分液冷凝器在HFC410A空调系统的替换实验研究

汽液分离式冷凝器是一种管内高效冷凝换热器,它采用了一些强化换热手段,如多管程平行流冷凝、中间排液以及优化管子数目等.这里将该分液冷凝器用于HFC410A空调系统中,并进行了性能测试.结果表明:使用分液冷凝器后,HFC410A的制冷能力仅为原系统的96.4%,EER值为原来的93.8%,该分液冷凝器无法实现替换目的.通过分析发现, HFC410A对分液冷凝器的热力性能影响较大,HFC410A在分液冷凝器的气液分离效果变差,不再维持HCFC22在分液冷凝器中表现出来的近等温冷凝过程;在相同的冷凝温度下,HFC410A系统的循环质量流量较HCFC22系统减少1.2%~9.2%时,分液冷凝器的压降提高39.1%~52.6%.     

分液冷凝器及其空调/热泵系统的研究进展

分液冷凝技术是一种通过主动调控制冷剂冷凝过程的干度和流量,实现在制冷剂侧增大传热系数和减小压降的管内强化传热方法。本文综述分液冷凝技术原理、各类分液冷凝器的结构实现方式,总结该技术对冷凝器热力性能和空调/热泵系统性能的影响。结果表明,分液冷凝技术可大幅度减小压降,且在高质量流速下可实现强化传热系数;与常规翅片管式冷凝器相比,相同传热面积时分液冷凝器可提升空调/热泵系统能效比;在系统能效比相当时可减小冷凝器传热面积。该技术具有一定的应用前景和工程价值。     

流路布置对R22替代工质冷凝器性能的影响研究

基于相关文献提出的冷凝器分布参数模型,分别以R22的3种替代产品（R407C,R410A,R134A）为工质,分析了4种不同流路布置的2排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性,并与以R22为工质的冷凝器进行了性能比较。结果表明：采用R22的3种替代工质时,冷凝器性能的变化规律基本一样,4种流路布置中,在随着管内冷媒流量的变化和随着冷凝器迎风面风速的变化两种工况下,逆流换热效果最好,其次是错流,顺流最差;在与R22为工质的冷凝器性能比较中,采用3种替代工质的冷凝器换热量及进出口压降的变化趋势基本一样;在3种替代工质中,R410A性能较好,换热量最大、压降最低,但其冷凝压力比R22高出60%左右,R134A压降较大,这两种都不是理想替代物,而R407C与R22在换热量及压降方面最为接近,是其理想的替代工质。     

日本大金公司开发HCFC-22及R-502的替代品

HCFC-22的替代品大致有以下三种：混合HFC－32／25／134a的R407C；混合HFC．32／25的R－410A和混合HFry32／134a（正在申请ASHRAENQ）等。R－502的替代品有以下两种：混合HFC－125／143a／134a的R－404A；混合HFC－125／143a的R－507等。HCFC－22替代致冷剂主要用于空调机及食品冷冻机等设备，其特性如下：R－502替代致冷剂主要用干中低温冷冻系统，如展示架、冷冻库板、冷冻车等。替代致冷剂R，404A和R－507，与R－502性能大致相同，若干性能较为不足，但传出的温度则下降。HCFC．22替代品的开发及使用情况见下表。R－…     

冰箱替代工质HFC152a和HFC152a/HCFC22的压缩机性能试验研究

对冰箱制冷剂CFC12及其可能替代物HFC152a和不同配比的HFC152a/HCFC22进行了压缩机性能试验。分别测定了它们的制冷量、单位功率制冷量。试验结果表明以HFC152a取代CFC12,单位功率制冷量提高4.2％、制冷量下降4.7％。在HFC152a中加入少量HCFC22以后,综合性能有所提高;加入较多HCFC22时,则随HCFC22成分增加,混合工质的单位功率制冷量下降,而制冷量上升。HFC152a和HFC152a/HCFC22是一种热工性能优良,是CFC12的优秀替代工质。在冰箱中应用前景十分广阔,     

