用作过滤材料的静电纺纳米纤维的研究现状

综述了用作过滤材料的静电纺纳米纤维的国内外研究和使用现状。静电纺丝为新型高效过滤材料的开发提供了一种新的途径。静电纺纳米纤维的比表面积大,其所构成的纤维毡孔隙率高,且内部孔隙连通性好,容易与纳米级粒子结合,非常适合用作过滤分离材料。     

过滤时间对空气过滤材料过滤性能的影响

通过设定不同的过滤时间,测试静电纺纳米纤维膜和熔喷非织造材料的过滤性能,研究其过滤效率和过滤阻力随过滤时间的变化规律。结果发现:过滤时间的增加使得过滤效率和过滤阻力呈现不同程度的增长。过滤时间的增加对静电纺纳米纤维膜过滤性能的影响较显著,设计面密度为10.00 g/m~2的静电纺纳米纤维膜的过滤效率和过滤阻力明显上升,而设计面密度为20.00和40.00 g/m~2的静电纺纳米纤维膜因孔径过小导致其过滤阻力在短时间内超过1 000 Pa,故面密度较大的静电纺纳米纤维膜不适合用于普通的空气过滤。熔喷非织造材料结构较蓬松,孔径较大,孔隙不易被堵塞,当过滤时间为12 h时,除设计面密度为40.00 g/m~2的熔喷非织造材料过滤阻力增加较明显外,其他熔喷非织造材料的过滤效率和过滤阻力增幅均不大。     

静电纺纤维制品在空气过滤中的应用

介绍静电纺纤维材料在空气过滤中的应用现状,指出静电纺纤维制品存在形态结构均匀性差、强度小、生产效率低等问题,提出改进措施,最后介绍了静电纺纤维毡的抗菌功能化.     

串珠纤维对静电纺纤维复合滤纸结构和性能的影响

本研究制备了静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸和静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸,对其微观形貌和孔径等结构特性以及过滤阻力、过滤效率和容尘量等过滤性能进行了分析。结果表明,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸和静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸的纺丝层纤维平均直径接近,分别为225、250 nm。通过控制纺丝时间使二者的初始过滤阻力相近时,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸过滤效率为73.1%,静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸过滤效率为38.2%。相同测试条件下,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸阻力上升速度比静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸慢,达到相同终止阻力时,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸的作用时间更长、容尘量更大,二者的容尘量分别为119.29、96.23 g/m~2;并采用仿真模拟软件GeoDict建立模型,探究了两者阻力变化情况和容尘量的差异。     

静电纺防尘过滤材料的研究现状

静电纺纤维毡以其高表面吸附能和高孔隙率成为高效防尘材料研究的热点。介绍纤维空气过滤理论及其发展历史,阐述静电纺单层纤维毡和多层复合纤维毡在国内外的研究现状。     

纳米级聚乙烯醇纤维毡的性能研究

着重研究了利用静电纺丝方法制备的聚乙烯醇纳米纤维毡（以下简称静电纺PVA纳米纤维毡）的透气性及其吸水性能。研究表明，由于静电纺PVA纤维毡结构紧密，其透气性能差，且不同的纺丝条件制备的静电纺PVA纤维毡的透气性也是不同的；静电纺PVA纤维毡和PVA烘干膜相比具有更好的吸水性能。     

聚丙烯腈静电纺/聚丙烯熔喷复合材料的制备及过滤性能研究

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为原料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂制备纺丝液并进行静电纺丝,用熔喷聚丙烯(PP)非织造材料为基材接收静电纺PAN纳米纤维膜,制备PAN静电纺/PP熔喷复合材料。研究了静电纺丝工艺参数对纤维直径及均匀度的影响,优化了静电纺丝工艺,在此基础上改变纺丝时间控制熔喷非织造材料表面复合的静电纺纳米纤维含量,通过AFC-131滤料性能测试系统测试了PAN静电纺/PP熔喷复合材料的空气过滤性能。结果表明,在熔喷非织造材料喷覆静电纺PAN纳米纤维膜后,过滤效率明显提高,颗粒越小,过滤效率提高越多,且随喷覆时间的增加,过滤效率提高,滤阻增加,但滤阻增加值小于过滤效率增加值,综合考虑在纺丝时间为10min时,可以制备高效低阻的PAN静电纺/PP熔喷复合非织造过滤材料。     

静电纺PVA纳米纤维毡的力学性能

研究了静电纺工艺条件对聚乙烯醇(PVA)纳米纤维毡力学性能的影响。结果表明,随电压升高,静电纺PVA纳米纤维毡的断裂伸长率先增加后降低,断裂强度逐渐增加;随着喷丝口与接收屏之间距离的增加,静电纺PVA纳米纤维毡的断裂伸长率和断裂强度先增加,然后迅速下降;随着纺丝液质量分数的升高,静电纺PVA纳米纤维毡的断裂伸长率增加,断裂强度先下降,然后迅速升高。     

