有机元素检测仪器在石油化工行业的需求和应用现状

本文通过对国内外石油及石化产品分析检测相关标准技术的调研与收集,以及相关检测仪器特点的分析,对目前包括润滑油、汽油、柴油、煤油、石蜡、石化聚合物、原油等样品类型,共计80个样品在现有仪器上进行测试,使用标准方法对样品中碳、氢、氮、硫元素进行检测,获取样品的检测时间、含量结果、仪器条件等参数,为相关仪器检测提供数据基础.     

红外光谱在液体燃料性能分析中的应用

从红外技术分析原理、技术沿革、仪器应用发展极其简单介绍了红外分析技术;总结了红外技术在液体燃料代表汽油、柴油、喷气燃料油品分析中的应用,证明了红外技术在这些液体燃料油品分析馏程、粘度、闪点、凝点等物理性质和芳烃值、十六烷值、含氧化合物、硫含量等组分分析中,快速高效、具有国标方法的准确性,特别适用于在线质量监控和重复性人工测试场合;最后展望今后应加强红外标准制定和数据挖掘技术研究。     

催化汽油中硫化物分布测定方法的建立及应用

建立了催化汽油中硫化物分布测定方法(GC-SCD法)。实验证明,该方法中仪器的响应值和标准样品具有良好的线性关系,仪器灵敏度高、稳定性好;方法的准确性和精密度良好。用该方法对永坪、延安两个炼油厂催化装置粗汽油、稳定汽油、精制汽油中的硫化物分布进行分析,通过统计分析比较了各油品之间硫化物类型含量的区别,得出的结论有利于装置的进一步脱硫生产。     

原子吸收分析法测定直馏汽油微量铅的改进措施

直馏汽油微量铅测定需要先把铅从样品汽油中萃取到水溶液中,由于直馏汽油中含有硫化氢和硫醇,所以处理样品过程和在仪器上进行原子吸收分析时与精制汽油的过程均有所不同。     

凝胶燃料的制备

介绍了酒清、汽油及其混合物等液体燃料的固化方法，制备条件和测试结果。     

振动仪法测试纤维线密度的影响因素分析

利用VIBROMAT M振动式细度仪对不同规格纤维样品的线密度进行测试,从仪器的稳定性、张力夹重量、测试纤维根数、取样的均匀性、样品的含湿量等方面对VIBROMAT M细度仪测试线密度结果的影响因素进行了分析,介绍了振动式细度仪法测试结果的修正方法,提出了保证测试结果准确可靠的方法及仪器的应用建议。     

汽油中烃类化合物的自动气相色谱分析

气相色谱法一直用来分析石油产品汽油中的烃类化合物。本气相色谱法首次用来直接测定烯烃的总浓度,它使用了一种新的硫酸铜—硅胶柱从饱和烃中分离出烯烃。介绍了此法所用的实验仪器,用此仪器所得到的结果较之荧先吸收法(FIA法)速度更快,重复性更好。用此法对一系列燃料油,商业汽油和人工配制的汽油进行了分析,并将其结果和FlA法所得结果进行了比较。     

汽油中铅的分析方法研究进展

四乙基铅作为汽油添加剂,可以提高汽油的辛烷值、改善其抗爆震性能。但其广泛使用会造成严重的环境污染,危害人体健康,对汽油中铅的分析测定越来越受到人们的关注。测定汽油中铅含量的方法主要有标准容量分析方法,如铬酸盐容量法;各种仪器分析方法,如火焰原子吸收光谱法、原子吸收光谱法、X射线光谱法和反相高效液相色谱-汞电极检测分析法等。     

影响气相色谱法检测汽油组分结果准确性的因素探讨

气相色谱作为一种重要的高灵敏度的分离检测精密化学分析仪器,在石油化工产品分析中,显示出重要的作用.本文通过使用气相色谱法分析汽油产品工作的总结,从气相色谱的气路系统、进样系统、色谱柱、检测器和温度控制系统这五部分探讨了影响汽油产品分析结果的一些因素,并指出在实际操作中应该正确选择的一些参数和技术方法及操作规则.     

激光粒度仪在涂料分析测试中的应用

介绍了激光粒度仪的测试原理,讨论了两种分散方法分析测试试样时仪器参数的设置原则。并以锌粉的分析测试为例,对两种分散方法的测试结果进行了比较,提出了获得准确粒度分析结果的测试条件。     

Determination of benzene and total aromatics in commercial gasolines using packed column GC and NMR techniques

A simple, accurate and rapid method has been developed for the estimation of benzene and total aromatics (0.5-50% w/w) including heavier aromatics (C₈, C₉, and C₁₀) in commercial gasoline using packed column GC and NMR techniques. The benzene content can be estimated as low as 0.1% w/w. The response of a flame ionisation detector (FID) to each major aromatic group in gasoline was calculated using internal standard. The results have been compared with the NMR and standard ASTM D5580 methods. The limitations of NMR and GC techniques for the estimation of total aromatics particularly in reformulated gasoline containing oxygenates have been discussed and attempts have been made to overcome problems associated with the analysis. The results obtained by both the techniques for a number of commercial gasoline samples containing olefins or free of olefins received from different refineries processing variety of crudes using different refining technologies have shown excellent correlation. The ¹H NMR method has a wider scope, convenient and fast, and also applicable to heavier naphtha. The method can routinely be adopted for the quality control of commercial gasoline at refinery as well as marketing terminals for monitoring benzene and total aromatic content. The time consumption for single run using gas chromatographic technique is approximately 35 min.     

