On the Utilization of Microalgae for Brewery Effluent Treatment and Possible Applications of the Produced Biomass

The effluent of a brewery, complete or diluted with deionised water or with normal culture medium, was used as the growth nutrient medium for Chlorella vulgaris and for a consortium obtained from the autochthonous flora of that effluent (microalgae, cyanobacteria and bacteria). The cultures were exposed to continuous light and aeration, at 25°C, and growth was evaluated by direct counting (C. vulgaris) or by chlorophyll determination (autochthonous flora). Total protein and lipid content, and amino acid and fatty acid profiles in the produced biomass were determined. The highest removal rate of nutrients present in the effluent was obtained when the complete effluent was used as the culture medium for the autochthonous flora — up to 5,855 g kg^?1 biomass d^?1 of nitrogen and up to 805 g kg^?1 biomass d^?1 of phosphate. A reduction of up to 27% in biological oxygen demand (BOD5, initial level of 2,172 mg O₂ L^?1) and up to 15% in chemical oxygen demand (COD, initial level of 1,340 mg O₂ L^?1) was observed in cultures of the autochthonous flora grown in different loads of effluent. A significant increase in aspartic acid, glutamic acid and valine content, and a higher level of the ramified fatty acids, of the 14:0isobr, 18:4ω3, and the eicosapentaenoic acid, were found in the final biomass obtained from cultures grown with different loads of effluent, compared with the results obtained for the cultures grown in normal nutrient medium. The final microalgae biomass obtained, considering its protein and fatty acid content and the absence of heavy metals in significant amount, can be appropriate for use as animal feed or for biofuel production.     

Use of Swiss Cheese Whey Permeate by Kluyveromyces fragilis and Mixed Culture of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Bacillus megaterium

The 5-d biochemical oxygen demand of Swiss cheese whey permeate was determined. Growth, lactose depletion, pH change, and 5-d biochemical oxygen demand reduction by K. fragilis in the permeate were observed, and growth of R. spbaeroides and B. megaterium singly and in mixed culture in the yeast growth effluent was measured. The final 5-d biochemical oxygen demand value of the effluent after harvesting the bacteria was then determined. The 5-d biochemical oxygen demand values of the raw permeate, the yeast growth effluent, and the effluent after harvesting the mixed culture of bacteria were 15,500, 4720, and 1580 mg/L, The 5-d biochemical oxygen demand analyses indicated that microbial growth inhibitors were present in the raw permeate and growth effluents. The mixed culture of bacteria appeared to consume inhibitors in the yeast growth effluent.     

Potential Microbial Utilization of Citrus Oil-Mill Effluent

Condida utilis (ATCC 9950) produced an average 0.21g protein per 100 mL citrus oil mill effluent while reducing the sugar content by 92.2% and the BOD by 33.8%. Limonene was removed from the effluent and sugars concentrated to 6.8% by membrane filtration. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 4111) produced 3.0% ethanol by volume while reducing the sugar content 90.3% when grown in the concentrated effluent. Hansenula holstii (ATCC 13689) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (ATCC 10788) were grown in the concentrated effluent diluted to 2.7% sugars. Crude lipid produced by R. toruloides was 26.3% of the cell dry weight, while H. holstii produced 0.3 g crude extracellular polysaccharide per 100 mL.     

Treatment of Potato Processing Wastewater with Coagulating and Polymeric Flocculating Agents

Reduction of wastewater strength in abrasive-peeled, lye-peeled, and steam-peeled potato processing wastewater using 4 inorganic salts and 11 polymers was investigated. Treatment of wastewater with 150 mg/ L FeCl₃ 6H₂O + 20 mg/L Purifloc Anionic Polymer #23 aided in coagulation and flocculation of suspended solids of effluent from abrasive-peeled potatoes including greater than 90% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. Treatment with 300 mg/L CaCl₂+ 25 mg/L Purifloc #23 reduced COD and TSS levels in wastewater from lye-peeled potato by 69% and 76%, respectively. In steam-peeled effluent, 350 mg/L CaCl₂+ 25 mg/L Nalco 7122 reduced TSS by 90% and COD by 60%. Waste strength of effluent from processing potatoes can be substantially reduced by treating with coagulating and flocculating agents before discharging into municipal or other treatment systems.     

