Heavy metal removal from shooting range soil by hybrid electrokinetics with bacteria and enhancing agents

This study presents a method for heavy metal removal from a shooting range soil by a newly suggested hybrid technology. Active bioaugmentation was performed using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in the bioleaching step, and each test was sequentially combined with acid-enhanced and EDTA-enhanced electrokinetics. The results of the bioleaching processes indicated that S-oxidizing bacteria enhanced the mobility of heavy metals in the soil, based on their chemical forms. This process improved the final removal efficiencies of Cu and Zn in the hybrid electrokinetics. In the case of Pb, however, anglesite (PbSO(4)) has been easily formed in the bioleaching step from sulfate, a byproduct of S oxidation. Despite the potential negative effect on combining acid-enhanced electrokinetics, this problem was overcome by the application of an electrokinetic EDTA injection. Moreover, this method showed enhanced removal efficiency for Pb (92.7%) that was superior to that of an abiotic process. This hybrid method of EDTA-enhanced bioelectrokinetics demonstrated an adequate removal efficiency of heavy metals, especially Pb, with lower power consumption and eco-friendly soil conditions.     

Heavy metal concentrations in raw milk collected from different regions of Samsun,Turkey

In this study, 144 raw milk samples were analysed for heavy metal contamination derived from emissions from industrial operations in Tekkekoy, Samsun, Turkey. Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb levels in samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The average amounts of copper, chromium, iron, zinc, nickel, cadmium, arsenic and lead were determined as 1.130, 0.441, 12.920, 0.032, 0.483, 0.006, 0.003 and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively. It was determined that the summer period has the highest levels for copper, lead and cadmium. The highest contents of arsenic and copper were found at the two industrial regions that were close to Black Sea, described as ‘1st’ and ‘2nd’ region. Whereas the 3rd and 4th regions that were far from an industrial zone and also from the Black Sea, nickel, lead and chromium had the highest levels.     

Spatial distribution and speciation of lead around corroding bullets in a shooting range soil studied by micro-X-ray fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy

We investigated the spatial distribution and speciation of Pb in the weathering crust and soil surrounding corroding metallic Pb bullets in a shooting range soil. The soil had a neutral pH, loamy texture, and was highly contaminated with Pb, with total Pb concentrations in the surface soil up to 68 000 mg kg(-1). Undisturbed soil samples containing corroding bullets were collected and embedded in resin, and polished sections were prepared for micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) elemental mapping and micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure (micro-XANES) spectroscopy. Bullet weathering crust material was separated from the metallic Pb cores and analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Our results show a steep decrease in total Pb concentrations from the bullet weathering crust into the surrounding soil matrix. The weathering crust consisted of a mixture of litharge [alpha-PbO], hydrocerussite [Pb3(CO3)2-(OH)2], and cerussite [PbCO3], with litharge dominating near the metallic Pb core and cerussite dominating in the outer crust, which is in contact with the soil matrix. On the basis of these results and thermodynamic considerations, we propose that the transition of Pb species after oxidation of Pb(O) to Pb(II) follows the sequence litharge --> hydrocerussite --> cerussite. Consequently, the solubility of cerussite limits the activity of Pb2+ in the soil solution in contact with weathering bullets to < or =1.28 x 10(-6) at pH 7, assuming that the CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) in the soil is equal or larger than in the atmosphere (PCO2 > or = 0.000 35 atm).     

Combined bioaugmentation and biostimulation to cleanup soil contaminated with high concentrations of atrazine

