in canola
sprouts was positively correlated with total sterols and Δ5-avenasterol, whereas oil content was negatively correlated with brassicasterol content. In general, the contents of campesterol
and β-sitosterol increased with an increase in total sterol content. The concentrations of sterols were in the following decreasing
order: β-sitosterol > campesterol > brassicasterol > Δ5-avenasterol > Δ7-stigmastenol > stigmasterol. These results indicate that canola sprouts may have the potential as a natural source of dietary
sterols and might be desirable for human nutrition. 相似文献
3.
A comprehensive lipid profiling of the oil from the edible mophane caterpillar, Imbrasia belina, has been carried out as part of the study of the nutritional value of the caterpillar. GC-MS analysis revealed the composition
of the major FA classes as 18:3 (29.98%), 16:0 (25.64%), 18:1 (17.97%), 18:0 (12.49%) and 18:2 (11.81%), which was in agreement
with reported GC-FID analysis of the phane oil. ESI-FTICR mass spectrometric analysis showed phane oil to contain 20 TAG classes,
with C54:4 (14.59%), C52:3 (14.71%) and C52:2 (10.49%) being the dominant classes, whilst 13C-NMR studies of the TAGs regiochemistry showed that occupancy of the sn-2 position was dominated by linolenyl and linoleoyl groups whereas the sn-1/3 positions were dominated by saturated groups. Normal-phase HPLC analysis of the unsaponifiable matter showed the presence
of α-tocopherol (71.39 μg/g) and γ-tocopherol (1.66 μg/g) as the only tocol content in phane oil. GC-MS analysis of the total acetylated unsaponifiable matter
gave the relative composition of the major sterols as cholesterol (53.77%), β-sitosterol (24.16%), 22-dehydrocholesterol (14.58%) and campesterol (6.26%), whilst GC-MS analysis of an SPE pre-fractionated
unsaponifiable matter gave the absolute 4-desmethylsterol content (μg/g) as cholesterol (4482.44), β-sitosterol (1861.95), 22-dehydrocholesterol (1274.53), campesterol (503.83) and stigmasterol (21.78). Perhaps the adverse
effect of such high dietary cholesterol content on humans could be mitigated by the presence of the substantial amounts of
β-sitosterol and campesterol which are known to be blood plasma cholesterol lowering phytosterols. 相似文献
4.
Sakina Khatoon R. G. Raja Rajan A. G. Gopala Krishna 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2010,87(3):321-326
The deodoriser distillate (DOD) of Indian soybean oil obtained from two industries processing soybean oil was investigated
for its physicochemical characteristics, its composition of tocopherols, phytosterols, fatty acids and recovery of phytosterols
for use in nutraceutical products. It was found that the two DOD samples studied were dark in color and had higher amounts
of free fatty acids (22.7 and 49.9%), unsaponifiable matter (11.8 and 21.9%) (5–10 times found in soybean oil), total tocopherols
(1957–2256 mg/100 g) (20 times the amount in soybean oil), and 6–10% of phytosterols (12–20 times the soybean oil). The fatty
acids found were palmitic (23.2–25.5%), stearic (1.4–2.4%), oleic (23.8–26.1%), linoleic (40.4–41.1%) and linolenic (2.7–3.2%)
acids. The unsaponifiable matter (21.9%) and phytosterols (8.7%) content of DOD-2 were higher than in DOD-1 and hence was
more suited for isolation of phytosterols. Using hexane and water for crystallisation, the DOD-2 yielded a phytosterol fraction
with lower recovery of 13.2–17.8% while treatment with alkali to remove FFA and the glycerides followed by organic solvent
extraction yielded unsaponifiable matter containing phytosterols with a recovery of 74.6%. Later the unsaponifiable matter
was purified by double crystallisation into a mixture of phytosterols of 87% purity containing β-sitosterol (34.3%), stigmasterol
(3.1%) and campesterol (50.1%). The product may find use in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and allied industries probably
as a nutraceutical. 相似文献
5.