静电纺高效防尘复合滤料的制备及其性能

为获得无毒无害高效防尘口罩的过滤材料,采用静电纺丝技术制备直径为（0.088±0.01）μm的锦纶6∕ 壳聚糖（PA6/CS）共混纳米纤维,与丙纶熔喷非织造布复合形成高效防尘复合滤料,研究了静电纺丝时间对复合滤料表面形貌、孔径及其分布、过滤性能和透气透湿性能的影响。结果表明,静电纺（PA6/CS）纳米纤维层可显著提高丙纶熔喷非织造布的过滤效率,静电纺丝 90 min 后复合滤料对 NaCl 气溶胶的过滤效率达到99%以上,明显高于丙纶熔喷非织造布的过滤效率（29%）,但是随着静电纺丝时间的延长,复合滤料的孔径、过滤阻力和透气性能明显下降,而透湿性能变化不明显。     

静电纺聚乙烯醇的纺丝工艺对纤维毡宏观形态的影响

研究了聚乙烯醇（PVA）的浓度、纺丝电压和接收距离对PVA静电纺纤维毡的宏观形态的影响。通过PVA纳米纤维毡的外观形态确定静电纺PVA纳米纤维毡的合理工艺参数。     

炭化温度对静电纺碳纳米纤维结构及导电性能的影响

用静电纺的方法制得聚丙烯腈（PAN）纳米纤维,在250℃对PAN纳米纤维毡进行预氧化,然后在不同温度下进行炭化得到碳纳米纤维。利用X光衍射和拉曼光谱分析碳纳米纤维的内部结构,用四探针法测碳纳米纤维毡的导电率。研究表明：随着炭化温度的提高,微晶尺寸（Lc）和石墨摩尔分数（La）逐渐增大,碳纳米纤维毡的导电性也逐渐增大。石墨摩尔分数（La）与电导率呈很好的线性关系。     

基于静电纺丝的柔性各向异性应变传感器的制备及其性能

为实现特定方向应变的检测,拓展柔性应变传感器的适用范围,利用磁场辅助静电纺丝技术制备平行排布的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)纳米纤维薄膜,并组装成各向异性柔性压电传感器.探究了纺丝参数对纤维薄膜形貌的影响,借助拉曼光谱仪对其化学结构进行表征;对传感器的应变响应性进行测试,并验证其应用于输尿管蠕动检测的可行性.结果表明:纺丝电压...     

Fabrication of poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) nanofiber yarns by conjugate electrospinning

Conventional electrospinning is an efficient method to fabricate polymer nanofibers which are usually collected as non‐woven mats. Recently, in order to fabricate a nanofiber yarn, conjugate electrospinning has been developed using coupled spinnerets applied with two high electrical voltages of opposite polarities In this paper, poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) nanofiber yarns are prepared by conjugate electrospinning. The effects of the concentration and delivery rate of polymer solution and the distance between coupled spinnerets on the structure of PVDF‐HFP nanofiber yarns are investigated. The structure of the nanofiber yarns is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of the nanofiber yarns are measured by electronic fiber strength tester. The results show that the PVDF‐HFP nanofiber yarn consists of a large number of nanofibers aligned well along the longitudinal axis of the yarn, and the nanofibers have diameters ranging from several hundred nanometers to a few microns. The diameter of nanofibers in yarns increases with the increase in the polymer concentration, which significantly affects the structure of nanofiber yarns. The PVDF‐HFP nanofiber yarn electrospun from the polymer solution with a concentration of 45% has the highest tensile strength of 0.25 cN/dtex and an elongation of 180.13%.     

A comparison between the UV protection of PAN/ZnO and PAN/MWNT composite nanofiber mats

The main purpose of this study is to compare the ultraviolet protection properties of PAN/ZnO and PAN/MWNT composite nanofiber mats at different concentration of MWCNT and ZnO nanoparticles. The nanofiber mats were successfully fabricated in electrospinning. The UV transmission of two types of mats was measured and then the UV protection factor was calculated and compared with each other. The results show that the UV protection factor of the PAN/MWNT composite nanofibers mats of 3 gr/m² is better than that of PAN/ZnO at nanoparticle concentrations of ≥2.5%, while the PAN/ZnO mats of ≥5% ZnO nanoparticles also provide enough UV protection properties to cover the standard requirements.     

