等离子熔覆添加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基涂层的组织和性能

采用等离子熔覆技术,以铸造碳化钨、钨铁粉、镍包石墨和铁基合金粉为原材料,在Q235钢基体上制备了外加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基复合涂层,通过扫描电镜和能谱分析、X射线衍射、硬度测试和磨料磨损试验对其微观组织、物相组成、硬度和耐磨性能进行了表征。结果表明,在优化的工艺参数下,可以获得与基体冶金结合良好的涂层,硬质相除外加的WC颗粒,还有内生的WC、W₂C、W₃C、Fe₃W₃C和Fe₂W₂C等;随着混合粉末中除外加WC之外的W含量增加,熔池中合金液密度增大,可以减弱外加WC颗粒下沉;当W含量达到15%时,外加WC颗粒均匀分布在涂层中,没有团聚现象发生,且在外加WC颗粒周围有细小的原位WC颗粒生成,涂层的显微硬度和耐磨损性能显著提高,涂层的平均硬度约为1300 HV0.2,耐磨性为Q235钢基体的10倍。     

42CrMo钢表面激光熔覆颗粒增强Co基涂层的组织与性能

为改进矿用截齿的耐磨性能,使用激光熔覆技术在截齿用42CrMo钢基体表面制备Co基复合涂层,并分析涂层的微观组织、硬度和耐磨性。结果表明,熔覆层形貌良好且与基体呈冶金结合。在激光作用下,WC颗粒发生溶解并与多种元素发生反应,熔覆层主要由γ-(Co, Fe)和碳化物组成。熔覆层组织呈梯度变化,过渡区组织为平面晶、枝状晶和柱状晶,熔覆区组织则为等轴枝晶和均匀分布的富W、Ti的碳化物颗粒。熔覆层平均显微硬度为995 HV,远高于基体(328 HV),同时热影响区的硬度也大幅提高。在相同的磨损条件下,熔覆层摩擦因数较低,体积磨损量仅为基体的13.5%。在摩擦过程中,弥散分布的细小碳化物颗粒逐渐凸起并起到承担载荷和抵抗磨损的作用,使熔覆层具有良好的耐磨性,磨损机制为轻微磨粒磨损。激光熔覆技术制备的颗粒增强Co基涂层,组织致密,性能良好,能显著地提高42CrMo钢的表面硬度和耐磨性。     

碳化钨/高锰钢堆焊层的制备工艺及耐磨性能

采用氧乙炔焰在Q235钢基体上制备碳化钨/高锰钢堆焊层,通过调节碳化钨的种类、粒度和含量来对比组织、性能上的差异。试验结果表明,在堆焊层中碳化钨颗粒分布均匀,颗粒周围产生共晶组织,且堆焊层的硬度随着碳化钨颗粒的数量、碳化钨颗粒尺寸的增加而上升;耐磨性随着碳化钨颗粒度的减小和碳化钨数量的增加而增加,其含量达到40%时为最佳,经冲击强化后堆焊层性能进一步提升。     

Selection criteria for wear resistant powder coatings under extreme erosive wear conditions

Wear-resistant thermal spray coatings for sliding wear are hard but brittle (such as carbide and oxide based coatings), which makes them useless under impact loading conditions and sensitive to fatigue. Under extreme conditions of erosive wear (impact loading, high hardness of abrasives, and high velocity of abradant particles), composite coatings ensure optimal properties of hardness and toughness. The article describes tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) systems and self-fluxing alloys, containing tungsten carbide based hardmetal particles [NiCrSiB-(WC-Co)] deposited by the detonation gun, continuous detonation spraying, and spray fusion processes. Different powder compositions and processes were studied, and the effect of the coating structure and wear parameters on the wear resistance of coatings are evaluated. The dependence of the wear resistance of sprayed and fused coatings on their hardness is discussed, and hardness criteria for coating selection are proposed. The so-called “double cemented” structure of WC-Co based hardmetal or metal matrix composite coatings, as compared with a simple cobalt matrix containing particles of WC, was found optimal. Structural criteria for coating selection are provided. To assist the end user in selecting an optimal deposition method and materials, coating selection diagrams of wear resistance versus hardness are given. This paper also discusses the cost-effectiveness of coatings in the application areas that are more sensitive to cost, and composite coatings based on recycled materials are offered.     

