Esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vegetable oils: Significance in the formation of 3-MCPD

3-Mono-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a contaminant that occurs in food in its free (diol) form as well as in an esterified (with fatty acids) form. Using a simple intestinal model, it was demonstrated that 3-MCPD monoesters and 3-MCPD diesters are accepted by intestinal lipase as substrates in vitro. Under the chosen conditions, the yield of 3-MCPD from a 3-MCPD monoester was greater than 95% in approximately 1 min. Release from the diesters was slower, reaching about 45, 65 and 95% of 3-MCPD after 1, 5 and 90 min of incubation, respectively. However, in human, the hydrolysis of 3-MCPD esters is unlikely to release 100% as 3-MCPD, as triglycerides and phospholipids are hydrolysed in the intestine liberating 2-monoglycerides. Assuming a similar metabolism for 3-MCPD esters as that known for acylglycerols in humans in vivo, the de-esterification in positions 1 and 3 would thus be favoured by pancreatic lipases. Therefore, 3-MCPD, and 3-MCPD-2 monoesters would be released, respectively, from the 1-/3-monoesters, and the diesters potentially present in food. Hence, information on the exact amounts of the partial fatty acid chloroesters, i.e. 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, is important to assess the contribution of foods to the bioavailability of 3-MCPD. Therefore, a rapid method for the determination of the ratio of 3-MCPD monoesters to diesters in fats and oils was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isotopically labelled 3-MCPD esters as internal standards. The analysis of 11 different samples of fat mixes typically employed in food manufacturing demonstrated that a maximum of about 15% of the total amount of 3-MCPD bound in esters is present in the monoesterified form. The potentially slower release of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD diesters, and the mono- to diesters ratio suggest that 3-MCPD esters may in fact contribute only marginally to the overall dietary exposure to 3-MCPD. Further work on the bioavailability, metabolism and possible toxicity of chloroesters per se is warranted.     

深圳市区食用植物油中 3-氯丙醇酯的污染情况分析

目的建立食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD ester)的气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GC-MS),并对93份深圳市售食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯的含量进行调查。方法称取0.1 g样品,用1 m L甲醇钠甲醇溶液(0.25 mol/L)将脂肪中的3-氯丙醇酯水解成3-氯丙醇(3-MCPD),用硅藻土小柱净化后,七氟丁酰基咪唑进行衍生处理,用气相色谱-质谱联用法检测3-氯丙醇酯含量,采用内标法定量。结果 3-氯丙醇酯在250~5000μg/kg范围内线性良好(r0.999),3个浓度水平下加标回收率为78.5%~99.8%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~6.0%。93份食用植物油样品中,检出率28%,3-氯丙醇酯含量为0~73.70 mg/kg。结论深圳市成年人群食用植物油平均3-氯丙醇酯的摄入较为安全。     

A new,direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible oils

A new, direct analytical method for the determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD esters) was developed. The targeted 3-MCPD esters included five types of monoester and 20 types of diester. Samples (oils and fats) were dissolved in a mixture of tert-butyl methyl ether and ethyl acetate (4:1), purified using two solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (C₁₈ and silica), then analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five monoesters and five diesters with the same fatty acid group could be separated and quantified. Pairs of 3-MCPD diesters carrying the same two different fatty acid groups, but at reversed positions (sn-1 and sn-2), could not be separated and so were expressed as a sum of both compounds. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were estimated to be between 0.02 to 0.08?mg?kg^?1, depending on the types of 3-MCPD ester. Repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD_r%) varied from 5.5% to 25.5%. The new method was shown to be applicable to various commercial edible oils and showed levels of 3-MCPD esters varying from 0.58 to 25.35?mg?kg^?1. The levels of mono- and diesters ranged from 0.10 to 0.69?mg?kg^?1 and from 0.06 to 16?mg?kg^?1, respectively.     

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯的代谢及毒理学研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)主要是植物油脱臭过程中产生的一类过程污染物, 其在生物体内经脂肪酶水解会生成3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD), 3-MCPD具有神经、肾脏、遗传毒性以及潜在的致突变性, 是国际公认的食品污染物。近年来国内外学者对于3-MCPD酯的毒理学研究逐渐增多, 研究发现3-MCPD酯的毒性作用范围与游离3-MCPD的毒性作用范围相同, 这支持酯键断裂形成游离3-MCPD, 并且主要由3-MPCD施加毒性的观点。虽然3-MCPD酯相比游离3-MCPD的急性毒性较低, 但2种化合物都产生广泛的肾组织病理学包括肾小球损害和肾小管上皮细胞增生及睾丸毒性。本文主要对3-MCPD酯的生物代谢及毒性研究进行了概述, 旨在给国内相关毒理学研究提供参考, 并有助于后续健康风险评估工作的开展。     