Parvin Sharayei Reza Farhoosh Hashem Poorazrang Mohammad Hossein Haddad Khodaparast 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(7):993-1000
The anti-rancidity effect of the unsaponifiable matter fraction of bene kernel (UFB) oil on canola oil (CAO) during frying
was compared to that of tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). The UFB was separated into hydrocarbons (12.9%), carotenes (9.6%), tocopherols and tocotrienols
(65.8%, mainly γ-tocopherol), linear and triterpenic alcohols (3.8%), methyl sterols (2.8%), sterols (3.0%, mainly β-sitosterol,
stigmasterol, Δ5-avenasterol, and Δ7-avenasterol, respectively), and triterpenic dialcohols (2.2%). The results obtained from the measurements of the total polar
compounds, the conjugated diene value, the carbonyl value, and total tocopherols showed that the stability of CAO improves
similarly in the presence of UFB or TBHQ, and even more in the presence of UFB in some cases (especially inhibition of oxidized
triglyceride monomers and triglyceride dimers). The analysis of polar components showed that the antioxidative additives were
more effective to resist the formation of thermo-oxidative than hydrolytic products during the frying of CAO. 相似文献
6.
To assess the potential of traditional selection breeding to develop varieties with increased phytosterol content, we determined
concentrations of those sterols in canola, sunflower, and soybean seed oils produced from breeding lines of diverse genetic
backgrounds. Seed oils were extracted and saponified, and the nonsaponifiable fractions were subjected to silylation. The
major phytosterols brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, were quantified by capillary gas chromatography
with flame-ionization detection. Canola contained approximately twice the amount of total phytosterols (4590–8070 μg g−1) as sunflower (2100–4540 μg g−1) or soybean (2340–4660 μg g−1) oils. Phytosterol composition varied among crops as expected, as well as within a crop. Both genetic background and planting
location significantly affected total phytosterol concentrations. Soybean plants were maintained from flower initiation to
seed maturity under three temperature regimes in growth chambers to determine the effect of temperature during this period
on seed oil phytosterol levels. A 2.5-fold variability in total phytosterol content was measured in these oils (3210–7920
μg g−1). Total phytosterol levels increased with higher temperatures. Composition also changed, with greater percent campesterol
and lower percent stigmasterol and β-sitosterol at higher temperatures. In these soybean oils, total phytosterol accumulation
was correlated inversely with total tocopherol levels. Owing to the relatively limited variability in phytosterol levels in
seed oils produced under field conditions, it is unlikely that a traditional breeding approach would lead to a dramatic increase
in phytosterol content or modified phytosterol composition. 相似文献
7.
Varietal and crop year effects on lipid composition of walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marcela L. Martínez Miguel A. Mattea Damián M. Maestri 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2006,83(9):791-796
The FA, unsaponifiable, and volatile constituents of oil from three walnut varieties from two consecutive crop years were
studied. The walnut oils (WO) were rich in PUFA and low in saturated FA. The tocopherol fraction consisted mainly of γ-tocopherol.
High contents of β-sitosterol were found, together with campesterol and Δ5-avenasterol in similar amounts. Methylsterols present in WO were identified as cycloartenol, cyclolaudenol, cycloeucalenol,
and 24-methylenecycloartanol. The hydrocarbon fraction was characterized by the predominance of C14–C20
n-alkanes. The major volatiles were aldehydes produced through the linoleic acid oxidative pathway. FA, methylsterols, and
some hydrocarbons presented statistically significant differences among varieties. Most of this variation was due to the genotype.
The Franquette variety was noteworthy by its higher oil and oleic acid contents. In contrast, tocopherols and volatile compounds
showed minor differences among varieties; they were strongly influenced by the crop year. Chemical data were subjected to
principal component analysis. The parameters that gave the greatest discrimination between the walnut varieties were oleic
and linolenic acids, tetradecane, eicosane, tetracosane, cycloartenol, and 24-methylenecycloartanol. These components presented
the major varietal influences and could be useful to determine the identity of walnut genotypes. 相似文献
8.
