NiCr合金在含氯氧化性气氛中的高温腐蚀

研究了纯Ni以及不同Cr含量的NiCr合金在5%O2-0.3%HCl-N2(体积分数)气氛中800℃的腐蚀行为,结果表明:在氧化膜/基体金属界面处有氯化物生成,合金的加速腐蚀机制为氯参与的"活化腐蚀"过程.NiCr合金在腐蚀初期表现为失重与生成Cr的氯化物和氯氧化物的挥发性有关,但Cr依然有益于合金的抗氯化-氧化腐蚀性.     

NaCl沉积对Mg-Al-Ca合金腐蚀行为的影响

在大气和大气与SO2气体混合污染条件下研究了NaCl对Mg-Al-Ca合金腐蚀情况的影响,讨论了镁合金腐蚀动力学、腐蚀产物及微观组织腐蚀形貌的变化情况。NaCl在大气中生成的腐蚀产物起到了一定的保护作用,导致腐蚀速率降低.在SO2环境中,生成的腐蚀产物不具有阻碍腐蚀的作用,大量难溶物在镁合金表面难以短时间形成,故NaCl和SO2同时存在引起的腐蚀远大于NaCl单一因素存在时引起的腐蚀。     

透射式p型GaN(0001)光电阴极的表面洁净度及表征研究

在p型GaN(0001)光电阴极的化学腐蚀和高温热清洗的处理过程中,为了评价化学处理和热清洗的效果,利用X射线光电子谱分析了不同阶段的光电阴极表面状况。结果表明,开始处理前,表面存在严重的C、O污染,C的表面覆盖率接近2个单原子层,而O稍小于1个单原子层,并且表面生成Ga_2O_3氧化层。经2:2:1的H_2SO_4:H_2O_2:H_2O混合溶液化学腐蚀处理后,C的表面覆盖率为0.36个单原子层,O的覆盖率为0.21个单原子层,化学腐蚀去除了大部分的C、O污染,露出了体材料。700℃高温热处理后,表面的C覆盖率低于百分之一个单原子层,而O的覆盖率也仅为0.07个单原子层,基本去除了C、O污染,并且表面Ga:N比为1.01:1,达到体材料的理想配比。GaN光电阴极在H_2SO_4/H_2O_2混合溶液中腐蚀15 min并在700℃下真空热清洗30min后,可以有效去除C、O污染和氧化物,获得洁净表面,进行Cs-O激活后可以获得负电子亲和势。     

稀土对AZ91镁合金干/湿循环腐蚀产物及阻抗行为的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱分析(EDS)研究添加(La,Ce)混合稀土前后AZ91镁合金在融雪剂溶液中经历干/湿交替循环腐蚀后腐蚀产物的组成和结构。结果表明:未添加(La,Ce)混合稀土的AZ91镁合金的腐蚀产物主要由Mg(OH)_2,MgO,CaCO_3及Mg_6Al_2CO_3(OH)_(16)·4H_2O组成;而添加混合稀土的AZ91镁合金表面生成了(La,Ce)AlO_3等含稀土元素的腐蚀产物,同时腐蚀产物出现致密层。不同周期干/湿交替循环腐蚀的电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试结果表明,添加(La,Ce)混合稀土的镁合金在相同腐蚀周期的阻抗谱幅值均高于AZ91镁合金的阻抗谱幅值,稀土的添加有助于降低阻抗谱的弥散效应,表明(La,Ce)混合稀土可以提高AZ91镁合金在干/湿交替腐蚀环境中的耐蚀性和腐蚀产物膜的稳定性。     

NaCl沉积对Mg-A1-Ca合金腐蚀行为的影响

在大气和大气与SO2气体混合污染条件下研究了NaCl对Mg—Al-Ca合金腐蚀情况的影响,讨论了镁合金腐蚀动力学、腐蚀产物及微观组织腐蚀形貌的变化情况。NaCl在大气中生成的腐蚀产物起到了一定的保护作用,导致腐蚀速率降低．在SO2环境中,生成的腐蚀产物不具有阻碍腐蚀的作用,大量难溶物在镁合金表面难以短时间形成,故NaCl和SO2同时存在引起的腐蚀远大于NaCl单一因素存在时引起的腐蚀。     

DD421单晶高温合金在无SOx气氛下的低温热腐蚀硫化行为

采用涂盐法研究表面涂覆有90％(质量分数,下同)Na2 SO4+10％NaCl混合盐(750℃熔融态)和纯Na2 SO4盐(750℃固态)的第二代镍基单晶高温合金DD421在750℃大气环境下(无SOx气氛)的热腐蚀行为.结果表明:在熔融混合盐腐蚀介质中,硫化反应主要由液相熔融盐侵蚀所导致.热腐蚀100 h后合金腐蚀产物主要为典型的简单氧化物(Al2 O3,Cr2 O3,TiO2)以及Ni/Cr/Ti的硫化物.而在纯Na2 SO4固态盐热腐蚀实验中,热腐蚀100 h后合金腐蚀产物与混合盐实验中的产物基本相同,但其腐蚀层厚度相对更薄,硫化物尺寸相对更大.结合热力学和微观组织分析,本研究明确了在无SOx气氛的腐蚀环境下合金元素能够与固态Na2 SO4盐发生硫化反应.     