分液隔板结构对分液冷凝系统性能的影响

分液冷凝器(liquid-vapor separation condenser LSC)是一种带分液隔板的平行流换热器,它可实现在冷凝过程中分段排出冷凝液,提高冷凝区域的制冷剂干度。利用标准焓差实验室,对比研究了采用不同分液隔板结构的分液冷凝器对整个制冷系统性能的影响。在保持室内侧工况不变(干/湿球温度为26.7℃/ 19.4℃)条件下,改变室外侧干球温度29~41℃,分别考察了3个具有不同分液隔板结构冷凝器的壁温和压降、系统耗功、制冷量及能效比(EER)的变化规律。实验结果表明,发现具有不同孔径结构分液隔板的冷凝器可以具有不同的热力性能,也可以具有相近的热力性能,设计合理的分液隔板可使冷凝器的冷凝段壁温几乎不变,且端压降最小。其系统的制冷剂流量最大,且制冷量和EER最高。由此可见,汽液分离的效果会使冷凝器获得更均匀的流量分配,降低两相流动阻力,提高制冷系统整体性能。     

R22替代工质冷凝器的性能研究

本文基于传热单元法,建立了冷凝器的稳态分布参数模型.分别以R22及其3种替代产品(R407C,R410A,R134A)为工质,运用该模型详细比较了在流量变化及风量变化两种情况下2排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性.结果表明:无论是随着管内冷媒流量的变化,还是随着迎风面风速的变化,换热量及进出口压降的变化趋势基本一样.四种工质中,R410A性能较好(换热量最大,压降最低),但其冷凝压力比R22高出60%左右,R134A由于压降较大,两者都不是R22的理想替代物.R407C与R22在换热量及压降方面最为接近,是其理想的替代工质.     

流程布置对R410A冷凝器性能的影响研究

本文基于效率-传热单元法,建立了空冷式冷凝器的分布参数模型.以R410A为工质,运用该模型详细分析了四种不同流程布置两排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性,并与以R22为工质的冷凝器进行了性能比较.结果表明采用R410A为工质时,四种流程布置中,无论是随着管内制冷剂流量的变化,还是随着冷凝器迎风面风速的变化,逆流布置换热效果最好,换热量比顺流高约5～15%,压降比顺流高约3～20%,其次是错流布置,顺流布置最差.在与以R22为工质的冷凝器性能比较中,无论是随着管内制冷剂流量的变化,还是随着迎风面风速的变化,R410A冷凝器换热量都比R22高约6～15%,压降低约30～50%.本研究结论为冷凝器流程布置的优化和设计提供了一定的理论基础和指导方向.     

分液冷凝器的管程理论设计及热力性能评价

根据分液冷凝器强化换热思想对其管程理论设计方法进行了研究。依据质量流速和干度来判断每一流程中制冷剂的流型,并依此选取Cavallini换热模型公式的方法求其平均换热系数,同时采用Cavallini两相压降模型和Darcy-Weisbach单相压降模型分别确定冷凝区和过冷段的压降。针对一个案例计算了三种管程设计方案下冷凝器管内冷凝换热系数和端压值,并用惩罚因子PF对其综合热力性能进行了评价。计算结果表明:不同的管程设计方案中管内制冷剂的流量分配均匀性存在较大的差异,均匀性越好,其综合热力性能越优。在质量流速为1200~1500 kg/(m2.s)范围内,与同等换热面积的蛇形管冷凝器相比,其中最好的分液冷凝器的PF值减小了48.5%~54.1%,可见设计优良的分液冷凝器的综合热力性能明显优于蛇形管冷凝器。     

HFC—32/134a在房间空调器中的理论与实验研究

本文主要是进行非共沸混合制冷剂HFC—32/HFC—134a(30/70％)在房间空调器中替代HCFC—22的理论与试验研究。理论与试验研究的结果表明:在对原来装置不作大的改动的情况下,HFC—32/HFC—134a(30/70％)的性能与HCFC—22相当,可以成为HCFC—22的直接替代制冷剂。     