Maria Luisa Forchielli Germana Bersani Sara Tala Gabriele Grossi Cristina Puggioli Massimo Masi 《Lipids》2010,45(1):63-71
Intravenous lipid constituents have different effects on various biological processes. Some of these effects are protective,
while others are potentially adverse. Phytosterols, in particular, seem to be implicated with parenteral nutrition-associated
cholestasis. The aim of this study is to determine the amount of plant and animal sterols present in lipid formulations derived
from different oil sources. To this end, animal (cholesterol) and plant (β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) sterols
in seven different commercially available intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) were quantified by capillary gas chromatography
after performing a lipid extraction procedure. The two major constituents of the lipid emulsions were cholesterol (range 14–57%
of total lipids) and β-sitosterol (range 24–55%), followed by campesterol (range 8–18%) and stigmasterol (range 5–16%). The
fish oil-derived formulation was an exception, as it contained only cholesterol. The mean values of the different sterols
were statistically different across ILEs (P = 0.0000). A large percentage of pairwise comparisons were also statistically significant (P = 0.000), most notably for cholesterol and stigmasterol (14 out of 21 for both), followed by campesterol (12 out 21) and
β-sitosterol (11 out 21). In conclusion, most ILEs combined significant amounts of phytosterols and cholesterol. However,
their phytosterols:cholesterol ratios were reversed compared to the normal human diet. 相似文献
9.
Y. C. Mitei J. C. Ngila S. O. Yeboah L. Wessjohann J. Schmidt 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2009,86(7):617-625
The phytosterol, tocopherol, and tocotrienol profiles for mkukubuyo, Sterculia africana, manketti, Ricinodendron rautanenni, mokolwane, Hyphaene petersiana, morama, Tylosema esculentum, and moretologa-kgomo, Ximenia caffra, seed oils from Botswana have been determined. Normal-phase HPLC analysis of the unsaponifiable matter showed that among the
selected oils, the most abundant tocopherol and tocotrienol were γ-tocopherol (2232.99 μg/g) and γ-tocotrienol (246.19 μg/g),
detected in manketti and mkukubuyo, respectively. Mokolwane oil, however, contained the largest total tocotrienol (258.47 μg/g).
Total tocol contents found in manketti, mokolwane, mkukubuyo, morama, and moretologa-kgomo oils were 2238.60, 262.40, 246.20,
199.10, and 128.0 μg/g, respectively. GC–MS determination of the relative percentage composition of phytosterols showed 4-desmethylsterols
as the most abundant phytosterols in the oils, by occurring up to 90% in moretologa-kgomo, mkukubuyo, and manketti seed oils,
with β-sitosterol being the most abundant. Mokolwane seed oil contained the largest percentage composition of 4,4-dimethylsterols
(45.93%). Besides 4-desmethylsterols (75%), morama oil also contained significant amounts of 4,4-dimethylsterols and 4-monomethylsterols
(15.72% total). GC–MS determination of the absolute amounts of 4-desmethylsterols, after SPE fractionation of the unsaponifiable
matter, confirmed that β-sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol in the test seed oils, with manketti seed oil being
the richest source (1326.74 μg/g). The analysis showed total 4-desmethylsterols content as 1617.41, 1291.88, 861.47, 149.15,
and 109.11 μg/g for manketti, mokolwane, mkukubuyo, morama, and moretologa-kgomo seed oils, respectively. 相似文献
10.
Paresch Chandra Dutta Seved Helmersson Eshetu Kebedu Getinet Alema Lars-Åke Appelqvist 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(8):839-843
Niger seed samples were collected from different regions in Ethiopia for determination of oil content, and of fatty acid,
tocopherol and sterol composition in the seed oil by gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography
methods. There was a large variation in oil content, ranging from 29 to 39%. More than 70% of the fatty acids was linoleic
acid (18∶2) in all samples analyzed. The other predominant fatty acids were palmitic (16∶0), stearic (18∶0) and oleic (19∶1)
at a range of 6 to 11% each. Total polar lipids recovered after preparative thin-layer chromatography comprised a small fraction
of the total lipids. They had higher 16∶0 and lower 18∶2 contents than the triacylglycerols.α-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in all samples, 94–96% of the total amounting to 630–800 μg/g oil. More than 40%
of the total sterols wasβ-sitosterol,ca. 2000μg/g oil. The other major sterols were campesterol and stigmasterol, ranging from 11 to 14%. The Δ5- and Δ7-avenasterols were
in the range of 4 to 7%. From the samples studied, no conclusion could be drawn regarding the influence of altitude or location
on oil content, tocopherol and/or sterol contents. The results of the present study on niger seed oil are discussed in comparison
with known data for common oils from Compositae,viz, safflower and sunflower. 相似文献
11.