精制加氢脱硫过程内高温H_2S中材料的腐蚀速度

本文叙述了在高温H_2/H_2S气氛中各种材料的腐蚀速度,这些数据来自大量的试验:时间为300至2600小时,于H_2/H_2S混合气体中含H_2S为0.01至10.0克分子百分数(mole percent),温度范围自500至900℉,试验材质为碳钢,含铬合金钢,和奥氏体不锈钢。也探讨了H_2/H_2S气体压力对腐蚀速度的影响。     

一种新型钴基高温合金在900℃熔融NaCl中的热腐蚀行为

采用浸盐法研究一种新型钴基高温合金在900℃熔融NaCl中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:腐蚀初期合金发生选择性氧化,在表面生成Al_2O_3,Cr_2O_3和少量的TiO_2。随着腐蚀时间的延长,熔融NaCl开始侵蚀表面保护性Cr_2O_3和Al_2O_3,使腐蚀性介质与基体逐渐接触,加速合金腐蚀。随着腐蚀的进行,合金内腐蚀层生成棒状Al_2O_3。由于基体中Al的消耗,棒状Al_2O_3周围易生成Co3W。Co3W与棒状Al_2O_3的相界面形成氧扩散的快速通道,导致80h后合金热腐蚀加剧。     

离子束动态混合形成非晶膜及其特性研究

同时用离子溅射及高能离子轰击相结合的离予束动态混合技术,直接在轴承钢GCr15衬底土制备富Ta表面合金。适当控制沉积温度及原子·离子到达比,可形成一定组分的非晶合金膜。分别用TEM、EDAX与XPS观察膜的结构与其所含主要成分。在NaCl、H_2SO_4溶液中检验了膜的抗局部腐蚀和均匀腐蚀能力。通过硬度测试、摩擦、磨损试验考查了膜的机械性能。实验表明,用此工艺形成的GCrl5-Ta非晶合金膜,具有优良的化学性质和物理性质。在盐溶液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位和保护电位均明显上升,在酸溶液中的极化电流密度降低2～3个数量级,钝化区大大扩大。     

LiOH水溶液提高Zr-4合金腐蚀速率的机理

在不同水化学条件下的高压釜中研究了Zr-4合金在LiOH水溶液中的耐腐蚀性能.结果表明,不同的腐蚀介质对氧化膜内的压应力和t-ZrO2的含量的影响有很大不同;Zr-4合金在LiOH或KOH水溶液中腐蚀时,Li 比K 进入氧化膜深而且浓度高;在LiOH水溶液中腐蚀时,氧化膜中OH-的浓度比在KOH水溶液中高.锆合金在LiOH水溶液中腐蚀时,氧化膜的生长主要是通过OH-从合金的表面向内扩散,与锆反应生成氧化锆和原子氢.Li 半径较小,容易进入氧化膜,因此较多的OH-进入氧化膜的深处,并与t-ZrO2中的氧空位反应,使t-ZrO2向m-ZrO2转变.这导致氧化膜出现裂纹,使氧化膜中的压应力松弛,降低氧化膜的保护能力,提高了锆合金的腐蚀速率.     

Effect of the La<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> sol–gel coating on the alumina scale adherence on a model Fe–20Cr–5Al alloy at 1100 °C

The effect of lanthanum sol–gel coatings was studied in order to improve the alumina scale adherence during the model Fe–20Cr–5Al alloy oxidation, at 1100 °C, in air. Various sol–gel coating procedures were applied. Argon annealing of the lanthanum sol–gel coating was tested at temperatures ranging between 600 and 1000 °C. The coating crystallographic nature was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) depending on the annealing temperature. The oxidation process has been examined at 1100 °C by in situ XRD on blank Fe–20Cr–5Al, sol–gel coated and argon-annealed specimens. This study shows that the coating argon annealing at 1000 °C leads to the preferential formation of LaAlO₃ instead of La₂O₃. This coating procedure leads to an alumina scale formation showing the best adherence under thermal cycling conditions at 1100 °C.     