微米WC增强Ni60合金高频感应熔覆涂层耐磨性能

采用高频感应熔覆方法在Q235低碳钢基体上制备了不同含量的微米WC增强Ni60A合金复合涂层.用MLS-225型湿砂橡胶轮磨粒磨损试验机评价了涂层的耐磨性能,利用SEM,XRD观察并分析了涂层的显微组织和磨损表面形貌.结果表明,在相同试验条件下,涂层的硬度和耐磨性随WC含量的增加而提高,当WC含量少于30%时,WC分布不均匀,主要集中于涂层的中部,涂层中Cr7C3相以粗大的六方状和长条状存在,不利于涂层耐磨性的提高;当WC含量达到50%时,Ni基合金中加入WC的含量达到了合适比例,耐磨性最佳,相对耐磨性为Ni60A涂层的6.5倍;当WC含量达到60%时,涂层的硬度最高,但出现了较多的孔洞,大量未熔的WC颗粒在磨粒的反复作用下剥落形成了大的剥落坑,导致耐磨性下降.涂层与基体实现了冶金结合,涂层的磨损机制主要为轻微的塑性切削和硬质相的脆性剥落.     

WC与TiC复合增强镍基涂层的组织和性能

利用等离子熔覆技术制备Ni基涂层,用直接加入的WC和原位合成的TiC复合增强,分析原料体系中(Ti+C)和WC的含量变化对涂层物相组成、微观组织、显微硬度和滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:WC在熔池中溶解,分解出W和C,W扩散进入原位生成的TiC中,形成(Ti,W) C固溶体,W的扩散不充分使(Ti,W) C呈现核壳结构。随原料中(Ti+C)含量的增多(0～20%)和WC相应含量的减少(40%～20%),WC溶解程度增大,(Ti,W) C颗粒形貌由八面体转变为椭圆形;(Ti,W) C生成量的增多使涂层上部硬度提高,WC聚集沉底现象的减弱使涂层下部硬度下降,与基材Q235之间形成较平稳的硬度梯度。涂层耐磨损性能显著优于基材,当(Ti+C)和WC的含量分别为10%和30%时,涂层的磨损体积为基材的8.33%。     

激光熔覆Fe-W合金涂层的组织及性能

以纯钨粉末为熔覆材料,采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术,在Q235A钢表面制备了Fe-W合金耐磨涂层.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、光学显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱（EDS）对熔覆层的显微组织进行了分析,用显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机对熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性进行了测试.结果表明,熔覆层与基底冶金结合,无明显裂纹或气孔,涂层内部由致密的粗大树枝状和短棒状Fe7W6增强相以及弥散分布的细小颗粒状Fe2W相组成,其均匀分布在α-Fe固溶体中.熔覆层平均硬度700 HV,为基材Q235A钢的3.5倍,同时耐磨性能也得到了显著提高.     

Synthesis of WC-Co composite powders with two-step carbonization and sintering performance study

In this study, WC-Co composite powder was synthesized by two-step carbonization method using W, Co and C as raw materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the η phase (Co₆W₆C) was kept at 1100 °C for 1 h under vacuum, and it could be completely carbonized into WC-Co composite powders. The surface morphology of WC-Co composite powders was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of η phase and second phase (W phase) on WC morphology and Co phase distribution were investigated. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was used to analyze WC-10 wt% Co cemented carbide particle distribution. Comparison of transverse rupture strength, hardness and fracture toughness of two kinds of WC-10 wt% Co cemented carbides synthesized by WC-Co composite powders + WC and WC + Co respectively, the cemented carbide of composite powders + WC increases the fracture toughness from 11.4 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2 to 12.4 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2.     

Microstructure evolution of WC/Fe-based coating by plasma cladding

The composite coatings were formed by plasma cladding Fe-based alloy(Fe-Cr-B-Si) added 10%, 30% and 50%(mass fraction) nickel-clad WC respectively on Q235 steel. The microstructure evolution and microhardness of the coatings were investigated. The WC particles were completely melted into the composites coating when 10% WC was added, however, when 30% or 50% WC was added, only part of them could be melted in the coatings. Two significantly different solidification microstructures were found. When WC content is 10% or 30%, the microstructure is mainly dendrites and inter-dendrite eutectics, while when the content of WC reaches 50%, it becomes remained WC particles, Fe3W3C carbide faceted dendrite and eutectics hypereutectic structure. The microhardness of these three coatings reaches 560-600, 650-810 and 920-1 100 HV0.2 respectively, and is improved with the increasing of WC content.     

激光熔覆VC-Cr7C3复合熔覆层的组织与力学性能

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢表面原位合成了VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,并研究激光扫描速度对熔覆层微观组织与力学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对熔覆层组织及性能进行分析。结果表明,激光熔覆技术可使V、Cr、C混合颗粒间发生原位反应形成VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,其主要由黑灰色VC相、灰色Cr₇C₃相及{FeM}粘结相组成,其中Fe与Cr可共同形成Cr₇C₃相(M₇C₃)。激光熔覆凝固形状控制因子K与C元素的分布状况使得熔覆层顶部出现大量碳化物等轴晶组织,中部碳化物等轴晶的含量有所减小,而底部由于C含量较低,其碳化物含量较少,且碳化物晶粒形貌受到激光扫描速度的影响,在1 mm/s时碳化物呈树枝晶组织,在1.5 mm/s时呈等轴晶组织。同时在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层晶粒尺寸明显小于1 mm/s时的。以上熔覆层组织结构与成分变化使其硬度随层深的增加而降低,同时随着扫描速度的增加,熔覆层的硬度也逐渐增加,熔覆层的硬度高于Q235钢3倍以上。在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层摩擦因数为0.4,低于Q235钢基材的0.6,且熔覆层磨损量显著低于Q235钢基材。由此可知,激光熔覆VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层可用于碳钢的表面高硬、耐磨改性。     