Effect of extraction system, stage of ripeness, and kneading temperature on the sterol composition of virgin olive oils 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
A. Koutsaftakis F. Kotsifaki E. Stefanoudaki 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(12):1477-1481
Comparative extraction trials were carried out among a classical pressing, a dual-, and a three-phase centrifugation system
using olive crops of Koroneiki variety. Two different kneading temperatures, 30 and 45°C, were tested at three stages of ripeness
for two consecutive years of harvest, 1995–1996 and 1996–1997. Composition of the sterol fraction was determined in the resulting
olive oil samples (n=72). Stigmasterol was found to be affected by the extraction system; it was obtained in the highest amount in the pressing
system. The ratio campesterol/stigmasterol was significantly higher in oils extracted by dual- and three-phase centrifugation.
Sterols were significantly affected by the ripening stage of the fruit. During December, the ratio campesterol/stigmasterol
reached the maximal and β-sitosterol the minimal values; this appears to be the optimal period for harvesting the olives.
Comparison of the different kneading temperatures showed that at 30°C, Δ5-avenasterol and campesterol/stigmasterol ratio reached higher values than at 45°C. 相似文献
12.
Analysis of tocopherols and phytosterols in vegetable oils by HPLC with evaporative light-scattering detection 总被引:1,自引:5,他引:1
Methods were developed for the separation, detection, and quantification of tocopherols and phytosterols by high-performance
liquid chromatography with an evaporative light-scattering detector. Four tocopherols— α, β, γ and δ—and four phytosterols—campesterol,
β-sitosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol—were analyzed in soybean, sunflower, low-erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) and corn
oils. The use of an evaporative light-scattering detector, in conjunction with modification of methods from the literature
to prepare and analyze tocopherols and phytosterols by HPLC, showed consistent results between trials and levels of these
minor constituents.
Presented at the Annual American Oil Chemists' Society Meeting, May 3–7, 1989, Cincinnati, OH. 相似文献
13.
Camelina oil and its unusual cholesterol content 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
V. K. S. Shukla P. C. Dutta W. E. Artz 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(10):965-969
The oil in Camelina sativa L. Crantz has a combined linolenic and linoleic acid content that is greater than 50% and a relatively low saturated FA content
(∼10%). Although the FA composition has been reported, no information is available on the sterol composition of camelina oil.
The derivatized plant sterols were separated and quantified with capillary GC and their identity confirmed with GC-MS. The
refined camelina oil sample contained approximately 0.54 wt% unsaponifiables, and over 80% of the unsaponifiables were desmethylsterols.
Perhaps the most unusual characteristic of camelina oil is its relatively high content of cholesterol, particularly for a
vegetable oil, since it contains several times the cholesterol found in other “high-cholesterol” vegetable oils. Camelina
oil also contains relatively large amounts of another unusual sterol, brassicasterol. The major sterols identified in the
camelina oil included cholesterol (188 ppm), brassicasterol (133 ppm), campesterol (893 ppm), stigmasterol (103 ppm), sitosterol
(1,884 ppm), and Δ5-avenasterol (393 ppm). 相似文献
14.
Effect of genetic modification on the distribution of minor constituents in canola oil 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
S. L. Abidi G. R. List K. A. Rennick 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(4):463-467
Oil derived from different lines of genetically modified canola varieties was analyzed for phospholipids, tocopherols, and
phytosterols by various chromatographic techniques. As observed previously in genetically modified soybean oils, there was
a decrease in the content and composition of phosphatidic acid in three of the modified canola oils derived from the 12 varieties
investigated. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses showed small variations in the phospholipid
content of major classes, despite few differences in their composition. Reversed-phase HPLC data indicated that the molecular
species distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine was significantly altered by genetic modification when compared to phosphatidylcholine.
