苦参生物碱抑菌生物活性测定

以葡萄白腐病菌等19种病菌为供试靶标，测定了3%苦参碱水剂和苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、野靛碱的抑菌活性。离体试验结果表明：苦参生物碱具有一定的抑菌活性，当浓度为100mg/L时，3％苦参碱水剂的抑菌活性可达80％以上，对供试的病菌其EC50为28～48mg/L。苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和野靛碱具有不同的抑菌活性，4种生物碱对黄瓜黑星病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、葡萄白腐病菌和番茄灰霉病菌几乎没有抑菌活性，对其它病菌，氧化苦参碱的抑菌活性大多高于其它3种生物碱；野靛碱的抑菌活性最低，对各病菌的抑菌率均未超过10％。室内活体抑菌试验结果表明当剂量为800mg/L时，各药剂对水稻纹枯病病菌和小麦白粉病病菌均没有抑制作用，3％苦参碱水剂、氧化苦参碱和野靛碱对黄瓜灰霉病表现出了抑制作用，3%苦参碱水剂、苦参碱和槐果碱具有较高的抑制黄瓜霜霉病病菌的活性，防效达80％以上，野靛碱对其也有一定的抑制作用。     

厚果鸡血藤提取物对两种同翅目害虫的生物活性

测定了厚果鸡血藤种子和根提取物对褐飞虱和桃蚜两种同翅目害虫的生物活性,结果表明,它们对这两种害虫有很高的触杀活性,对桃蚜有一定的胃毒活性。用不同溶剂提取时,三氯甲烷提取物的活性明显高于甲醇提取物的活性。用相同溶剂提取时,种子提取物的活性比根提取物活性高。对褐飞虱、桃蚜的触杀活性及对桃蚜的胃毒活性均以种子三氯甲烷提取物最高,种子三氯甲烷提取物对褐飞虱、桃蚜的接触LD50值分别为0.25、0.03g/头,对桃蚜的胃毒LC50值为1342mg/L。四种提取物对两种害虫的毒力顺序为:种子三氯甲烷提取物>根三氯甲烷提取物>种子甲醇提取物>根甲醇提取物。     

麻疯树种子提取物对几种害虫的杀虫活性

在室内测定并比较了3种麻疯树种子提取物对同翅目、鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫桃蚜、菜青虫和米象的杀虫活性。结果显示种子油、种子乙醇提取物和石油醚提取物对3种害虫都具有一定杀虫活性，对桃蚜的触杀活性LC50分别为5．1154、2．0796、13．9882g／L；对米象的杀虫活性LC50分别为8．0243、3．0701、24．3458g／L；种子油和乙醇提取物对菜青虫的胃毒活性LC加分别为18．1043、3．0796g／L，此外这2种提取物对菜青虫也显示出较强的拒食活性；而种子石油醚提取物对菜青虫无明显胃毒活性，拒食活性也很弱。麻疯树种子提取物对3种害虫的相对毒力顺序为乙醇提取物〉种子油〉石油醚提取物。     

东方蓼提取物杀虫杀菌活性初探

东方蓼阴干样品经初步粉碎后,分别用体积比为1∶6的乙醇-石油醚和乙酸乙酯浸泡提取,将提取物稀释至4000mg/L后,分别对黏虫、淡色库蚊、小菜蛾、桃蚜、朱砂叶螨;小麦白粉病、黄瓜霜霉病、黄瓜炭疽病进行室内生物活性测定试验,结果表明,东方蓼茎石油醚提取物具有较强的杀虫杀菌活性,对淡色库蚊、黏虫和桃蚜的杀虫效果分别可达90%、80%和80%,对黄瓜霜霉病的杀菌效果可达80%,对小麦白粉病的杀菌效果可达40%。     

苦豆碱的开发应用及发展前景

苦豆碱是天然豆科植物苦豆籽中提取的一种生物碱 ,它的化学结构近似苦参碱。以下统称苦参碱。从目前的研究表明 ,它是由 :苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱、槐定碱等多种单体组成。本文初略介绍此生物碱的制取 ,应用及开发前景     