Listeria monocytogenes Inhibition by Whey Protein Films and Coatings Incorporating the Lactoperoxidase System

Antimicrobial effects of whey protein isolate (WPI) films and coatings incorporating the lactoperoxidase system (LPOS) against Listeria monocytogenes were studied by turbidity, plate counting, disc‐covering, and disc‐surface‐spreading tests using various growth media. Survival of L. monocytogenes applied to smoked salmon before or after the coating was monitored immediately after application and during storage at 4 °C and 10 °C for up to 35 d. Tensile properties (elastic modulus [EM], tensile strength [TS], elongation [E]), oxygen permeability (OP), and color (Hunter L, a, b) of WPI films, with and without LPOS, were also compared. LPOS inhibited L. monocytogenes in broth and on agar media. WPI films incorporating 29 mg of LPOS per gram of film (dry basis) inhibited 4.2 log colony‐forming units (CFU)/cm² of L. monocytogenes inoculated on agar media. WPI coatings prepared with LPOS at 0.7% (w/w) in a coating solution (40 mg LPOS/g coating [dry basis]) initially reduced >3 and 1 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes and total aerobic microorganisms in smoked salmon, respectively. The WPI coatings incorporating LPOS prevented the growth of L. monocytogenes in smoked salmon at 4 °C and 10 °C for 35 d and 14 d, respectively. The tensile properties, oxygen permeability, and color of WPI films were not significantly changed by incorporation of LPOS (P >0.05).     

Biological oxygen demand dynamics in the lower San Joaquin River, California

Dissolved oxygen less than 5 mg L(-1) (U. S. EPA advisory level) commonly occurs in the lower San Joaquin River (SJR), California. Most acute episodes typically occur in late summer and fall. The oxygen deficit can stress and kill aquatic organisms, often inhibiting the upstream migration of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). This 5 year study examined watershed-scale spatial and temporal biological oxygen demand (BOD) loads and the primary components believed to contribute to BOD: ammonium, algal biomass, nonalgal particulate organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen. Samples were collected bimonthly at 15 sites during the summers of 2000 and 2001 and from three lower mainstem sites from May 2002 to March 2005. BOD loads showed a downstream increase in parallel with increasing algal biomass loads resulting primarily from in-stream growth. BOD loads from measured tributaries and drains accounted for 28% and 39% of the BOD load at the downstream Vernalis site in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Algal C was positively correlated (r=0.80) with BOD, explaining 64% of BOD variance for data collected from 2001 to 2005. Less than 20% of BOD was found in the dissolved fraction (<0.45 microm). We conclude that algal biomass is the primary contributor to BOD loads in the lower SJR, upstream of Mossdale.     

Biological treatment of azo dyes on effluent by Neurospora sp isolated and adopted from dye contaminated site

Abstract

Application of fungal agents to develop eco-friendly and cost-effective dye removal from textile effluent was studied. A fungal strain Neurospora sp has been isolated from effluent site and tested for its ability to biosorption and biodegrade azodyes. Biosorption of azo dyes by live and dead fungal biomass was evaluated. Percentage of decolorization was found to be effective against all tested azodyes and ranges between 33 and 76%. Nearly 72% of azo dyes were removed by dead Neurospora sp biomass and 86% respectively by live active biomass. Biodegradation of textile effluent by Neurospora sp showed changes in BOD, COD and TOC indicates that isolated Neurospora sp effectively degrade and utilize the dye as a sole carbon source. The initial TOC of 2600?mg/L was approximately reduced to almost its three fourth within a week. Research works on application of fungal biomass on textile effluent treatment have proven decolorizing potential among a wide range of anionic and cationic dyes. Based on the results, the biosorption mechanism by Neurospora sp was observed as effective, economic and eco-friendly decontaminant.     

Chemical and Microbial Characterization of Citrus Oil-Mill Effluent

The aqueous discharge produced by centrifuges in a citrus peel-oil recovery system was chemically and microbially characterized. The discharge contained 3.82 °Brix, 2.60% sugars, 0.28% recoverable oil, and a BOD of 22,600 mg/L. Minerals in ppm included K(604), Na(248), Fe(185), and Ca(105). Citric and malic were the major acids, 0.78 and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. Concentration ratios of sugars were 3.6:1.7:1 for sucrose:glucose:fructose. Aerobic plate counts were 7.3 × 10⁷ colony forming units (cfu) per mL while indogenous yeast and mold counts were 1.8 × 10⁵ cfu/mL. Four yeasts isolated from the effluent were presumptively identified as members of the genus Saccharomyces.     

Recovery of Protein and Microorganisms From Shrimp Peeler Effluent

A study was conducted to determine the quantity and quality of proteinaceous solids recoverable from mechanical shrimp peeler effluent. Solids were recovered by HCl precipitation and centrifugation. Recovery of solids from untreated effluent was 1%-2% by weight (ca. 10% protein) and was predictable by turbidity. The precipitation/centrifugation process reduced supernatant total organic nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand approximately 50% and turbidity by over 90% compared with untreated effluent. Total aerobic plate counts (APC) of bacteria recovered from unprocessed shrimp and precipitated solids were 10⁵-10⁶ CFU/g, approximately 1.5 log units greater than from peeled shrimp or untreated shrimp effluent. Total APC of bacteria recovered from clarified effluent was 3.2 × 10¹ CFU/mL.     