含WB烧结硬质合金的组织结构和性能研究

将不同含量的WB粉末添加到传统成分的WC-Co粉末中,利用低压烧结技术制备了系列含WB的WC-Co型硬质合金,并对其物相组成、组织结构和力学性能进行了系统表征分析。研究发现,在低压烧结过程中WB与Co发生反应,生成了具有超高硬度的WCoB相,由此降低了粘结相Co对WC晶粒的隔离,增加了WC晶粒间的接触度,引起合金韧性下降。添加WB制备的硬质合金材料其摩擦系数更低,随WB添加量的增加,硬度和耐磨性明显提高,当WB添加量为30%(质量分数)时,制备的硬质合金材料的硬度达到19 000 MPa,其磨损速率仅为传统WC-Co硬质合金1/10。然而,添加WB的WC-Co合金的断裂韧性约为传统WC-Co硬质合金的83%~91%。     

Disperse-strengthening by nanoparticles advanced tribological coatings and electrode materials for their deposition

Two types of electrode materials were developed using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and powder metallurgy: 1- composite with nanosized additives; 2- nanostructured cemented carbide WC-Co. Electrospark deposition (ESD) was applied to produce tribological coatings which were disperse-strengthened by incorporation of nanosized particles. Nanostructured electrodes of cemented carbides WC-8% Co provide increasing density, thickness, hardness, Young's modulus, and wear resistance of ESD-coatings. Positive effects of nanostructural state of the electrodes on the deposition process and structure/properties of the coatings are discussed. In that case the tungsten carbide phase becomes predominant in the coatings. A mechanism of the dissolution reaction of WC in Ni at the contact surface of the electrode was proposed. It was shown that formation of the coating structure is initiated on the electrode and accomplished on the substrate.     

WC-Co复合粉末的原位合成及于硬质合金涂层制备中的应用

目的为解决超细/纳米WC-Co热喷涂时易于脱碳等瓶颈问题,制备具有高的硬度、断裂韧性、耐磨性和表面质量等优异综合性能的超细及纳米结构硬质合金涂层,并推广其在工业领域中的应用。方法以原位合成技术批量制备的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉末为原料,利用团聚造粒技术制备得到具有高球形度和致密性,并保持原有超细/纳米结构的喷涂喂料粉末,利用超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备低脱碳、高致密的超细结构WC基涂层。结果降低喂料粉末孔隙度可有效减少涂层中W2C等脱碳相的含量,在优化工艺下制备的超细结构WC基涂层的硬度达到1450HV0.3以上,韧性相对于常规微米结构涂层提高40%以上,在两种载荷和磨料条件下均表现出更高的耐磨性。结论利用原位反应技术批量合成的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉制备的硬质合金涂层具有优良的综合性能,可应用于对涂层的硬度、耐磨性、强韧性配合和表面质量有较高要求的工况。     

激光熔覆Cr_3C_2-Ni复合涂层的减摩性能

以粉末化学镀法制备的Cr_3C_(2-)Ni复合粉末作为预置层,在Q235钢板表面用激光熔覆技术制备了减摩复合涂层.研究了Cr_3C_(2-)-Ni涂层在干摩擦条件下的减摩性能,并对磨损形貌进行了SEM观察,对涂层的硬度进行了测 试.结果表明,该涂层组织均匀致密、硬度较高;涂层的摩擦性能稳定,摩擦系数为0.44;硬质Cr_3C_(2-)粒子与金属粘结相的配合能有效提高熔覆层的承载能力,减小摩擦损失.     

Development of WC-Co Coatings Deposited by Warm Spray Process

The high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process is commonly used to deposit WC-Co coatings. There are some problems with this process; especially the decomposition and decarburization of WC during spraying make a coating brittle. To suppress such degradation, the warm spray (WS) process was applied to deposit WC-Co coatings, which is capable of controlling the flame temperature in the range of 500-2000 °C. The microstructure and phases of the deposited coatings were characterized by using SEM and XRD, and the mechanical properties such as hardness, fracture toughness, and wear properties were also investigated. WS process successfully suppressed the formation of the detrimental phases such as W₂C and W, which are usually observed in HVOF coatings. The WS coatings showed the similar trend of the hardness variation for Co content with a sintered bulk material. Improvement of toughness and wear behavior was also observed in WS coatings.     