满足国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ汽油标准的FCC汽油加氢脱硫技术开发及工业应用

分析了我国FCC汽油的特点及发展趋势,介绍了OCT-M和FRS FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术特点及中试效果,着重介绍了OCT-M和FRS FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术生产国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ汽油的的工业应用效果,标定结果标明,OCT-M和FRS技术成熟可靠,具有装置压力等级低、投资省、操作方便、氢耗低、汽油产品收率高等特点,是我国炼厂生产国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ清洁汽油时可供选择的经济、灵活的解决方案.     

沉积板法检测车用乙醇汽油清净性研究

车用乙醇汽油清净性的好坏直接影响汽车发动机的使用性能,加入清净剂可以改善和保持发动机的良好工况,减少油耗和尾气排放。采用模拟沉积物试验板法对车用乙醇汽油和加入清净剂的车用乙醇汽油进行检验,得出未加清净剂和加入清净剂的车用乙醇汽油的清净效果,可以评价车用乙醇汽油清净剂。实验结果表明,车用乙醇汽油清净剂能够很好地起到去除进气阀沉积物的作用,用加入实验助剂的方法,能够更加有效的评价车用乙醇汽油清净剂的使用效果。     

催化汽油氧化脱硫的动力学模型研究

通过脱硫实验及动力学模拟,开展催化汽油氧化脱硫的动力学模型研究.结果表明,汽油脱硫率随着催化剂用量增加、氧化温度提高、氧气分压增大、氧化时间、氧化水油体积比增大均持续提高,而汽油收率逐渐降低.依据反应动力学和萃取相平衡原理,确定了脱硫率和汽油收率模型,并确定了有关模型参数.建立的脱硫率和汽油收率模型在显著性水平α=0.01时均是显著的,具有较高的模拟计算精度.     

催化裂化轻汽油醚化技术的技术经济效果

催化裂化轻汽油醚化技术可降低汽油烯烃含量和蒸汽压,提高汽油的辛烷值,在改善油品质量的同时,将低价值的甲醇转化为高附加值汽油馏分。本文对比介绍了国内外催化裂化轻汽油醚化技术的进展状况,并对国内某炼油企业基于轻汽油醚化技术的国Ⅴ升级方案进行了分析,论述了该技术对企业汽油质量升级的经济性、适应性。     

Investigation of the components in RFCC gasoline affecting the accuracy of potentiometric titration by GC-MS and GC-IR

This paper described that there were two or more endpoints in the curve when potentiometeric titration was used to determine the contents of mercaptan sulfur in residue fluidized catalytic cracking (RFCC) gasoline. Comparing with the one endpoint of a mixture solution of C₂–SH to C₁₀–SH determined under the same conditions, we found some components in RFCC gasoline affected the result of titration. A facile method washing the gasoline with 2 wt.% HCl solution was brought out to eliminate the interfering components from the RFCC gasoline. After being treated with this method, all RFCC gasoline that contained 14–27 μg/ml mercaptan sulfur (S_RSH) met the quality specification (S_RSH shall not exceed 10 μg/ml) [GB 17930-1999, Chinese national standard for unleaded petrol (gasoline) for motor vehicles]. The analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-infrared spectrometer (GC-IR) verified that the interfering components were aniline, phenol and their alkyl-substituted derivatives.     

Adulteration detection of Brazilian gasoline samples by statistical analysis

Unfortunately, addition of organic solvents (heavy aliphatic, light aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) in Brazilian gasoline is very frequent, and this illegal practice does not guarantee gasoline quality. Organic solvent adulterations of gasoline samples have been investigated. For characterization and comparison of these samples, physico-chemical parameters together with gas chromatographic analyses data were proposed as the factors for multivariate analysis. Hierarchical clusters analysis was used to improve the detection of the type of solvent and their relative proportion used for this practice. More detailed information of their compositions was revealed. It was found that using physico-chemical properties of gasoline samples together with statistical analysis are a useful method to adulteration detection.     

An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gasoline vehicle

This paper presents test results obtained from running a 1.5 L, 4-cylinder Proton Magma retrofitted spark ignition car engine with dynamometer. Performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions measurements were recorded under steady state operating conditions for gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). The engine was converted to computer integrated bi-fueling system from a gasoline engine and was operated separately either with gasoline or CNG using an electronically controlled solenoid actuated valve system. A PC based data acquisition and control system was used for controlling all the operation. A comparative analysis of the performance and emissions has been made for gasoline and CNG. Based on the experimental results, it is transparent that CNG shows low brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumptions (BSFC), higher efficiency and lower emissions of CO, CO₂, HC but more NO_x compared to gasoline.     

清洁汽油炼油工业所面临的挑战与对策

分析了我国现行的汽油标准及生产状况,并与国际水平的车用汽油标准进行了比较,总结出我国炼油企业生产清洁汽油所面临的挑战,提出了生产清洁汽油的技术对策。     

Partial least squares with outlier detection in spectral analysis: A tool to predict gasoline properties

The aim of this study is to propose a novel partial least squares with outlier detection (PLS_OD) calibration method and show its usefulness in calibration successfully with data containing outlying objects. We apply this method in gasoline spectral analysis to predict gasoline properties. In particular, a comparative study of PLS_OD and other five methods is presented. The performances of the proposed method are illustrated on spectral data set with and without outliers. The obtained results suggest that the proposed method can be used for constructing satisfactory gasoline prediction model whether there are some outliers or not.