纳米纤维膜润湿性对三明治结构复合过滤材料气液过滤性能的影响

为提高纳米纤维膜的气液过滤性能,通过静电纺丝技术制备不同组分纳米纤维膜,与不同润湿性玻璃纤维基材组成三明治结构复合过滤材料,分析了纳米纤维膜润湿性对复合过滤材料气液过滤性能的影响以及玻璃纤维基材与纳米纤维膜间润湿性的作用关系。结果表明:亲油玻璃纤维基材与纳米纤维膜制备的复合过滤材料对亚微米液滴的过滤效率较原玻璃纤维基材升高11.9%,品质因子随纳米纤维膜润湿性增大而增大;疏油玻璃纤维基材与纳米纤维膜制备的复合过滤材料的稳态压降大幅上升,过滤效率增加明显,但对亚微米和微米级液滴的品质因子均降低,较原玻璃纤维基材分别下降57%和63%;复合过滤材料的过滤性能受基材润湿性影响,仅当背风基材侧亲油时添加纳米纤维膜可提高综合过滤性能。     

Preparation and characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride/polysulfone-amide composite nanofiber mats

The polyvinylidene fluoride/polysulfone-amide (PVDF/PSA) composite nanofiber mats were prepared via electrospinning method and characterized systematically by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). In this study, five PVDF/PSA composite spinning solutions with the setting of different mass ratio were mixed by using mechanical agitation method. The mechanical property, wettability and the air permeability of the PVDF/PSA composite nanofiber mats were also measured and discussed. The results show that the addition of PSA has tuned the composite nanofiber mats from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. It is also found that the mechanical property, thermal stability could be improved with the increasing percentage of PVDF component. The PVDF/PSA composite nanofiber mats with the mass ratio of 5/5 gives the best air permeability. In this work, the newly developed composite nanofiber mats have the potential applications in the development of filtration membranes, protective materials, lithium battery diaphragms, etc.     

Adhesion and protective properties of polyvinyl alcohol nanofibrous composite fabrics

To avoid the separation of nanofiber mats and substrates during post-processing, the substrate was pretreated by plasma before electrospinning. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber mats were deposited on the habutae, polyester-taffeta, and nylon-taffeta fabrics by a needless electrospinning setup with spiral disk spinnerets. The effects of plasma treatment on the adhesion of electrospun PVA nanofibrous composite fabrics were studied. The aerosol particles protective performance and wearabilities were also investigated as a function of the thickness of electrospun PVA nanofiber mat. Results showed that the surface nanoscale concave–convex roughness of substrate fabric was formed after oxygen plasma treatment. The peeling strength and peeling energy increased with the increase in surface roughness in a limited range. The peeling energy of PVA/nylon-taffeta enhanced to 2.97 times when nylon-taffeta treated by oxygen plasma at 200 W for 3 min. The aerosol particle filtration efficiency enhanced with the increase in electrospinning time, and the quality factor of PVA/nylon-taffeta was the highest with electrospinning for 10 min. Simultaneously, the air permeability and the water vapor transmission rate of PVA/nylon-taffeta decreased with the increase in electrospinning time, whereas the drape coefficient increased.     

静电纺参数对二醋酸纳米纤维直径分布的影响

为研究二醋酸纳米纤维工艺参数对其直径分布的影响,采用静电纺丝技术制备纳米纤维,对影响纳米纤维形貌的纺丝液质量分数、纺丝距离、电压及纺丝速度等参数进行探讨,对实验工艺进行优化,确定实验最佳参数。借助扫描电镜对制备的纳米纤维形貌进行观察,并应用Photoshop CS 3.0软件对纤维直径进行测量统计。结果表明,纺丝液质量分数、纺丝速度、纺丝距离对纳米纤维直径的影响较为显著,而纺丝电压对纳米纤维直径的影响相对较小。     

静电纺聚丙烯腈纳米纤维复合滤材的制备及其气液过滤性能

为探究纳米纤维物性参数对复合滤材气液过滤性能的影响,利用静电纺丝方法在普通玻璃纤维滤材上制备了聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维层,以3层堆叠方式得到不同纳米纤维层面密度和纤维直径的复合滤材。在相同实验操作条件下,以癸二酸二辛酯(DEHS)为实验介质,通过滤材气液过滤性能实验装置分析了不同复合滤材的过滤效率、压降和品质因子。结果表明：复合滤材的稳态过滤效率和压降均随着纳米纤维层面密度的增大而增加,但稳态品质因子呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在面密度为0.4 g/m2时达到最大值;在面密度相等的条件下,纳米纤维直径由706.5 nm降低到520.1 nm,滤材的稳态过滤效率和品质因子均随着纳米纤维直径降低而逐渐增加,表明在复合滤材中宜选用纤维直径较小的纳米纤维层。     

纳米纤维-包芯纱

为生产纳米纤维,已经开发了许多静电纺丝技术。数以百计的不同聚合物的溶液或熔体已被加工成纳米纤维,最普通的形式是纳米纤维层。除此之外,含有相应无机物的辅助聚合物通过静电纺丝,接着进行退火处理,可把各种无机物转化为纳米纤维。