We developed a joint bioaugmentation and biostimulation approach for the clean up of soil contaminated with high (168.7 and 337.4 microg g(-1)) concentrations of the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine). Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP (P. ADP) was used for bioaugmentation (approximately 10(7) cells g(-1) soil), and citrate (concentration range 5.8-40 mg g(-1) soil) and succinate (6.2-30.8 mg g(-1)) were used for biostimulation. The study soil had indigenous potential for atrazine mineralization (54.4 +/- 2% of 168.7 microg g(-1) mineralized after 67 day), but rapid mineralization only took place after a prolonged acclimation phase (approximately 28 days). Inoculation with P. ADP alone resulted in a limited improvement in mineralization (e.g., 30.6 +/- 1% mineralization of 168.7 microg g(-1) of atrazine in inoculated soil cf. < 0.5% in noninoculated in 7 days). Quantification of surviving numbers of P. ADP revealed a 10-fold decline from initial levels. However, bioaugmentation together with citrate or succinate biostimulation markedly increased P. ADP cell survival and atrazine mineralization (e.g., addition of 11.6 mg g(-1) of citrate increased mineralization of 337.4 microg g(-1) of atrazine from < 2 to 79.9 +/- 1% in 13 days). A critical parameter in determining the extent of atrazine mineralization by P. ADP was C(s):N(atz) (soluble carbon to atrazine nitrogen ratio): C(s):N(atz) > 40 was required for maximal atrazine mineralization. We suggest our observations may be used as a framework for rational bioremediation of field soils contaminated with atrazine.     

Heavy metal concentrations in fish,shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards

Heavy metals are an important group of chemical contaminants and food is the major vehicle for entry into the system. Fish constitute a major source of heavy metals in food. Concentration of heavy metals in commercially important species of fish, shellfish and fish products from fish markets in and around the Cochin area was evaluated using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The concentration ranges of Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, As, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, and Se in the samples were <0.07–1, <0.07–1.32, <0.05–2.31, <0.05 to 3.65, <0.1–4.14, 0.6 to 165, 0.15 to 24, <0.02 to 0.85, <0.08 to 9.2, <0.032–1.38 and; <0.03–1.35 mg/kg, respectively. The present study showed that different metals were present in the samples at different levels but within the maximum residual levels prescribed by the EU and USFDA and the fish and shellfish from these areas, in general, are safe for human consumption.     

转基因大豆种植对根际土壤酶活性和养分的影响

采用盆栽试验,以耐草甘膦大豆M88、抗虫耐草甘膦大豆ZB及常规大豆中黄13为研究对象,比较分析转基因大豆对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响。结果表明,在大豆成熟期时,与常规大豆中黄13相比,M88、ZB根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、速效磷含量无显著差异,硝态氮含量显著下降。根际土壤脲酶活性、铵态氮含量则表现不同,其变化随大豆品种的不同而不同。相较于常规大豆中黄13,M88根际土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量无显著差异;ZB根际土壤脲酶活性显著下降,而铵态氮含量则显著上升。     

不同牧场鲜牛乳中重金属含量的研究

目的 考察4个牧场的生鲜牛乳的重金属污染情况,评估鲜牛乳原料的安全性.方法 采用国家标准检测方法对4个牧区的生牛乳中重金属铬、铅、汞以及金属砷进行检测,其中使用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅和铬的含量,使用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定总砷含量,使用原子荧光光谱分析法测定总汞的含量.结果 铬含量最高的为DR牧场(0.052 ...     

Ensiling as a means of reducing ochratoxin a concentrations in contaminated barley

The feasibility of ensiling barley contaminated with ochratoxin A (OA) as a practical method of inactivating OA was examined in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In the in-vitro study, OA concentrations in barley decreased by approximately 68% after being ensiled for 56 days. To verify the destruction of the OA, a chick feeding trial was conducted. Samples of a toxin-and mould-free barley, mould-contaminated barley, a barley sample naturally contaminated with OA or a barley with added OA were each divided into two equal portions, one of which was ensiled for a period of 28 days. The mould-contaminated barley was naturally contaminated with Penicillium cyclopium and Aspergillus flavus. Diets containing either the ensiled or non-ensiled barley samples were then fed to 7-day-old Leghorn chicks for two 7-day periods. Changes in feed consumption (RFC) and body weight gain (RWG) relative to control birds, feed to gain ratio and mortality were monitored. The OA concentration in the two OA-containing barley samples decreased by 58% after 28 days of ensiling, but there was no improvement (P >0.05) in chick performance or mortality compared with the non-ensiled diets. The average RFC values for chicks fed the mould- and OA-containing diets were less than 50% of the controls and RWG generally less than 30%. In absolute terms, chicks fed the ensiled barley diets also performed about 6% poorer (P <0.003) than those given the non-ensiled barley. Ensiling did not appear to be a practical method of reducing teh toxic effect(s) of OA, despite the apparent decrease in OA concentration. Grain sampkles should be tested for the presence of a toxin prior to ensiling to avoid possible toxin analysis problems later.     

