复卷机张力控制系统的设计及应用

针对复卷机退纸辊退卷张力控制系统中存在多扰动与非线性的问题,以退纸辊退卷张力为研究对象,提出一套完整的控制方案,在张力控制中引入了模糊PID算法,并加以应用。为解决交流传动下系统产生的回馈能量处理问题,对系统主电路硬件结构进行了公共直流母线设计,该设计已应用于浙江金华某纸厂复卷机项目的退纸辊退卷张力控制系统,取得了良好的控制效果。     

DCS550卷曲宏在复卷机退纸辊控制中的应用

DCS550直流调速器卷曲宏控制复卷机退纸辊,通过对复卷机退纸辊控制原理的分析,得出退纸辊的控制要求,阐明了退纸辊张力产生的原因和计算方法。同时介绍了DCS550直流调速器的卷曲宏及其参数组含义,然后在卷曲宏的应用中介绍了装置的硬件接线方式和卷曲参数的设置,从而实现通过DCS550卷曲宏对复卷机退纸辊的控制。     

复卷机退卷张力自动控制系统设计

针对复卷机工作时退卷张力控制难的问题,在分析了退卷张力对纸幅质量影响的基础上,确定了退纸辊的控制要求并对控制方案进行合理选择,完成了复卷机退卷张力自动控制系统的硬件和软件设计。将公共直流母线结构应用于复卷机传动控制系统中,能充分利用再生能量,提高复卷机运行效率;对退纸辊控制部分进行软件模块化编程,使其具有普适性。该退卷张力自动控制系统在实际中的运用效果较好,适当改动即可适用于多种复卷场合下退卷张力的控制。     

复卷机传动控制系统的设计及应用

造纸行业中的下引纸复卷机直流传动控制系统的技术关键在于退纸辊的恒张力控制。本设计围绕退纸辊的恒张力控制要求,在程序设计上必须实现退纸辊的直径计算功能、纸幅的直接张力检测补偿功能以及在系统加减速过程中动态惯量补偿功能,并结合对以上程序功能的设计和应用,对下引纸复卷机传动控制系统进行设计。     

交流复卷机的间接张力控制

针对交流传动复卷机中影响间接张力控制的各因素进行了具体分析,给出了退纸辊交流电机在复卷机稳态运行和加减速运行时电磁转矩计算公式,利用现场总线技术控制退纸辊电机的变频器按照规定转矩运行就可以实现间接张力的控制。实际使用证明这种间接张力控制的方法可以接近直接张力控制的效果。     

再复卷机纸幅张力控制分析与应用

再复卷机退纸装置是由两台电机共同驱动一个退纸卷筒,针对再复卷机在复卷过程中车速增减以及退卷卷径的减小时对纸幅张力的影响,以退卷纸幅张力控制为研究对象,结合再复卷机工作原理,推导出退卷张力系统的数学模型。根据本次项目现场调试,提出再复卷机驱动退纸纸芯的两台电机采用主-从传动控制和光纤通讯。     

复卷机退纸系统联轴器的改进

我公司1760mm ZWJ16复卷机为下引纸式复卷机,其退纸系统由退纸架、刚性联轴器、磁粉制动器组成。工作时,纸卷吊到退纸架上,用刚性联轴器将磁粉制动器与卷纸辊连接起来,通过控制磁粉制动器,从而控制纸幅的张力。     

复卷机退纸辊转动惯量补偿问题的分析

复卷机退纸辊转动惯量的补偿可以保证张力恒定,从而保证了复卷的质量.分析了稳态和变速过程中造成张力波动的主要因素以及如何实时补偿转动惯量以保证恒张力控制,并提出了实际中基于欧陆590控制器的转动惯量补偿系统.     

浅谈带张力直接控晶闸管双闭环有准备逻辑无环流可逆系统

我厂 2 36 2造纸机是由西安造纸机械厂生产 ,其配套高速复卷机电气控制部分采用天津电气自动化研究所开发设计的 ,张力直接控制晶闸管双闭环有准备逻辑无环流可逆系统 ,经过 6年来的运行和几次对电气控制部分改造 ,完全能够满足产品质量的要求 ,静态精度和动态精度 <± 0 .19。复卷机一般由退纸辊、外导辊、纵切圆刀、后底辊、前底辊、压纸辊及张力辊等部分组成 ,它对电气传动系统有相应的要求 :退纸部分要求在升速、运行和降速停车时均维持张力恒定 ;在断纸或更换纸辊时 ,要建立静止张力能慢速送纸 (正转 )和慢速拉纸 (反转 ) ,以建立所需…     

直流传动复卷机退纸辊电机的弱磁控制

对直流传动的复卷机退纸辊从升速、额定转速以下、额定转速以上、降速等各种状态的运行控制方法进行了分析,认为只要正确遵守运动控制规律,实时获得各必要参数就能对退纸辊电机在变电枢电压和减弱磁通调速中做到精确控制,从而实现纸幅张力的恒定。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.