Evaluation of Mn substitution for Ni in alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels

There has been increasing interest in the substitution of low-cost Mn for Ni in austenitic stainless steels due to the rising price of Ni. This paper investigates the possibility of such a substitution approach for the recently developed alumina (Al₂O₃)-forming austenitic (AFA) class of heat-resistant stainless steels. Computational thermodynamic tools were utilized to predict the alloy composition range to maintain an austenitic matrix microstructure when Mn is substituted for Ni in the presence of Al, which is a strong body-centered-cubic (BCC) phase stabilizer. Phase equilibria, oxidation behavior, and creep properties of Fe–(10–14)Cr–(5–15)Mn–(4–12)Ni–(2.5–3)Al–Cu–Nb–C–B (in weight percent) based alloys were studied. The alloys based on Fe–14Cr–2.5Al–(5–9)Mn–(10–12)Ni exhibited the best balance of oxidation and creep resistance, which represents approximately 50% reduction in Ni content compared to previously developed AFA alloys. These low-Ni, high-Mn AFA alloys formed protective Al₂O₃ scales up to 973–1073 K in air and at 923 K in air with 10% water vapor. Creep-rupture lives of the alloys under a severe screening condition of 1023 K and 100 MPa were in the 7.2 × 10⁵–1.8 × 10⁶ s (200–500 h) range, which is comparable to or somewhat improved over that of type 347 stainless steel (Fe–18Cr–11Ni base).     

Oxidation behavior and electrochemical corrosion performance of Ti<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al alloy with TiAl coating

Magnetron-sputter deposition was used to produce a Ti–48Al–8Cr–2Ag (at. %) coating on a Ti–24Al– 17Nb–0.5Mo (at. %) alloy substrate. Oxidation behavior was studied in air at 900–1000°C. The results indicated that the oxidation rate of sputtered Ti–48Al–8Cr–2Ag nanocrystalline coating was lower than that of the Ti₃Al alloy at 900°C. The former formed a scale of merely Al₂O₃, and the latter formed a scale of TiO₂. However, the Ti–48Al–8Cr–2Ag nanocrystalline coating showed a little bit higher oxidation rate than Ti₃Al alloy at 1000°C because the outer TiO₂ scale formed and columnar boundaries of the coating gave a larger actual oxidation area than the original alloy. The electrochemical corrosion behavior was investigated in a 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature. The coating showed excellent electrochemical corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution because it exhibited stable passive polarization behavior without any overpassivation phenomena.     

Influence of ageing on wear resistance of an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–Ti–C shape memory alloy

To further improve the wear resistance of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni based shape memory alloys, the effects of ageing at 1123 K with and without pre-deformation at room temperature on the precipitation of second-phase particles and their effects on wear resistance were investigated in an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–Ti–C alloy. Results showed that the solution treated Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–Ti–C alloy exhibited much better wear resistance than the solution treated AISI 321 stainless steel; ageing with pre-deformation improved the wear resistance of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–Ti–C alloy more effectively than ageing without pre-deformation, especially under the heavy load condition.     

Nitriding of Co–Cr–Mo alloy in nitrogen

Using the results of a thermodynamic analysis, a Co–Cr–Mo alloy was successfully nitrided in nitrogen at temperatures of 1073–1473 K. The near-surface microstructure of the treated Co–Cr–Mo alloy was characterized using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, electron probe micro-analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicated that the highest nitriding efficiency was achieved at the treatment temperature of 1273 K, with the size and coverage of the nitride particles on sample's surface increasing with an increase in the treatment duration. After nitriding at 1273 K for 2 h, numerous nitride particles, consisting of an outer Cr₂N layer and an inner π phase layer, were formed on top of the nitrogen-containing γ phase, and some π phase also precipitated in the alloy matrix at the sub-surface level.     

Influence of the Al(Co,Ni) layer on the corrosion resistance of a cobalt based alloy (Mar‐M‐509®)

In the present work, the results of studies on the structure and corrosion resistance of Al(Co, Ni) layer are shown. The diffusion Al(Co, Ni) layer was created on the cobalt alloy Mar‐M‐509 substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method with aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃) under the hydrogen atmosphere. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations and microtomography measurements of layers were performed. Also an analysis of the chemical (energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS)) and phase (X‐ray diffraction (XRD)) composition was carried out. By the X‐ray diffraction method (sin² φ) also the residual stresses were calculated in the matrix of the material. The corrosion resistance was tested with impedance and potentiodynamic methods in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M H₂SO₄ solutions and acidulous 0.1 M NaCl solution (pH = 4.2) at room temperature. The results indicate that the analyzed layer with a thickness of about 14 μm have a similar corrosion resistance compared to the base material – Mar‐M‐509^® cobalt alloy. Only in the strongly acidic environments, the corrosion resistance of the layer is remarkably decreased.     

