A new robust reference watermarking scheme based on DWT-SVD

This paper presents a new semi-blind reference watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform(DWT) and singular value decomposition(SVD) for copyright protection and authenticity. We are using a gray scale logo image as watermark instead of randomly generated Gaussian noise type watermark. For watermark embedding, the original image is transformed into wavelet domain and a reference sub-image is formed using directive contrast and wavelet coefficients. We embed watermark into reference image by modifying the singular values of reference image using the singular values of the watermark. A reliable watermark extraction scheme is developed for the extraction of watermark from distorted image. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a variety of attacks. We show that the proposed scheme also stands with the ambiguity attack also.     

Weighted matrix based reversible watermarking scheme using color image

High capacity, secure, reversible watermarking scheme using a color image for image authentication and tampered detection is still an important area of research. In this investigation, we have proposed a weighted matrix based reversible watermarking scheme using the color image which provides image authentication and tampered detection. Here, we decomposed the original image into R, G, B color components and partitioned into (3 × 3) pixel blocks then we performed the sum of entry-wise-multiplication operations using a modified weighted matrix to embed the watermark. The watermark embedding locations are stored within an index file to enhance security, increase data hiding capacity, gain good visual quality, achieve reversibility and confirm authenticity. The proposed watermarking scheme not only perform authentication and tampered detection but also improved both data embedding capacity up to 8.00 (bpp) as well as increase visual quality measured by PSNR, 50.03 (dB). Finally, the scheme is compared with other existing state-of-the-art methods and gives a reasonably better performance in terms of visual quality and hiding capacity. Our scheme has been evaluated through various steganographic analysis and observed that the scheme is secure and robust against various attacks.     

An oblivious fragile watermarking scheme for images utilizing edge transitions in BTC bitmaps

As one of the famous block-based image coding schemes,block truncation coding(BTC) has been also applied in digital watermarking.Previous BTC-based watermarking or hiding schemes usually embed secret data by modifying the BTC encoding stage or BTC-compressed data,obtaining the watermarked image with poorer quality than the BTC-compressed version.This paper presents a new oblivious image watermarking scheme by exploiting BTC bitmaps.Unlike the traditional schemes,our approach does not really perform the BTC compression on images during the embedding process but utilizes the parity of the number of horizontal edge transitions in each BTC bitmap to guide the watermark embedding and extraction processes.The embedding process starts by partitioning the original cover image into non-overlapping 4×4 blocks and performing BTC on each block to obtain its BTC bitmap.One watermark bit is embedded in each block by modifying at most three pixel values in the block to make sure that the parity of the number of horizontal edge transitions in the bitmap of the modified block is equal to the embedded watermark bit.In the extraction stage,the suspicious image is first partitioned into non-overlapping 4×4 blocks and BTC is performed on each block to obtain its bitmap.Then,by checking the parity of the number of horizontal edge transitions in the bitmap,we can extract one watermark bit in each block.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed watermarking scheme is fragile to various image processing operations while keeping the transparency very well.     

一种基于熵理论的自适应水印嵌入算法

为了提高数字图像嵌入水印时的不可感知性与鲁棒性,提出一种利用图像信息熵与边缘熵理论并结合果蝇优化算法的水印嵌入方案。首先对载体图像进行分块,并计算每个分块的信息熵与边缘熵,将每个分块的2个熵值相加并排序。然后根据嵌入水印的容量选择熵值较高的分块,并将每一位水印信息嵌入到经过小波变换与奇异值分解的分块中。最后为了进一步平衡嵌入水印不可感知性与鲁棒性之间的矛盾,利用果蝇算法对嵌入水印的强度进行自适应优化。实验结果表明该方法具有更好的不可感知性,在面对多种类型、多种强度的模拟攻击时比同类算法表现出更强的鲁棒性。     

A robust watermarking scheme using self-reference image

In this paper, a robust watermark scheme for copyright protection is proposed. By modifying the original image in transform domain and embedding a watermark in the difference values between the original image and its reference image, the proposed scheme overcomes the weak robustness problem of embedding a watermark in the spatial domain. Besides, the watermark extraction does not require the original image so it is more practical in real application. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme provides not only good image quality, but is also robust against various attacks, such as JPEG lossy compression, filtering and noise addition.     