Impact of oilseed modification on the tocopherol content was variable, with greater variation in the concentration of α- and
γ-tocopherols than δ-tocopherol. Phytosterol composition was markedly affected by genetic modification. Brassicasterol, campesterol,
and β-sitosterol levels were consistently lowered in one genotype, whereas increased brassicasterol content was observed in
the other variety. In general, genetic modification of canola seeds led to changes in the distribution of phospholipids, tocopherols,
and phytosterols.
Presented in part at the 89th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, Chicago, Illinois, May 10–13, 1998. 相似文献
15.
M. Angela T. Barroso J. A. Moura Fe F. M. Whiting W. H. Brown J. W. Stull 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1972,49(1):85-86
Grapefruit seed oil sterols separated from other lipids by Florisil column chromatography were characterized by gas liquid
chromatography. The presence of stigmasterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol is indicated. Expressed in terms of peak area,
the three sterols are present in proportions of 2.5%, 7.4% and 90.1% of the total, respectively. 相似文献
16.
Razia Sultana Rubina Saleem Nighat Sultana Farhana Afshan Tahsin Gulzar 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(6):1021-1027
Caesalpinia bonducella is an oilseed that is indigenous to Pakistan. The hexane-extracted oil content from the seed kernel was 17.3 ± 1.0% DM (dry matter). The proximate analysis of C. bonducella seed estimated protein, fiber and ash contents to be 20.8 ± 1.4, 5.3 ± 1.0 and 4.6 ± 0.8%, respectively. Trace metals were determined comparable to commonly consumed legume seeds. α-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol ranging from 345.10 to 460.21 mg/kg of oil, followed by γ- and δ-tocopherol. The major sterols were β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, Δ5-avenasterol, Δ7-stigmastenol and Δ7 avenasterol. The kernel oil was found to contain a high level of linoleic acid (72.7 ± 1.0%) followed by oleic, stearic and palmitic acids. The high percentage of linoleic acid revealed that this oil is a potential source for the manufacture of cosmetics, paints, varnishes, soaps, liquid soaps and other products including biodiesel. These investigations suggest that C. bonducella oil is potentially an important dietary source of essential fatty acids and protein which could be employed for edible and commercial applications in various industries of Pakistan. 相似文献
17.
Paresh Chandra Dutta 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(6):659-666
Hydrogenated rapeseed oil/palm oil blend, sunflower oil and high-oleic sunflower oil, and French fries fried in these oils
were assessed for contents of sterol oxidation products. Different oxidation products of phytosterols (7α- and 7β-hydroxy-sito-and
campesterol, 7-ketosito- and 7-ketocampesterol, 5α,6α-epoxy-sito- and campesterol, 5β,6β-epoxy-sito-and campesterol, dihydroxysitosterol
and dihydroxycampesterol) were identified and quantiated by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectroscopy. Rapeseed oil/palm
oil blend contained 41 ppm total sterol oxides before frying operations. After two days of frying, this level was increased
to 60 ppm. Sunflower oil and high-oleic sunflower oil had 40 and 46 ppm sterol oxides, respectively, before frying operations.
After two days of frying operations, these levels increased to 57 and 56 ppm, respectively. In addition to campesterol and
sitosterol oxidation products, small amounts of 7α- and 7β-hydroxystigmasterol were detected in the oil samples. Total sterol
oxides in the lipids of French fries fried at 200°C in rapeseed oil/palm oil blend, sunflower oil, and high-oleic sunflower
oil were 32, 37, and 54 ppm, respectively. The levels of total oxidized sterols, calculated per g sample, ranged from 2.4
to 4.0 ppm. In addition to the content of phytosterol oxides, full scan mass spectra of several oxidation products of stigmasterol
are reported for the first time.
Part of these results were presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the AOCS, May 7–11, 1995, San Antonio, TX. 相似文献
18.
