深通孔键槽铣床柔性转轴振动特性研究

为探寻深通孔键槽专用铣床柔性转轴加工过程中的振动特性,结合机床结构,运用欧拉-伯努利理论推导出转轴径向的振动位移响应函数模型,〖JP2〗得到工艺参数单因素变化下转轴的振动位移响应曲线。开展转轴振动试验测试,分别比较转轴振动位移幅值的理论与试验值,相对误差均在10%内,表明理论与试验的一致性较好,验证了柔性转轴振动理论模型推导的正确性。模型数据和试验结果表明：在机床铣削过程中,应尽量选择小的铣削深度、多齿数铣刀配〖JP〗合小的每齿进给量及相对较小的铣削速度,使铣削过程更平稳,降低对深通孔键槽加工质量的影响。该研究结果为机床产品设计提供参考。     

高速精密数控立式铣床本体结构动态特性测试

对某企业装机生产的高速高精密数控立式铣床结构动态特性进行实验测试,特别针对机床不同位置结构开展一系列动态特性测试工作,得到频率和振型等模态参数,最终结合测试结果得到整机的薄弱环节主要是鞍座与底座的结合位置,并且机床整体布局不合理,重心偏高。从两个方面阐述机床本体结构系统动态特性测试的方法和过程,分别是实验模态分析测试和机床切削振动测试。     

The effect of axis coupling on machine tool dynamics determined by tool deviation

High acceleration forces of machine tool with kinetic coupling as the dominating coupling forces may deform the machine structure and result in the tool deviation. In this paper, a dynamic model of a three-axis gantry milling machine tool considering axis coupling effects is proposed to model the varying dynamic behavior and evaluate the Tool Center Point (TCP) position deviations. The effect of axis coupling force on the stiffness changes of kinematic joints is analyzed. The variations of the frequencies and frequency response functions with respect to position parameters are calculated. And the TCP deviation affected by axial coupling in real-time motion state is discussed in detail. The results show that it is able to obtain an excellent match between the simulations and the measurements. The simulation and experimental results show that: (1) the natural frequencies and the receptance are greatly changed when the TCP is moving along the X-axis or the Z-axis, where the maximum changing of natural frequencies is up to 10% and response magnitude up to 2 times; (2) the elastic deformation and vibration of machine tool are caused by the coupling forces in acceleration and braking, which detrimentally affect dynamic response of the TCP. Thus, the model proposed in this paper represents the important effects for comprehension of machine dynamic behavior and for further compensation in future.     

A Study on the Drive at Center of Gravity (DCG) Feed Principle and Its Application for Development of High Performance Machine Tool Systems

For high performance machining, it is essential to minimize the vibration of a machine tool, which is incurred due to the instantaneous acceleration/deceleration. To minimize this vibration, it is fundamentally ideal to apply the driving force at the most shock-insensitive position of the moving structure: the center of gravity. Aiming at developing unparalleled high-performance machine tool systems, the effectiveness of the Drive at the Center of Gravity (DCG) principle on vibration reduction has been studied thoroughly by analytical and experimental approaches. Based on the results obtained, a new design of the high-performance machine tools has been discussed with a special focus on the installation of DCG mechanism without sacrificing any advantages already obtained in the recent basic design rules. The paper also describes the comparative study between a machine tool based on the DCG principle and the one with a conventional driving configuration. The results obtained have shown a distinctive performance difference in machining stability.     

Oscillator-based approach for modeling process dynamics in NC milling with position- and time-dependent modal parameters

Oscillator models provide an efficient approach for simulating the dynamic behaviour of the machine, tool, or workpiece. In their application, however, these models are usually limited to describing the vibration behaviour at one specific position since they do not contain any information about the structure of the machine tool or the workpiece. Additionally, the variation in time dependent parameters caused by the material removal process is not taken into account. In this paper, an adapted model, which takes the position- and time-dependent modal parameters during NC milling into account, is presented and its experimental validation with respect to the machining of thin-walled components is discussed.     