食品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）作为一种公认的食品污染物已有数十年之久。随着对3-MCPD的深入研究,在越来越多的食品中检测出较高含量的3-MCPD。最近的研究发现3-MCPD更多地以酯化形式存在于咖啡、婴幼儿配方奶粉及食用油等很多食品中。这些存在于食品中的3-MCPD脂肪酸酯（3-MCPD酯）在一定条件下能够释放3-MCPD,从而引起对机体的毒性作用。目前已有研究报道了3-MCPD棕榈酸单酯在动物体内的急性毒性作用和细胞毒性作用,因此,进一步深入研究3-MCPD酯的毒性显得尤为重要。本文对3-MCPD酯在食品中的存在及影响因素、检测方法、代谢转化以及毒性研究进行了综述。      

Fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol in refined edible oils

Recently, fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and that of glycidol have been reported in refined edible oils. Since then a wealth of research has been published on the factors influencing the formation of these contaminants in foods. It can be noted that the predominant precursors in a given matrix will not necessarily be the same as in other matrices. Further, proven relationships in the past between precursors responsible for free MCPD or free glycidol formation will not necessarily be valid for their fatty acid-esterified counterparts. This review attempts to summarise the current status of the literature as it pertains to the reasons surrounding the manifestation of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oils and fats. Recent efforts to mitigate the levels of these contaminants were highlighted and put into the context of their respective reaction matrices. As more accurate occurrence data for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in other foods are collected, more targeted mitigation experiments can be formulated with respect to the reaction matrices under investigation.     

动植物油脂中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的研究进展

随着对氯丙醇的深入研究和检测技术的不断更新,在越来越多的食品中检测出高含量的氯丙醇。目前,有许多关于在动植物油脂中检测出3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)酯的报道,并得出油脂精炼过程是产生3-MCPD酯的主要途径,精炼工艺中的脱臭工序是3-MCPD酯形成的关键工序。假设3-MCPD酯的含量按照100%转化,则转化生成的3-MCPD将远远超过每日最大耐受量(TDI)2μg/kg。因此,本文对3-MCPD酯的来源及影响因素、检测方法和其在动植物油脂中的发展趋势进行了综述。     

“水解植物蛋白液 葡萄糖”模型热反应中 3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的研究

通过设计“水解植物蛋白液 葡萄糖”模型热反应,考察了不同3-氯-1,2-丙二醇 (3-MCPD)含量的HVP液、葡萄糖用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对热反应产物中 3-MCPD 含量的影响。结果表明：模型热反应产物中 3-MCPD 含量随着 HVP 液中 3-MCPD 的含量增加而增加;随着葡萄糖用量增加而减少;随着反应温度的升高,3-MCPD 的量先增加后减少;热反应时间越长,3-MCPD 的含量越高。     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are processing contaminants found in a wide range of edible oils. While both 3 MCPD and glycidol have toxicological properties that at present has concerns for food safety, the published occurrence data are limited. Occurrence information is presented for the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 116 retail and/or industrial edible oils and fats using LC-MS/MS analysis of intact esters. The concentrations for bound 3-MCPD ranged from below the limit of quantitation (<LOQ) to 0.09 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 22 unrefined oils and from 0.005 to 7.2 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 94 refined oils. The concentrations for bound glycidol ranged from <LOQ to 0.03 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in unrefined oil samples and from <LOQ to 10.5 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in processed oil samples. The highest concentrations for both 3-MCPD and glycidol were seen in refined palm oil and palm olein samples. Palm olein samples also contained a higher percentage of 3-MCPD in mono-ester form than any other type of oil.     

低含量3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的水解植物蛋白生产工艺优化

本文研究了在低酸、低温条件下植物蛋白的优化水解工艺，此工艺旨在降低水解蛋白中的氯丙醇类物质。研究确定：在98℃左右、固液比1：5、盐酸浓度4mol／L、水解18h所得水解蛋白中3-氯-1，2．丙二醇含量为1．25mg/kg，仅是常规酸法的5％。进一步进行碱中和与减压浓缩处理，可使3-氯-丙二醇残留大幅降低。     

气相色谱-负化学离子源-质谱测定食用植物油中 3-氯丙醇酯的含量

目的建立气相色谱-负化学离子源-质谱法(gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry,GC-NCI-MS)测定植物油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)含量的方法。方法植物油样品经甲醇钠-甲醇水解,硅藻土固相萃取小柱净化,七氟丁酰咪唑衍生化后采用GC-NCI-MS在离子监测模式下对植物油中3-MCPDE的含量进行测定和分析,测定结果均以游离态的3-MCPD计,内标法定量。结果 3-MCPD在0.5~50μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好(r=0.9999),定量限为0.01 mg/kg,在0.10、0.50和1.0 mg/kg 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为79.5%~81.7%,相对标准偏差为6.0%~9.2%。结论该方法准确度和精密度良好,灵敏度高,可用于食用植物油中3-MCPDE的含量测定。     