Microstructure of hot dip coated Fe–Si steels

Hot dipping is a coating technique pre-eminently used in industry to galvanize machine parts or steel sheets for constructional applications. However, other hot dipping applications have been developed in order to have a positive effect on specific material properties. For instance, in Fe–Si electrical steels, a Si/Al rich top layer is applied and followed by diffusion annealing to increase the electrical resistivity of the material and consequently, lower the power losses. Hot dipped aluminised mild steels have been developed with increased corrosion resistance for high temperature applications by the development of a dense Al₂O₃ layer. Regardless of the type of steel coated and the intended application, after the interaction between the molten Al and the solid material, three constituents are formed: Fe₂Al₅, FeAl₃ and an Al-rich alloy. The structural morphology, which can negatively affect the wear resistance and the thermal stability, also appears to be highly dependent on the chemical composition of the base material. To study thermo-mechanical and compositional effects on the coating behavior after hot dipping, cold rolling with different reductions was performed on different Fe–Si materials. It was demonstrated that hardness differences between the layers caused crack formation inside the Fe₂Al₅ layer during subsequent deformation. The present work reports the results obtained on materials that were hot dipped in a hypo-eutectic Al + 1 wt.% Si bath. The bath was used to coat Fe–Si steel substrates with variable silicon content with dipping times ranging from 1 to 20 s. Before dipping, the samples were heated to 700 °C and subsequently immersed in the liquid bath at temperatures of 710 °C, 720 °C and 740 °C. To further evaluate the interactions between Al, Si and Fe, a diffusion annealing treatment at 1000 °C was performed. The main diffusing elements during this treatment are Al and Fe, although small variations in Si content are also observed. At a certain distance from the surface, voids were observed, which most probably can be related to the Kirkendall effect. A characterization of the formed intermetallics was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Backscatter diffraction (EBSD).     

Corrosion of armco iron and model Fe−Cr-Al alloys in oxygen-containing lead melts

We studied the influence of oxygen-containing (6·10⁻³ wt.% O) lead on the corrosion of Armco iron and Fe−16Cr, Fe−16Cr−1Al alloys at a temperature of 650°C under stationary conditions. The front of corrosion propagates according to a linear law and this process is periodically repeated. In each period, an oxide film based on Fe₃O₄ magnetite is formed on the surface of the metal and lead penetrates into the suboxide zone. This leads to the exfoliation the external oxide film and then the process is repeated. Under the indicated testing conditions, alloying with chromium and aluminum intensifies the process of corrosion in iron. Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 84–88, March–April, 1997.     

Wear characteristics of a new type austenitic stainless steel

In order to solve the problem of the poor wear resistance in conventional austenitic stainless steels, a new type austenitic stainless steel was designed based on Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni shape memory alloys in this article. Studies on its wear resistance and wear mechanism have been carried out by comparison with that of AISI 321 stainless steel using friction wear tests, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the wear resistance of Fe–14Mn–5.5Si–12Cr–5Ni–0.10C alloy was better than that of AISI 321 stainless steel both in dry and oily friction conditions owing to the occurrence of the stress-induced γ → ε martensitic phase transformation during friction process. This article also compared the corrosion performance of the two stainless steels by testing the corrosion rate. Results showed that the corrosion rate of Fe–14Mn–5.5Si–12Cr–5Ni–0.10C alloy was notably lower in NaOH solution and higher in NaCl solution than that of AISI 321 stainless steel.     

Effect of addition of Al and Cu on the properties of Sn–20Bi solder alloy

This study investigates the effect of the composite addition of Al and Cu on the microstructure, physical properties, wettability, and corrosion properties of Sn–20Bi solder alloy. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to identify the microstructure morphology and composition. The spreading area and contact angle of the Sn–20Bi–x (x?=?0, 0.1 wt% Al, 0.5 wt% Cu, and 0.1 wt% Al–0.5 wt% Cu) alloys on Cu substrates were used to measure the wettability of solder alloys. The results indicate that the alloy with 0.1 wt% Al produces the largest dendrite and the composite addition of 0.1 wt% Al and 0.5 wt% Cu formed Cu₆Sn₅ and CuAl₂ intermetallic compounds in the alloy structure. And the electrical conductivity of Sn–20Bi–0.1Al is the best, which reaches 5.32 MS/m. The spread area of the solder alloy is reduced by the addition of 0.1 wt% Al and 0.5 wt% Cu, which is 80.7 mm². The corrosion products of Sn–20Bi–x solder alloys are mainly lamellar Sn₃O(OH)₂Cl₂ and the corrosion resistance of 0.1 wt% Al solder alloy alone is the best. The overall corrosion resistance of Sn–20Bi–0.1Al–0.5Cu is weakened and the corrosion of solder alloy is not uniform.