Ambivalent role of water in thermodesorption of hydrocarbons from contaminated soil

Thermodesorption studies with soil samples from a former filling station for light crude oil contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons (mainly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene, alkylnaphthalenes, and C(10) to C(14) alkanes) have revealed an ambivalent influence of water on desorption rates. Particularly, the influences of soil moisture content, humidity of the purge gas, temperature, and content of soil organic matter (SOM) were studied. At low temperature, purge gas humidity strongly affected the mobility of hydrocarbons in the soil organic matter (SOM) leading to an enhanced release of contaminants at higher moisture contents. Heating resulted in a decrease of thermodesorption when connected with desiccation of soil, in spite of the strong temperature impact on the vapor pressure of contaminants. At high water content of the SOM, the transfer of the pollutant molecules into the gas phase was found to be markedly hindered by the formation of water films or pore-filling by bulk water, both acting as diffusion barriers.     

Consumption of fish from a contaminated lake strongly affects the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in serum

Very high concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been reported in fish from Lake Mj?sa in Norway. This study was performed to examine the serum concentrations of PBDE and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in consumers of fish from this lake and to investigate possible relationships between serum concentrations, self-reported fish intake and calculated total dietary PBDE exposure. Serum concentrations of the sum of the seven PBDE (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) were significantly higher than those of a reference group of Norwegians eating only food with background levels of contamination (medians: 18 ng/g lipids men, 8.4 ng/g lipids women). The median dietary intake of Sum 7 PBDE was 2549 ng/day (30 ng/kg body weight/day), the highest dietary intake of PBDE reported. The contribution from fish caught from the contaminated lake comprised 98.7% of the total dietary exposure. For men, serum levels of PBDE were strongly correlated with the calculated dietary exposure, except for BDE-209. This suggests that sources other than the diet are important for human BDE-209 exposure. The median serum HBCD concentration was 4.1 and 2.6 ng/g lipids for men and women, respectively, and was also found to be associated with consumption of fish from Lake Mj?sa.     

Petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation under seasonal freeze-thaw soil temperature regimes in contaminated soils from a sub-Arctic site

Several studies have shown that biostimulation in ex situ systems such as landfarms and biopiles can facilitate remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils at sub-Arctic sites during summers when temperatures are above freezing. In this study, we examine the biodegradation of semivolatile (F2: C10-C16) and nonvolatile (F3: C16-C34) petroleum hydrocarbons and microbial respiration and population dynamics at post- and presummer temperatures ranging from -5 to 14 °C. The studies were conducted in pilot-scale tanks with soils obtained from a historically contaminated sub-Arctic site in Resolution Island (RI), Canada. In aerobic, nutrient-amended, unsaturated soils, the F2 hydrocarbons decreased by 32% during the seasonal freeze-thaw phase where soils were cooled from 2 to -5 °C at a freezing rate of -0.12 °C d(-1) and then thawed from -5 to 4 °C at a thawing rate of +0.16 °C d(-1). In the unamended (control) tank, the F2 fraction only decreased by 14% during the same period. Biodegradation of individual hydrocarbon compounds in the nutrient-amended soils was also confirmed by comparing their abundance over time to that of the conserved diesel biomarker, bicyclic sesquiterpanes (BS). During this period, microbial respiration was observed, even at subzero temperatures when unfrozen liquid water was detected during the freeze-thaw period. An increase in culturable heterotrophs and 16S rDNA copy numbers was noted during the freezing phase, and the (14)C-hexadecane mineralization in soil samples obtained from the nutrient-amended tank steadily increased. Hydrocarbon degrading bacterial populations identified as Corynebacterineae- and Alkanindiges-related strains emerged during the freezing and thawing phases, respectively, indicating there were temperature-based microbial community shifts.     

Radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations in food samples from Rize, Turkey

BACKGROUND: Rize in Turkey was contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in 1986. A comprehensive study was planned and carried out to determine the radioactivity levels and heavy metal concentrations in four food categories collected in Rize in 2008, 2009 and 2010. RESULTS: Tomato showed the highest concentration of ²³⁸U, at 9.43 ± 0.128 Bq kg^?1, whereas the lowest concentration of 0.20 ± 0.02 Bq kg^?1 was measured in aubergine samples. The highest concentration of ²³²Th was measured at 3.22 ± 0.29 Bq kg^?1 in grape samples. ⁴⁰K was found to contribute the highest activity in all the food samples. The highest activity concentration of ¹³⁷Cs was 10.20 ± 4.19 Bq kg^?1, for parsley. The average contribution range of each of the heavy metals to the dietary intake was 0.13–9.14, 0.27–34.63, 0.05–3.62, 0.11–14.97, 0.78–8.51 and 0.01–1.57 mg, respectively, for Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and As. CONCLUSION: The range of radioactivity levels in food samples of the present study is of no risk to public health. Heavy metal concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and As obtained were far below the established values by FAO/WHO limits. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources

The present study was carried out to assess levels of different heavy metals like iron, manganese, copper and zinc, in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. The results indicated a substantial build-up of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with wastewater. The range of various metals in wastewater-irrigated plants was 116–378, 12–69, 5.2–16.8 and 22–46 mg/kg for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), respectively. The highest mean levels of Fe and Mn were detected in mint and spinach, whereas the levels of Cu and Zn were highest in carrot. The present study highlights that both adults and children consuming vegetables grown in wastewater-irrigated soils ingest significant amount of these metals. However, the values of these metals were below the recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the [Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1999). Summary and conclusions. In 53rd Meeting, Rome, June 1–10, 1999]. However, the regular monitoring of levels of these metals from effluents and sewage, in vegetables and in other food materials is essential to prevent excessive build-up of these metals in the food chain.     

Arsenic and chromium partitioning in a podzolic soil contaminated by chromated copper arsenate

This research combined the use of selective extractions and X-ray spectroscopyto examine the fate of As and Cr in a podzolic soil contaminated by chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Iron was enriched in the upper 30 cm due to a previous one-time treatment of the soil with Fe(II). High oxalate-soluble Al concentrations in the Bs horizon of the soil and micro-XRD data indicated the presence of short-range ordered aluminosilicates (i.e., proto-imogolite allophane, PIA). In the surface layers, Cr, as Cr(III), was partitioned between a mixed Fe(III)/ Cr(III) solid phase that formed upon the Fe(II) application (25-50%) and a recalcitrant phase (50-75%) likely consisting of organic material such as residual CCA-treated wood. Deeper in the profile Cr appeared to be largely in the form of extractable (hydr)oxides. Throughout the soil, As was present as As(V). In the surface layers a considerable fraction of As was also associated with a recalcitrant phase, probably CCA-treated woody debris, and the remainder was associated with (hydr)oxide-like solid phases. In the Bs horizon, however, XAS and XRF findings strongly pointed to the presence of PIA acting as an effective adsorbent for As. This research shows for the first time the relevance of PIA for the adsorption of As in natural soils.     

污染场地土壤环境的管理与修复对策初探

工业革命的完成使得世界各国开始大力发展工业生产,工业生产规模的大幅度扩大,加剧了各国在生产过程中的环境污染,而持续产生的环境污染也对各国社会以及经济的发展造成了极大的危害.本文是关于污染场地土壤环境的管理以及修复的相关对策探讨,希望能够为改善环境污染提供参考.     

Percutaneous absorption of 4-cyanophenol from freshly contaminated soil in vitro: effects of soil loading and contamination concentration