Performance and biomass kinetics of activated sludge system treating dairy wastewater

The performance and bio‐kinetic coefficients of the activated sludge process (ASP) treating synthesised dairy wastewater were evaluated in a lab‐scale setup. The step‐loading experiment showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, in general, increased with increasing influent wastewater COD concentration from 180 to 1200 mg/L (correlation coefficient was 0.80). The COD removal efficiency ranged from almost 80–88.4% depending on the COD concentration of the influent wastewater. Also, it could be stated that the ASP was probably underfed with organics at COD concentrations <725 mg/L. Monod, Moser, Contois and Chen & Hashimoto substrate utilisation models, relating the growth of micro‐organisms to substrate utilisation, were employed to describe the bio‐kinetics of the ASP at an organic loading rate of 1200 mg/L. Amongst them, the Contois and Monod models predicted the bio‐kinetic reactions of the ASP very well with coefficient of determination (R²) values of 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. The estimated bio‐kinetic coefficients of the Contois model (on COD basis) were as follows: half‐velocity constant (0.20 mg/L), maximum substrate utilisation rate (3.13 per day), biomass yield coefficient (0.68), endogenous decay coefficient (0.07 per day) and maximum specific growth rate (2.13 per day).     

纸厂三废综合治理利用技术

本文介绍煤渣、含ＳＯ２烟气、造纸中段碱性废水综合治理利用技术。达到的指标是：湿式脱硫设备的脱硫率９８．０％，烟气总除尘率９９．０％，煤渣回收率９８．５％。沉淀池排水指标ＣＯＤｃｒ＜１００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ５＜５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。处理１ｍ３混合废水的费用为０．０２元，开辟了一条治理造纸中段碱性废水的新路子。     

Reduction of solid content in starch industry wastewater by microfiltration

Wastewater obtained in the production process of wheat starch and vital wheat gluten was treated by microfiltration through a ceramic tubular membrane with 200 nm pore sizes. The consumption of process water would thus be reduced, the starch would be recovered to a greater extent and the wastewater problem would consequently be solved. Reduction of the occurrence of polarization layer on the membrane and the constant wastewater permeate flux through the membrane was maintained by inserting of the mixer Kenics inside the membrane tube. The maximum value of the permeate flux (24 L m⁻² h⁻¹) without the use of a static mixer was achieved at 3 × 10⁻⁵ Pa and at a flow rate of 150 L/h, for wastewater samples initially allowed to settle for 4 h prior microfiltration. Under the very same conditions of the working parameters, the use of a static mixer enables a flux that is up to two or three times more intensive compared to the values obtained without using a mixer. Microfiltration reduces the wastewater dry matter from 11 000 to 4000 mg/L, lessens the chemical oxygen demand by 74%, i.e. from 21 000 to 5100 mgO₂/L and significantly decreases the values of the suspended matter, namely from 9000 to 300 mg/L.     

Antimicrobial Effects of Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, and the Lactoperoxidase System and Edible Whey Protein Films Incorporating the Lactoperoxidase System Against Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7

Lactoferrin (LF), lysozyme (LZ), the lactoperoxidase system (LPOS), and edible whey protein isolate (WPI) films incorporating LPOS were studied for inhibition of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Antimicrobial effects of LF (5 to 40 mg/mL), LZ (1 to 20 mg/mL), and LPOS (0.5% to 5.0% [w/v] [0.03–.25 g/g, dry basis]) were examined by measuring turbidity of antimicrobial‐containing media after inoculation and by examining cell inhibition by WPI films incorporating LPOS (LPOS‐WPI films) on an agar recovery medium. Elastic modulus (EM), tensile strength (TS), percent elongation (%E), oxygen permeability (OP), and Hunter L, a and b of WPI films incorporating 0.03 to 0.25 g/g of LPOS were compared with those of plain WPI films without LPOS. The growth of S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 (4 log colony‐forming units [CFU]/mL) in tryptic soy broth (TSB) was not prevented by LF at ≥20 and ≥40 mg/mL, respectively. S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 in TSB were not inhibited by LZ at ≥ 6 and ≥ 20 mg/mL, respectively. LPOS at concentrations of 2.75% (w/v) and 1.0% (w/v) reduced S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 to below the limit of detection (1 CFU/mL) in TSB, respectively. LPOS‐WPI films (0.15 g/g) completely inhibited S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 (4 log CFU/cm²), inoculated either onto agar before placing the film disc or onto top of the film disc. Incorporation of 0.25 g/g of LPOS decreased EM, TS, and %E. The oxygen barrier property of WPI films was improved with the incorporation of LPOS at 0.15 to 0.25 g/g.     