Transferts de chaleur lors de la condensation du mélange HFC23/HFC134a à l'intérieur d'un tube lisse horizontal

The environmental effects of the depletion of stratospheric ozone due to refrigerants containing chlorine, have resulted in international treaties, laws and amendments (Copenhagen, 1992, to the Montreal protocol, 1987) to phase out and eliminate many common refrigerants. HCFC22 is one of these refrigerants and no such single component alternative has been discovered for this fluid. Zeotropic refrigerant mixtures (binary or ternary) are being considered as potential replacements for HCFC22. Evaporation and condensation heat-transfer characteristics, and inside tubes of heat exchangers, due to the use of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures, have been a subject of fundamental importance in evaluating the heat exchanger performances in the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry.In this study, it is proposed to determine the heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients during in-tube condensation of zeotropic mixture HFC23/HFC134a in a smooth copper tube with an inside diameter of 8.92 mm. The test section of three passes of 2 m each; it is a counter flow double-pipe heat exchanger with water flowing in the annulus and refrigerant in the inner tube. This test section is instrumented with temperature and pressure sensors. We have tested HCFC22, HFC134a, and three refrigerant mixtures of HFC23/HFC134a at different compositions to appreciate the effect of glide on heat transfer. The quality was from 1 to 80%, the heat flux ranged from 2 to 50 kW m⁻² and mass flux varied from 80 to 480 kg m⁻²s⁻¹. In these conditions, no effect of a glide on the heat-transfer coefficient was observed; this result was confirmed by using an equilibrium condensation curve analysis. The pressure drop can be calculated with classical correlations but with physical properties of the mixture.     

Condensation and evaporation heat transfer of R410A inside internally grooved horizontal tubes

Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were measured for condensation and evaporation of R410A and HCFC22 inside internally grooved tubes. The experiments were performed for a conventional spiral groove tube of 8.01 mm o.d. and 7.30 mm mean i.d., and a herring-born groove tube of 8.00 mm o.d. and 7.24 mm mean i.d. To measure the local heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop, the test section was subdivided into four small sections having 2 m working length. The ranges of refrigerant mass flow density was from 200 to 340 kg/(m² s) for both condensation and evaporation of R410A and HCFC22, and the vapour pressure was 2.41 MPa for condensation and 1.09 MPa for the evaporation of R410A. The obtained heat transfer data for R410A and HCFC22 indicate that the values of the local heat transfer coefficients of the herring-bone grooved tube are about twice as large as those of spiral one for condensation and are slightly larger than those of spiral one for the evaporation. The measured local pressure drop in both condensation and evaporation is well correlated with the empirical equation proposed by the authors.     

A study on the performance of multi-stage heat pumps using mixturesEtude sur la performance de pompes à chaleur multi-étagées utilisant des mélanges

Multi-stage heat pumps composed of a condenser, evaporator, compressor, suction line heat exchanger, and low and/or high stage economizers are studied by computer simulation. Their thermodynamic performance and design options are examined for various working fluids. In the simulation, HCFC22/HCFC142b and HFC134a are studied as an interim and long term alternatives for CFC12 while HFC32/HFC134a and HFC125/HFC134a are studied as long term alternatives for HCFC22. The results indicate that the three-stage super heat pump with appropriate mixtures is up to 27.3% more energy efficient than the conventional single-stage system with pure fluids. While many factors contribute to the performance increase of a super heat pump, the most important factor is found to be the temperature matching between the secondary heat transfer fluid and refrigerant mixture, which is followed by the use of a low stage economizer and suction line heat exchanger. The contribution resulting from the use of a high stage economizer, however, is not significant. With the suction line heat exchanger, the system efficiency increases more with the fluids of larger molar liquid specific heats. From the view point of volumetric capacity and energy efficiency, a 40%HCFC22/60%HCFC142b mixture is proposed as an interim alternative for CFC12 while a 25%HFC32/75%HFC134a mixture is proposed as a long term alternative for HCFC22.     