Scots pine populations contain individuals with widely differing amounts and composition of monoterpenes and exist as one
of two chemotypes: with or without Δ3-carene. We investigated the significance for ecological studies of two types of variation in monoterpenes: (1) the inherent
variability in the concentration of monoterpenes or their relative amounts in needles of seedlings, saplings, and mature trees;
and (2) phenological variation in developing needles. The relative composition of needle monoterpenes in 5-year-old saplings
changed during the needle development period until the final composition was reached upon needle maturity. Changes in composition
depended on chemotype. Needles of the “no-Δ3-carene” chemotype had higher absolute concentrations of α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, and total monoterpenes than “Δ3-carene” chemotype. For the “Δ3-carene” chemotype, the relative concentration of Δ3-carene during the needle growing season and immediately after emergence of seedlings was higher compared to that reached
at needle maturity. Repeated removal of single needles (at weekly intervals during growth) from 5-year-old saplings did not
influence the composition of monoterpenes. Within a natural Scots pine dominated woodland, 18% of mature Scots pines (N = 574) belonged to the “no-Δ3-carene” chemotype. Chemotypic variation within populations means that the statistical power with which differences in monoterpene
concentrations can be detected is lower when sampling from the whole population compared to sampling within chemotypes. Reduction
of this background variation and accounting for chiral variation if present, would significantly aid efficiency, interpretation,
and understanding of processes in chemical and ecological research. One method for achieving this is the screening of plants
for chemotypes before the establishment of experiments or field sampling regimes. We present a summary of suitable analytical
methods for needle tissue that facilitates this prior screening. 相似文献
19.
Structuring of edible oils by mixtures of γ-oryzanol with β-sitosterol or related phytosterols 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The relation between molecular structure of oil-structuring agents and their gel-forming capability was investigated for mixtures
of the phytosterol ester γ-oryzanol with a series of phytosterols. Dihydrocholesterol, cholesterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol
were found to form firm transparent gels with γ-oryzanol in sunflower oil under the conditions used in this work. The mixture
of β-sitosterol with γ-oryzanol in sunflower oil does not gel immediately on cooling, but mechanical agitation such as shear
promotes gelling. Gels that are formed immediately after cooling show a higher modulus than gels for which there is a time
delay between cooling and agitation (150 vs. 100 kPa). The effect of oscillatory shear parameters (amplitude, frequency) is
small, as long as the yield stress of the gel is not exceeded. The gels withstand compression very well (up to deformations
of 10%), but yield at very small deformations. The enthalpy of melting of the solid phase is estimated to be 26±4 kJ/mol,
putting it in the same range as for certain fibrillar steroid-derived organogels. 相似文献
20.
Béatrice Ramaroson-Raonizafinimanana Emile M. Gaydou Isabelle Bombarda 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(1):51-55
4-Demethylsterol and triterpene alcohol compositions of two Vanilla bean species (V. fragrans and V. tahitensis) were investigated. From retention times and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, nine 4-demethylsterols were identified
in V. fragrans and seven in V. tahitensis. The 4-demethylsterol fraction of V. fragrans was characterized by a high content of 24-methylene cholesterol (27–40%) and of β-sitosterol (35–46%). The 4-demethylsterol
fraction of V. tahitensis was characterized by a high content of stigmasterol (27%) and of β-sitosterol (57.5%), and a lower amount of 24-methylene
cholesterol (5%). Vanilla tahitensis was also characterized by the presence of ergosta-5,25-dien-3β-ol (2%) and the absence of campesterol, stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3β-ol,
and ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol. The beans’ age modified the ratio 24-methylene cholesterol/β-sitosterol in V. fragrans. Combining liquid chromatography and gas chromatography allowed the identification of four other demethylsterols in V. fragrans (brassicasterol, 0.02%; stigmasta-5,23-dien-3β-ol, 1.43%; stigmasten-22-ol, 0.1%; and fucosterol, 0.5%) from the 4-demethylsterol
fraction. 24-Methylene cholesterol and β-sitosterol were isolated, and their structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Four triterpene alcohols were identified in V. fragrans, including cycloartenol (0.9–1.6%) from the triterpene alcohol fraction, 24-dihydrotirucallol (17–23%) from the triterpene
alcohol fraction, tirucall-7-en-3β-ol (6–7.5%) from the triterpene alcohol fraction, and in a higher content cyclosadol (66–69%)
from the triterpene alcohol fraction. The content ranges were studied as a function of the beans’ age. Demethylsterol and
triterpene alcohols profile could be used for origin differentiation. 相似文献