双锯片抛光机结构设计与分析

提出一种双锯片抛光机结构方案,可同时抛光两个锯片,从而提高了生产效率;并将原来的卧式结构改进为立式结构,从而减小占地面积。利用Pro/E三维软件建立其主动轴三维模型,并用ANSYS软件对主动轴进行了静力及振动分析,得到了应力分布图、结构变形图、前6阶振型图。分析结果表明:节点最大等效应力和节点最大位移均在规定范围之内,振动频率远大于振源频率,不会发生共振。实践表明:在此基础上研制的双锯片抛光机运行良好,满足企业实际需要。     

Modelling machine tool dynamics using a distributed parameter tool–holder joint interface

Increasing productivity in machining process demands high material removal rate in stable cutting conditions and depends strongly on dynamic properties of machine tool structure. Combined analytical–experimental procedures based on receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) are employed to determine the stability of machine operating conditions at different tool configurations. The RCSA employs holder–spindle experimental mobility measurements in conjunction with an analytical model for the tool to predict the dynamics of different sets of tool and holder–spindle combinations without the need for repeated mobility measurements. In this paper an alternative approach using the concept of tool on resilient support is adopted to predict the machine tool dynamics in various tool configurations. In the proposed model the tool, represented by an analytical model, is partly resting on a resilient support provided by the holder–spindle assembly. The support dynamic flexibility is measured by performing vibration tests on the holder–spindle assembly. Tool–holder joint interface characteristics are included in the model by considering a distributed elastic interface layer between the holder–spindle and the tool shank part. The distributed interface layer takes into account the change in normal contact pressure along the joint interface and comparing with the lumped joint model used in RCSA it allows more detailed representation of the joint interface flexibility and damping which have crucial roles in machine dynamics. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of proposed model in prediction of milling operation dynamics and it is shown that the model is capable of accurately predicting the dynamic absorber effect of spindle in a tool tuning practice.     

基于VMD的螺栓松动状态识别

针对螺栓出现松动故障信号产生非线性、非平稳的现象,提出一种基于VMD与LSSVM模型相结合的螺栓松动状态识别方法。搭建螺栓松动实验平台采集螺栓松动状态下4种工况的振动信号;利用VMD分解对螺栓松动状态各个工况下的振动信号进行分解,并计算VMD分解后各模态分量的能量熵,最后以各工况下VMD分解的各模态分量能量熵为特征构造特征向量矩阵,通过LSSVM模型进行训练与状态识别。实验结果表明:该方法可以有效的识别出的螺栓松动状态,并通过与EMD-LSSVM模型进行对比,验证了该方法用于螺栓松动状态识别的有效性、可行性与相较其EMD分解方法的优越性。     

Modeling the machining stability of a vertical milling machine under the influence of the preloaded linear guide

The prediction of machining stability is of great importance for the design of a machine tool capable of high-precision and high-speed machining. The machining performance is determined by the frequency characteristics of the machine tool structure and the dynamics of the cutting process, and can be expressed in terms of a stability lobe diagram. The aim of this study is to develop a finite element model to evaluate the dynamic characteristics and machining stability of a vertical milling system. Rolling interfaces with a contact stiffness defined by Hertz theory were used to couple the linear components and the machine structures in the finite element model. Using the model, the vibration mode that had a dominant influence on the dynamic stiffness and the machining stability was determined. The results of the finite element simulations reveal that linear guides with different preloads greatly affect the dynamic behavior and milling stability of the vertical column spindle head system. These results were validated by performing vibration and machining tests. We conclude that the proposed model can be used to accurately evaluate the dynamic performance of machine tool systems designed with various configurations and with different linear rolling components.     