Migration studies of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in polyethylene extrusion-coated paperboard food packaging

The manufacturing process of paperboard food packaging can produce small quantities of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD or 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol) when wet-strength resins containing epichlorohydrin are used. 3-MCPD is from the same family as 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), which is known to cause cancer in animals. 3-MCPD has been found in acid hydrolyzed vegetable protein, Asian sauces and paperboard for food contact. In this investigation, we conducted extraction studies to measure 3-MCPD migration into food simulant solvents from the food contact side of polyethylene extrusion-coated paperboard beverage cartons and aqueous extractions of cut pieces from the entire paperboard. We demonstrate that 3-MCPD confirmed present at concentrations up to 9.9 mg kg^?1 within the paperboard matrix does not migrate through the polyethylene-coated food contact surface. The aqueous extraction of the entire paperboard and food contact side extractions with aqueous/acidic food simulants were performed using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Commission (EU) migration testing protocols. We also show that no significant amount of 3-MCPD migrates through the unskived edges on the inside seam of the paperboard structure. The methodology for the aqueous and migration cell extractions using GC–MS analyses was validated with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.009 mg kg^?1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005 mg kg^?1.     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定精炼植物油中的4种3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯

为准确、快速测定油脂中3-氯丙醇双酯,建立了一种基于液相色谱串联质谱技术测定精炼植物油中4种3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯[3-氯-1,2-丙二醇棕榈酸二酯(3-MCPD-PP)、3-氯-1,2-丙二醇二油酸酯(3-MCPD-OO)、3-氯-1,2-丙二醇硬脂酸二酯(3-MCPD-SS)、3-氯-1,2-丙二醇-1-棕榈酸-2-亚油酸二酯(3-MCPD-PL)]的方法。待测油样加入氘代同位素内标后经NH2固相萃取柱、固相分散萃取净化包(PSA 500 mg, C18 500 mg)联合净化后,过0.22μm有机膜,取2μL样品溶液注入液质联用仪中进行测定。经Accucore VDX色谱柱分离,ESI源离子化,SRM模式,并采用同位素内标法对3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯进行定性定量分析。结果表明:4种3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯在1~1 000μg/L范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,检出限均为0.010 mg/kg,在精炼植物油中的回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3-MCPD-PP 62.3%~94.0%和5.43%~11.67%,3-MCPD-OO 60.1%~91.7%和3.28%~13.54%,3-MCPD-SS 61.6%~92.1%和4.73%~10.46%,3-MCPD-PL 62.3%~92.2%和2.69%~11.37%。该方法简便、高效,可用于精炼植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯的检测。     

Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic processing contaminants that are formed during the process of edible oil refining. Because of their toxicological properties, the presence of these compounds in refined oils and foods containing these oils, particularly infant formula, poses a potential food safety concern. For this reason, recent research efforts have focussed on the development of methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula in order to estimate levels of exposure. This work presents occurrence data for 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 222 infant formulas purchased in the United States between December 2017 and January 2019. The results of this study show a wide range of contaminant concentrations across four different manufacturers, with average bound 3-MCPD concentrations ranging from 0.035 µg g^?1 to 0.63 µg g^?1 and average bound glycidol concentrations ranging from 0.019 µg g^?1 to 0.22 µg g^?1. The data suggest that manufacturers B and C source palm oil produced with mitigation measures, leading to reduced amounts of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in their infant formulas. Additionally, comparison with a previously published study in our laboratory of the occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula purchased in the U.S. between 2013 and 2016 revealed that, since 2016, contaminant concentrations have decreased in products produced by manufacturers A, B, and C, while contaminant amounts in formulas from manufacturer D have slightly increased.     

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauces and similar products available from retail outlets in the UK

A survey of the level of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauces and similar products available in the UK is reported. The survey was carried out by the Joint Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food/Department of Health Food Safety and Standards Group (JFSSG) to check for compliance with the Food Advisory Committee's (FAC) recommended limit for 3-MCPD of 0.01mg/kg following reports that soy sauces in several European countries had been found to contain high levels (up to 124mg/kg) of 3-MCPD. Forty samples of soy sauce and similar products purchased from retail outlets were analysed using a GC-MS procedure which had been formally validated by an earlier collaborative trial. 3-MCPD was undetectable in 21 (52%) of samples analysed in the survey, with a further five samples containing very low levels of between 0.01 and 0.02mg/kg. Five samples (13%) contained 3-MCPD at levels in the range 0.020-1mg/kg while nine samples (23%) were found to contain 3-MCPD at levels greater than 1mg/kg, with the highest level being 30.5mg/kg.     