Despite the skin's excellent barrier function, dermal exposure to soil contaminated with toxic chemicals can represent a significant health hazard (e.g., via multiple work related contacts in the farming and waste disposal industries). The development of environmental standards or limits for chemical levels in soil has been impeded because quantification of percutaneous uptake from this medium has not been well-defined. The objective of the research described here, therefore, was to better characterize the rate and extent of dermal penetration as a function of soil loading and degree of soil contamination. The absorption of a model compound (4-cyanophenol, CP) across hairless mouse skin in vitro has been determined at four different soil loadings (5, 11, 38 and 148 mg cm-2) and at six levels of soil contamination (concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 38 mg/g soil). Following 8 h of exposure, the amount of CP absorbed was independent of soil loading when CP concentration was constant, implying that the quantity of soil presentwas always sufficientto provide atleast a single layer of tightly packed particles. At the lowest loadings, however, with increasing times of exposure, the CP transport rate fell off due to depletion of chemical from the soil. At constant soil loading (38 mg cm(-2)), CP flux (Jss) across the skin was linearly proportional to the level of contamination (C(o)soil) over the range 0.19 to 23.5 mg of CP per gram of soil: Jss (micorg cm(-2) h(-1)) = (1.1 x 10(-5) g cm(-2) h(-1)) x Csoil (microg/g soil). At the highest CP contamination concentration, however, the transport rate was about an order of magnitude higher than expected, possibly due to the presence of pure CP crystals. In conclusion, these results provide new quantifications of the characteristics of dermal uptake from chemically contaminated soils and important information with which to develop and verify predictive models of dermal absorption.     

微生物菌剂对烟草连作土壤理化性质及土壤胞外酶酶活性的影响

  目的  为研究微生物菌剂对不同连作年限植烟土壤的影响。  方法  以不同连作年限植烟土壤为研究对象,研究微生物菌剂对植烟土壤理化性质、胞外酶活性以及烟草农艺性状的影响,旨在为缓解烟草连作障碍提供参考。  结果  （1）未添加微生物菌剂的土壤随连作年限增加,土壤养分含量有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、有效磷（AVP）、铵态氮（NH₄+-N）和硝态氮(NO₃--N）呈降低趋势,土壤pH值呈下降趋势,介于5.0~6.4;土壤胞外酶过氧化物酶（PER）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）活性不同程度下降;同时烟草长势变弱,株高、根、茎、叶鲜重和相同叶位叶片干重、鲜重、叶长和叶宽均呈降低,且均在连作8年达最低。（2）添加微生物菌剂后,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效磷、硝态氮和铵态氮含量呈上升趋势,土壤pH值呈上升趋势,介于6.0~7.1;土壤胞外酶活性得到不同程度改善。  结论  3种外源微生物均能改善土壤胞外酶活性,提高碳循环和氮循环能力,增加土壤养分,促进烤烟生长,缓解连作障碍。      

Heavy metals concentrations in dairy cow feedstuffs from the south of Iran

ABSTRACT

Levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc elements in feedstuffs were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. A total of 216 feedstuffs samples including corn silage, alfalfa hay, wheat straw, full ration pellet, wheat bran and barley were collected from polluted and unpolluted regions during four seasons and prepared with wet digestion. Lead and mercury concentrations did not differ significantly in various feedstuffs, but cadmium level was significantly the highest in barley samples (p < 0.05). All feed material samples had lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations well below the maximum levels allowed by the European Union. The lowest and highest levels of both copper and zinc were found in wheat straw and wheat bran, respectively, but their maximum content did not exceed the legal limits. In contrast to the sampling area, season significantly (P < 0.05) affected heavy metal levels, except for zinc, in feedstuffs.     

施用生物炭对Cd污染土壤生物学特性及土壤呼吸速率的影响

[目的]为研究施用生物炭对Cd污染土壤生物学特性及土壤呼吸速率的影响。[方法]于2016年采用盆栽试验（每盆装土25 kg）,外源添加Cd 0 mg/kg （G0）、30 mg/kg （G1）、60 mg/kg （G2）,分别添加生物炭0 g/kg （T0）、10 g/kg （T1）、20 g/kg （T2）,二因素试验共计9个处理,分别为:G0T0、G0T1、G0T2、G1T0、G1T1、G1T2、G2T0、G2T1、G2T2。测定不同时期的土壤微生物数量,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,土壤酶活性及土壤呼吸速率。[结果]土壤脲酶活性、土壤细菌、放线菌数量和土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量和土壤呼吸速率均随施加Cd浓度的升高呈现降低的趋势,随生物炭的施用而显著增加,且均在移栽后55 d达到较高水平。土壤呼吸速率随生育期的延长呈升高的趋势,在Cd污染严重的土壤中,土壤呼吸速率随生物炭施用量的增加显著提高。[结论]施用生物炭能明显改善Cd污染土壤的生物学特性,提高土壤呼吸速率,从而达到改善Cd污染土壤质量的目的。