An adaptronic approach to active vibration control of machine tools with parallel kinematics

In recent years, more and more lightweight components are used in machine tools in order to provide advantages in highly dynamic applications because of their reduced mass. One major drawback of these lightweight systems is their sensitivity to structural vibrations which are induced by high jerks during fast positioning and the machining process itself. Moreover, in case of parallel kinematic structures, the dynamic response depends nonlinearly on the actual pose of the mechanism in the workspace. In this paper, a concept for active vibration control for a machine tool with planar parallel kinematics is presented. For this purpose, an adaptronic rod has been developed and integrated into the existing machine tool. The unit consists of a high-power lead–zirconate–titanate piezo stack actuator, which is able to induce forces in longitudinal direction of the rod, and various sensors so that different control concepts from the field of active vibration control can be implemented and tested. Based on a flexible multibody system model of the machine tool, a hierarchical controller consisting of an integrated force feedback as low authority Control combined with a frequency-shaped linear quadratic regulator has been designed. The experimental results presented here demonstrate the ability of the chosen approach to clearly suppress the first dominating resonance without loss of performance in the low frequency range, which is often a serious problem of active damping concepts.     

Dynamic model of a centerless grinding machine based on an updated FE model

Centerless grinding operations present some characteristic features that make the process especially susceptible to regenerative chatter instabilities. Theoretical study of these vibrations present some difficulties due to the large amount of parameters involved in the process and, in addition, such a study requires a precise determination of dynamic properties of the particular machine under study. Taking into account the important role of the dynamic characteristics in the process, in this paper both analytic and experimental approaches are used with the aim of studying precisely the vibration modes participating in the response. Using as reference results obtained from an experimental modal analysis (EMA) performed in the machine, the finite element (FE) model was validated and improved using correlation and updating techniques. This updated model was used to obtain a state space reduced order model with which several simulations were carried out. The simulations were compared with results obtained in machining tests and it was demonstrated that the model predicts accurately the dynamic behavior of the centerless grinding machine, especially concerning on chatter.     

基于结合面参数的机床整机有限元建模与分析

基于结合面参数,利用ANSYS建立了AV1200-2五坐标立式铣床整机有限元模型。通过模态试验与有限元计算结果对比分析,验证了文中建模方法的正确性。最后,结合有限元与试验模态分析的结果,初步识别了整机结构的薄弱结合面及薄弱结构,并提出了相应的修改建议。     

线性摩擦焊机滑台系统振动位移分析

为促进整体叶盘线性摩擦焊接技术的发展及应用,从振动理论角度分析了线性摩擦焊机工作中滑台的振动位移响应规律。建立了滑台系统的两自由度强迫振动力学模型,利用数学解析和试验测量相结合的方法得到了系统相关振动参数。建立了振动系统的仿真模型,通过对比仿真结果与实验结果,验证了仿真模型的有效性。利用该模型分析了焊机振动参数对滑台系统位移响应的影响,发现增大移动夹具与滑台之间的刚度系数k1、滑台与床身之间的刚度系数k2以及滑台与床身之间的黏性阻尼系数c2均有利于减小滑台系统整体位移响应值,提高滑台的刚度与稳定性。分析了振动频率对滑台系统振动位移的影响,发现该系统共振出现在34～35 Hz附近,应当使焊机工作频率高于45 Hz,以减小滑台系统的振动。     

铸球铸造成形机自动化的研究

铸球铸造成形机是利用机械振动及加压的原理将模具浇口内的型砂加压振动密实,在上模具的浇口处的四周形成一层厚度为10-15 mm的覆砂层,防止模具的浇口在铸造时熔化.目前,此工序由工人手工夯实完成,操作人员的劳动强度大,生产效率低,不能满足批量生产的要求.介绍了铸球自动化生产的成形模具和铸造成形机结构,分析了铸球铸造成形机自动化生产过程.     