食用植物油中3-MCPD酯GC-MS测定方法研究

建立了甲醇钠-甲醇水解,固相萃取柱净化,HFBI衍生结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法对食用植物油中3-MCPD酯含量进行测定。该方法在0.50～2. 50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r~2=0.988 5),检出限为0. 025 5 mg/kg,定量限为0. 093 3 mg/kg。3-MCPD酯的平均加标回收率在94. 80%～104. 62%之间,RSD 1.47%～5.23%。本方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重复性好,能够很好地适用于食用植物油中3-MCPD酯的检测。采用该方法对新疆几种市售食用植物油中的3-MCPD酯进行测定。新疆市售的几种食用植物油中均检测出浓度不等的3-MCPD酯。其中菜籽油、亚麻籽油、番茄籽油、花生油以及葡萄籽油受3-MCPD酯污染严重,3-MCPD酯含量都高于0.4 mg/kg。而核桃油、大豆油、红花籽油中3-MCPD酯的含量都低于0.4mg/kg。     

河南省市售食用植物油中氯丙醇酯污染状况分析

旨在为河南省食品安全风险监测提供参考,对河南省市售的205份食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-MCPD酯)的污染状况进行调查分析。结果显示：205份食用植物油中,3-MCPD酯污染水平高于2-MCPD酯,其中3-MCPD酯检出率为79.0%,均值为1.83 mg/kg,中位值为1.30 mg/kg;大豆油的3-MCPD酯检出率最高,为93.3%,中位值为1.72 mg/kg,其次是花生油,检出率为89.2%,中位值为1.06 mg/kg,橄榄油的3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯污染水平最低;2021年食用植物油中3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯检出率均高于2020年;城市、农村人群经由食用植物油摄入3-MCPD酯健康风险较低。不同食用植物油氯丙醇酯的污染水平差别较大,虽然居民经食用植物油摄入3-MCPD酯健康风险较低,但需要继续加强监测。     

河北省部分地区食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯的污染水平研究

目的调查河北省部分地区市售食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯的污染情况。方法称叐0.1 g植物油样品,用0.5 mol/L甲醇钠溶液将脂肪中的3-氯丙醇酯水解成游离的3-氯丙醇,用硅藻土小柱净化后,丂氟丁酰基咪唑迚行衍生化处理,气相色谱-质谱联用法检测3-氯丙醇酯含量,同位素内标法定量。结果测得市售的32份植物油样品中,全部检出含有3-氯丙醇酯,检出范围0.15～1.32 mg/kg, 3-氯丙醇酯平均值为0.47 mg/kg。结论食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯污染问题必须引起持续关注,其中菜籽油和花生油污染问题较为突出,因此有必要加大监测力度,以获叐更多数据,制定限量标准,保障食品安全。     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 μg kg^?1 milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 μg kg^?1, expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 μg kg^?1; with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 μg kg^?1, which corresponded to 35.5 μg kg^?1 milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14–76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328–2078 μg kg^?1 fat (mean 930 μg kg^?1 fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 μg kg^?1 milk (mean of 12 μg kg^?1 milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.     

油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

对油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽水源中氯离子含量和待脱臭油脂中氯离子含量进行检测分析,并采用不同氯离子含量的直接蒸汽对油脂进行蒸馏脱臭,检测脱臭前后油脂中3-氯丙醇酯（3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol ester,3-MCPD酯）和缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量及氯离子含量,研究油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的影响。结果表明：油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽中氯离子含量随其水源中氯离子含量增加而升高,水源中氯离子含量在对应饱和蒸汽中的保留率约为0.1%;当油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽水源中氯离子质量浓度达到50～200?mg/L时,脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯含量大幅升高至低质量浓度氯离子水源（1～10?mg/L）脱臭油脂中含量的2.6?倍,但脱臭油脂中氯离子含量并未升高;待脱臭油脂中氯离子含量升高会导致脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量的升高。在待脱臭油脂中添加质量浓度为100?mg/L的氯化钠溶液0.5～5?mL时（相当于油脂中添加量1～10?mg/kg）,脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs生成量分别为4.49～7.84?mg/kg和14.88～19.84?mg/kg,是待脱臭油脂含量的5.5～9.5?倍和5.8～7.7?倍。因此,控制和减少油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对降低脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量有重要作用。