含碳化物陶瓷粉芯丝材电弧喷涂层的结构和性能

分别将WC、TiC、Cr3C2等碳化物陶瓷粉末与304不锈钢带轧制成3种粉芯丝材,采用电弧喷涂技术在Q235钢基体上制备铁基复合涂层.利用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD对3种涂层的形貌、相组成和磨损表面进行分析,并用湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验机(MLS-225)测试了涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能.结果表明,碳化物陶瓷粉末的加入使涂层的硬度和耐磨性显著提高,涂层的平均显微硬度值高达1100～1200 HV0.1.在本试验条件下,铁基复合涂层的耐磨性比Q235钢高6～18倍.塑性微切削和脆性剥落为涂层的主要磨粒磨损形式.     

爆炸喷涂WC-12%Co涂层的滑动磨损性能

采用爆炸喷涂技术制备纳米和普通WC-12%Co涂层,用往复试验机对涂层的干滑动磨损性能进行了研究,分析了涂层磨损前后的形貌、结构及成分变化.结果表明:相同的喷涂条件下,WC-12%Co纳米涂层比普通涂层结构均匀、致密,但碳化物分解严重.尽管纳米涂层与普通涂层具有相近的硬度,但普通涂层的耐磨性优于纳米涂层,尤其是在重载条件下.普通涂层的磨损机制为微切削;纳米涂层在轻载(10 N)下,以塑性变形为主要磨损机制,随载荷增加至30 N,纳米WC粒子不能起到阻抗陶瓷球对磨副的磨削作用,而是随粘结相一起被去除,同时由于纳米涂层脱碳导致的层间结合薄弱,在滑动磨损中易发生成片剥落,耐磨性大幅下降.     

激光参数对Ni基熔覆层结构及耐磨性的影响

采用热喷涂预置和激光熔覆方法在Q235钢基体上熔覆Ni基合金涂层和Ni/WC复合涂层，研究激光功率对涂层微观结构的影响。结果表明，选择合适的激光输出功率，可获得组织分布均匀、低稀释率、与基体结合良好的合金涂层；在Ni/WC复合涂层中，合理的激光功率使WC颗粒部分熔化，并在颗粒周围重新凝固并析出针状碳化物，这既有利于提高涂层的硬度又能使未熔化的WC颗粒与涂层内合金溶剂牢固结合。激光功率较大时涂层内WC颗粒烧损并沉底，沉积在涂层底部的WC颗粒，使基体到涂层的性能发生突变，这样既容易引发裂纹及疲劳破坏，又不利于涂层表面的耐磨。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy/WC reinforcing particles composite coatings prepared by laser cladding and plasma cladding

FeCoCrNi HEA coatings with 20% mass fraction of WC reinforcing particles were prepared by two different cladding methods, laser cladding (LC) and plasma cladding (PC). The microstructure of HEA matrix and WC particles of LC and PC coatings were discussed respectively. For HEA matrix, dendritic morphology was observed in both coatings. For WC particles, a few granular (Cr,W)₂C carbides around WC particles in LC coatings, and a large number of crystal and fishbone Fe₃W₃C carbides around WC particles in PC coatings. Mechanical properties as hardness and wear resistance of the two kinds of coatings were also investigated. The interstitial solution strengthening effect of C element is stronger in PC coating, and the hardness of HEA matrix in LC coatings is twice that of in PC coating, which shows a strong retention force on WC particles. The friction coefficient of LC coating is lower and stable, with the volume wear rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m, showing high wear resistance. PC coatings have poor wear resistance due to decarbonization and oxidation of WC particles and reduction of retention force of HEA matrix, with the volume wear rate of 8.29 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m. The wear mechanism of both coatings were also discussed.     

氩气保护下碳化钨对镍基合金熔覆层组织及耐磨性的影响

目的改善Q235钢板的耐磨性,以取代65Mn在振动筛筛板中的应用。方法采用电阻丝加热非真空熔覆技术,在氩气保护条件下于Q235钢表面制备碳化钨/镍基合金复合熔覆层。通过SEM和XRD观察分析熔覆层与基体的结合方式、碳化钨分布、熔覆层组织及相组成,通过硬度测试及磨损试验,分析碳化钨对熔覆层耐磨性的影响。结果熔覆层与钢基体达到冶金结合。熔覆层主要由奥氏体、碳化钨、碳化物及硼碳复合化合物等相组成,碳化钨弥散分布其中。当碳化钨用量为熔覆粉末总质量的35%时,熔覆层硬度为47.3HRC,磨损率为0.08 mg/m,约是钢基体耐磨性的5倍,65Mn耐磨性的4倍。结论采用氩气保护制备的碳化钨熔覆层与基体结合良好,提高了钢基体的耐磨性。