山蒟(Piper hancei Maxim)杀虫活性初步研究

[目的]研究山蒟的杀虫活性,以丰富植物源农药的来源.[方法]采用胃毒法测定山蒟对家蝇的胃毒活性,浸渍法测定山蒟对致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊的活性.[结果]结果显示:山药的石油醚萃取物表现较强的杀虫活性,石油醚提取物1 g/L处理家蝇12、24 h后,校正死亡率分别为86.66％、90％,处理家蝇12、24、36 h后的LC50值分别为1.4000、0.5000、0.2000 g/L,接近于处理36h后鱼藤酮的LC50值(0.08 g/L).石油醚提取物处理致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊12h后的LC50值分别为2.4127、10.5163 mg/L,活性分别高于对照药物鱼藤酮的3.1727、21.5100 mg/L.[结论]山蒟具有较好杀虫活性,经检索未见相关文献曾报道山药的杀虫活性.     

环氧虫啶对褐飞虱毒力的温度效应

采用室内喷雾法测定了环氧虫啶对褐飞虱杀虫活性的温度效应。结果表明:在20℃、25℃和30℃条件下,环氧虫啶的LC50分别为0.425 mg/L、0.171 mg/L和0.022 mg/L,环氧虫啶对褐飞虱的活性随温度的升高而升高,为正温度系数农药。环氧虫啶在30℃时的毒力为20℃时的19.32倍。     

Benzpyrimoxan的合成及其杀虫活性测定

[目的]探索benzpyrimoxan合成路线,测试其杀虫活性。[方法]以4,6-二氯-5-甲酰基嘧啶为起始原料,经过3步反应制备得到benzpyrimoxan;对其进行了室内杀虫活性测定。[结果]反应总收率为17.3%,结构经1H NMR、ESI-MS确证。试验结果表明:在5 mg/L下,benzpyrimoxan对褐飞虱的致死率为100%,对蚕豆蚜的致死率为89.4%;而在100 mg/L下,对小菜蛾、黏虫及朱砂叶螨无活性。[结论]合成路线反应条件温和,易于制备。Benzpyrimoxan对褐飞虱若虫和蚕豆蚜若虫具有较高的杀虫活性。     

8个烟碱类杀虫剂生物活性比较研究

比较吡虫啉、啶虫脒、烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、氯噻啉、呋虫胺等8个烟碱类杀虫剂的生物活性,为科学应用提供参考。采用浸渍法、浸稻苗法、浸叶碟法等对豆蚜、褐飞虱、二化螟、小菜蛾进行室内毒力测定,对活性进行分组,并进行了结构与活性关系初步分析。结果表明:烟碱类药剂对豆蚜LC50值为0.0314⁰.3505 mg/L,对抗吡虫啉的褐飞虱LC50值为0.565 70.3505 mg/L,对抗吡虫啉的褐飞虱LC50值为0.565 7⁴9.404 6 mg/L,对二化螟LC50值为7.517649.404 6 mg/L,对二化螟LC50值为7.5176¹39.0369 mg/L,对小菜蛾LC50值为10.533 4139.0369 mg/L,对小菜蛾LC50值为10.533 4¹00 mg/L。烟碱基闭环与开环、取代杂环等结构特点对药剂活性有影响。烟碱类药剂对同翅目害虫的活性显著优于对鳞翅目害虫的活性。在实际应用中可以采取轮用策略和兼治策略推进药剂的科学合理使用,还可加强研发种子处理剂等。     

牛心朴子生物活性的初步研究

测定了牛心朴子石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物、生物碱、非生物碱5部分杀虫、抑菌、除草活性。结果表明，供试样品中尤以生物碱活性最高，浓度为5％时，生物碱对粘虫3龄幼虫没有明显的触杀和胃毒活性，但有强烈的拒食活性；浓度为500mg／L时，生物碱对烟草赤星病菌、小麦根腐病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌及玉米大斑病菌等8种病菌抑制活性最低也达到了85．6％；浓度为1mg／L时，生物碱对反枝苋主茎及主根生长抑制率分别达到了84．2％和85．4％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。