螺旋槽锯齿翅片管在空调机冷凝器上的应用

螺旋槽锯齿翅片管是一种新型高效冷凝换热管。试验表明，在额定工况下，以R22为制冷剂，螺旋槽锯齿翅片管冷凝器与通常使用的低肋管冷凝器相比具有较高的冷凝换热性能，在换热面积减少30％的情况下，空调机的制冷量增加3．3％，能效比提高6．9％。     

Condensation heat transfer coefficients of binary HFC mixtures on low fin and Turbo-C tubes

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are measured for nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs) of HFC32/HFC134a and HFC134a/HCFC123 on a low fin and Turbo-C tubes. All measurements are taken at the vapor temperature of 39 °C with the wall subcooling of 3–8 °C. Test results showed that condensation HTCs of NARMs on enhanced tubes were severely degraded from the ideal values showing up to 96% decrease. HTCs of the mixtures on Turbo-C tube were degraded more than those on low fin tube such that HTCs of the mixtures at the same composition were similar regardless of the tube. The mixture with larger gliding temperature differences (GTDs), HFC134a/HCFC123, showed a larger heat transfer reduction from the ideal values than the mixture with smaller GTDs, HFC32/HFC134a. Heat transfer enhancement ratios of the enhanced tubes with NARMs were almost 2 times lower than those with pure refrigerants and they decreased more as the GTDs of the mixtures increased.     

HFC32, a low GWP substitute for HFC410A in medium size chillers and heat pumps

This paper presents the experimental heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops measured during refrigerant HFC32 condensation inside a commercial Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE) and compares this data with similar measurements previously obtained for refrigerant HFC410A to assess its capability as low GWP substitute for HFC410A in medium size chillers and heat pumps. The effects of saturation temperature, refrigerant mass flux, and vapour super-heating are investigated. HFC32 exhibits heat transfer coefficients much higher and frictional pressure drop slightly higher than those of HFC410A. Therefore, considering that HFC32 exhibits a GWP just one-third that of HFC410A, taking into account also its good thermodynamic properties, it seems to be a very promising low GWP substitute for HFC410A in medium size chillers and heat pumps.     

An experimental investigation of refrigerant mixture R32/R290 as drop-in replacement for HFC410A in household air conditioners

In the present paper, the refrigerant mixture R32/R290 (68%/32% by weight) is investigated as the drop-in replacement for R410A in household air conditioners. The GWP of it is only 22% of that of R410A. Theoretical and experimental investigations are conducted on the performance of the air conditioners working with both R32/R290 and R410A. Experimental results show that the refrigerant charge amount of R32/R290 is reduced by 30.0%–35.0%; the cooling and heating capacities are increased by 14.0%–23.7%. For further reducing charge amount and flammability, the micro-channel heat exchanger (condenser) is employed to replace the finned tube one. Compared with the R32/R290 system using finned tube heat exchanger, the R32/R290 charge amount and the power consumption are reduced by 34.1% and 0.4%, respectively; the cooling capacity and the COP are increased by 6.4% and 6.8%, respectively.     

Condensation heat transfer coefficients of halogenated binary refrigerant mixtures on a smooth tube

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures of HFC32/HFC134a and HFC134a/HCFC123 at various compositions were measured on a horizontal smooth tube of a 19 mm outside diameter. All data were taken at the vapor temperature of 39 °C with a wall subcooling of 3–8 °C. Test results showed that HTCs of the tested mixtures were 19.4–85.1% lower than the ideal values calculated by the mole fraction weighting of the HTCs of the pure components. A thermal resistance due to the diffusion vapor film seemed to be partly responsible for the significant reduction of HTCs with these nonazeotropic mixtures.     

高效传热冷凝器对提高空调机性能的试验研究

对于水冷空调机的冷凝器，采用螺旋槽锯齿管为换热管，壳程采用折流杆支撑结构，可以大大提高冷凝器的换热性能。试验表明，在额定工况下，以B22为制冷剂，与常规低肋管冷凝器相比，在换热面积减少约37.5％的情况下，空调机的制冷量增加3．7％，能效比提高8．5％。