厌氧-A/O-物化法处理APMP废水

利用厌氧好氧相结合的厌氧-A/O-物化组合工艺,对APMP高浓废水进行处理,将CODCr在12000～19000mg/L的生产废水降到200mg/L以下,CODCr、BOD和SS的去除率分别达到96．7％、99．7％、99．7％,出水达到DB57/336-2003山东省《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》,且出水水质较稳定。本文介绍了该工艺处理流程、主要构筑物与工艺参数、工程调试及生产运行情况。     

IC厌氧反应器-改良型氧化沟-浅层气浮工艺处理制浆造纸废水

采用IC厌氧反应器-改良型氧化沟-浅层气浮工艺处理制浆造纸废水,介绍和分析了整个工艺的主要构筑物及其调试运行方法.当进水CODCr为4000 mg/L、BOD5为1350 mg/L、SS为2000mg/L时,出水CODCr,≤60 mg/L、BOD5≤20 mg/L、SS≤30 mg/L,达到GB3544-2008造纸工业水污染物排放标准的污染物排放限值.     

响应面法优化黄浆水超滤工艺及其代谢组学分析

为了高效分离获得蛋白的同时减轻黄浆水的污染问题,提高其综合利用率,本文采用超滤分离技术对黄浆水进行浓缩处理.在单因素实验基础上,采用响应曲面对黄浆水超滤工艺进行优化,并对超滤前后的黄浆水进行了蛋白质和总糖含量测定、生化需氧量(BOD)和化学需氧量(COD)测定以及代谢组学测定.结果表明:黄浆水超滤浓缩工艺的最佳参数为:...     

响应面法优化黄浆水絮凝工艺及其代谢组学分析

为了提高黄浆水的附加值和利用率,缓解排放黄浆水带来的环境污染,本文对黄浆水中的可溶性固形物进行絮凝处理。在单因素实验基础上结合响应面法对黄浆水中可溶性固形物的絮凝工艺进行优化,并且对絮凝前后黄浆水进行了蛋白质和总糖含量测定、生化需氧量和化学需氧量测定以及代谢组学测定。实验结果表明,絮凝沉降黄浆水可溶性固形物最佳工艺参数为:壳聚糖添加量为0.54 mg/mL,海藻酸钠添加量为0.24 mg/mL,pH为4.4,温度为47 ℃,此时黄浆水可溶性固形物沉降率为（46.26%±0.38%）;蛋白质含量下降40.68%、总糖含量下降8.41%;生化需氧量和化学需氧量去除率分别为43%、40.95%。代谢组学实验结果表明:黄浆水絮凝前后有66种化合物含量存在显著变化。本研究结果表明絮凝能有效的降低黄浆水中可溶性固形物的含量,为黄浆水的进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。     

糖厂节水降耗闭合循环用水实验研究

采用WZLN灰水分离器分离锅炉灰水;用无滤布真空吸滤机代替原真空吸滤机,减少外排废水300m3／d;结晶罐真空系统改造后可节水40％,经净化系统处理后,出水CODcr和BOD5的平均值分别为51．33mg／L和11．33mg／L,远低于污水综合排放标准中二类污染物排放标准。     

Fe3+存在下制浆中段废水好氧活性污泥的驯化

研究了Fe³⁺存在下处理制浆中段废水的好氧活性污泥的驯化过程。首先通过Fe³⁺对微生物生长曲线的影响确定Fe³⁺最佳用量为30 mg/L;然后在Fe³⁺用量为30 mg/L下,采用制浆中段废水对好氧活性污泥进行驯化,并设置不加Fe³⁺的空白组对照。结果表明,整个驯化过程中,加Fe³⁺组COD_Cr去除率和污染物去除率(以UV-254减少率表示)均高于空白组;驯化结束后,加Fe³⁺组和空白组COD_Cr去除率分别达78.2%和76.0%,污染物去除率分别为50.0%和37.7%。通过对脱氢酶活性的分析表明,加Fe³⁺组活性高于空白组。     

Amaranth Sprouts: A Potential Health Promoting and Nutritive Natural Food

Amaranth sprouts are an edible food with good nutritional qualities and potential biological activities of their proteins. The chemical composition, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of the sprouts were determined. Sprouts showed a protein content similar to the seeds’ on a dry basis (16%) and a high fiber content (17%). Amaranth sprout proteins presented a capacity to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme activity similar to other plant proteins (IC₅₀ = 0.9 ± 0.6 mg/mL). This capacity increased after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (IC₅₀ = 0.26 ± 0.07 mg/mL). Besides other non protein molecules, the amaranth sprout proteins also presented ABTS^+. scavenging activity (TEAC = 0.32 ± 0.05 μmol/mg) that increased after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (TEAC = 0.72 ± 0.08 μmol/mg) and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity. According to these results amaranth sprouts are a nutritive food with potential health promoting properties.