坡口机床进给丝杠副刚度计算

坡口机床进给系统中自激振动是制约加工效率的主要原因,有很大一部分振动来源于进给丝杠副。应用机床动力学理论建立进给系统自激振动力学模型并进行理论分析,计算不同支承方式下丝杠轴向刚度和螺母结构刚度,提出采用两端固定支承和双螺母的结构,可有效提高刚度、抑制振动现象发生。     

Expedient modeling of ball screw feed drives

Ball screw feed drives are the most commonly used mechanism to provide linear motion in high speed machine tools. Position accuracy and the achievable closed loop bandwidth of such drive systems are usually limited by the structural vibration modes of the mechanical components. Higher order plant models allow for a better understanding of the system dynamics, improve the design process of feed drives and are essential for the development of sophisticated control strategies. The ball screw shaft, describing a complex flexible structure, is probably the most significant component concerning structural vibration modes of a feed drive. In this paper, the behavior of the shaft and its dominant influence at different operating and coupling conditions is particularly addressed. Using a hybrid modeling technique, the main characteristics of the shaft are derived and projected onto a clearly arranged and versatile lumped mass model. Simulative and experimental examinations are conducted and a parameter analysis is performed. The presented model proofs to be accurate for a great range of parameters and in addition allows for a physical interpretation of the dominant structural vibration modes of a feed drive.     

激光切割机机身有限元分析及实验研究

振动是激光切割机面临的问题之一,它能造成加工误差,影响零件加工精度。模态分析主要用于确定结构或机器部件的振动特性。运用有限元分析软件ANSYS对激光切割机整机进行模态分析,研究了整机的无阻尼自由振动,得到了整机机械系统的固有频率和振型。通过分析激光切割机的各阶振动模态的特点,得到后续的动态分析步长必须小于0.0072s这个周期,才可以保证模型计算准确性的结论。最后通过实验结果与理论结果对比,验证了建模的合理性,为动力学分析和优化设计提供理论依据和条件。     

基于BP神经网络的外圆磨削颤振在线识别和监测方法

为提高机床磨削加工过程中对颤振现象识别的能力,提出一种基于BP(back?propagation)神经网络模型的颤振识别方法。通过对加工过程中传感器采集到的高频声发射信号以及振动信号相关特征值的提取,获得关于颤振的多特征参数样本库,并用其对BP神经网络模型进行学习和训练,建立BP神经网络在线识别颤振的算法模型,实现对机床加工过程中是否发生颤振的在线监测和识别。试验结果表明:这种基于BP神经网络模型的颤振识别测试结果与磨削加工试验中的磨削颤振现象结果相符合。该方法能够有效地识别磨削加工过程中的颤振,并起到在线监测识别的作用。      

基于振动时域特征的船用滚动轴承故障诊断方法

基于机器学习故障诊断方法,针对船用滚动轴承复合故障特征提取多样化的特点,提出一种以振动信号时域指标为特征的随机森林故障诊断方法。将振动时域信号进行清洗转换,构造5个量纲一化指标的衍生特征,并选取以决策树为基本分类器的随机森林算法建立训练模型;通过特征筛选、评估测试和模型优化得到较为理想的故障诊断分类模型;采用滚动轴承竞赛数据集进行模型仿真,并结合实际模拟8种船用滚动轴承故障状态。通过三向振动实验和算法建模,证明特征提取的科学性和故障诊断模型的有效性。结果表明:采用该方法,数据仿真诊断准确率为98.61%,实验诊断准确率为98.85%,且该方法在振动采集方向为轴向时诊断效果最优。     

粉料除铁机电磁系统及结构设计

应用电磁理论和振动机械理论，针对玻璃、冶金、铸造、陶瓷等行业普遍使用的除铁机，设计了电磁系统及结构。主要部件的结构尺寸为：激磁线圈，采用双玻璃丝包扁铝线，截面积为19mm^2共600匝，轭铁尺寸为δ=110mm，每根弹簧刚度为41．25kg／cm，两台JW08B-4-M2型0．18kW激振电机。