实离散分数Krawtchouk变换及其在数字图像水印中的应用

目的传统Krawtchouk变换处理图像时存在变换域信息表示单一、不可调节等问题,传统分数阶Krawtchouk变换处理实信号表示有冗余等问题。为了构造更加灵活的图像变换域表示,提出了实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换,并应用于数字图像水印。方法利用对传统Krawtchouk变换矩阵特征值分解的方式,通过对分解后的特征值矩阵的实矩阵分数化构造得到了实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换的变换矩阵,从而构造出实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换。然后,利用所提变换从实数域变换到实数域这一特性,提出了在实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换嵌入水印信息的图像水印算法。算法采用了图像分块处理的方式,对每个图像块的实离散分数Krawtchouk变换系数进行奇异值分解,将水印信息嵌入奇异值分解矩阵中,然后进行逆向实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换得到嵌入水印后的图像。结果通过比较所提实离散分数阶Krawtchouk变换域水印算法和传统Krawtchouk变换域水印算法,提取水印的平均错误率在中值滤波、均值滤波、高斯滤波、JPEG压缩和缩放攻击下,分别降低了12.39%、10.04%、18.50%...     

Optimized gray-scale image watermarking using DWT–SVD and Firefly Algorithm

This paper presents an optimized watermarking scheme based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The singular values of a binary watermark are embedded in singular values of the LL3 sub-band coefficients of the host image by making use of multiple scaling factors (MSFs). The MSFs are optimized using a newly proposed Firefly Algorithm having an objective function which is a linear combination of imperceptibility and robustness. The PSNR values indicate that the visual quality of the signed and attacked images is good. The embedding algorithm is robust against common image processing operations. It is concluded that the embedding and extraction of the proposed algorithm is well optimized, robust and show an improvement over other similar reported methods.     

Robust gray-scale logo watermarking in wavelet domain

In this paper, a robust logo watermarking scheme based on image fusion is proposed. Unlike existing watermarking schemes, the used watermark is a gray scale logo instead of randomly generated Gaussian noise type watermark. The core idea of the proposed scheme is to decompose an image into frequency sub-bands using wavelet transform followed by the embedding in selected blocks of sub-bands obtained by ZIG-ZAG sequence. Block selection is done by taking variance of the blocks into consideration. The experimental results show better visual imperceptibility and resiliency of the proposed scheme against intentional or un-intentional variety of attacks and superiority is carried out by comparison made by us with the existing schemes.     

基于Fibonacci置乱的小波域数字图像盲水印算法

针对数字图像的版权保护问题,提出一种基于Fibonacci置乱的小波域数字图像盲水印方案。将原图像中的感兴趣区域(ROI)作为水印来源,以此提高水印的隐蔽性。在水印嵌入过程中,将原图像进行分块,对每个块进行Fibonacci置乱和离散小波变换(DWT),选择出低频子带,用于水印嵌入。同时,对水印也执行DWT,选择出低频子带,通过Fibonacci置乱得到置乱矩阵,将水印的置乱矩阵嵌入到主图像的块中。在水印提取过程中,根据嵌入过程中设定的秘钥,通过逆Fibonacci置乱和逆DWT过程提取水印。在多种图像攻击下的仿真结果表明,该水印方案具有较高的安全性、鲁棒性和隐蔽性。     

Watermarking using similarities based on fractal codification

This paper describes a digital watermarking scheme based on fractal codification for 8-bit gray scale images; it replaces range blocks by modified blocks according to the watermark bit being embedded. The main contribution of this work is a decrease in the distortion generated by the watermark embedding in the carrier image compared to the reference scheme based on fractal codification; in addition, the scheme achieves a better robustness against JPEG attacks, a decrease at 13.2 dB in distortion and up to 50% improvement in Bit Correct Ratio (BCR). The scheme relies on the selection of interest points, local searching regions and embedding regions to be successful. Finally, this document presents a comparison of the results obtained with the proposed scheme and other schemes inspired by the fractal codification.     

基于奇异值分解的数字图像二值水印嵌入与盲检测

提出了一种基于奇异值分解的数字图像二值水印嵌入与盲提取算法.利用图像矩阵的奇异值稳定性好且最大奇异值远远大于其它奇异值的特点,首先对分块图像进行奇异值分解,再结合二值水印和一个事先设置好的量化参数对每个分块的最大奇异值进行微调,从而达到水印嵌入的目的.实验结果表明,新的水印方案具有较高的不可见性和较强的鲁棒性;可灵活控制水印容量的大小;水印提取不需要原始图像的参与,从而可成功实现水印图像的盲提取.     

载体独立的深度光照水印算法

随着多媒体技术的发展与完善，数字产品的版权保护需求逐步增大。数字水印是一种保护数字产品版权的有效手段，它一般是通过在数字载体（如文本、图像等）中添加重要标识信息（即数字水印），使载体带有标识信息，但又不影响载体的正常使用。常见的数字水印嵌入方案是通过采用特定算法对载体进行修改来嵌入水印信息的。而在实际的应用场景中，有很多待保护的图像或物件（如艺术画作等）是不允许修改的。基于此背景，提出了一种新的载体独立的深度光照水印算法，在嵌入端通过可见光调制的方法来表达水印信息，从而实现在不对原始载体进行修改的前提下进行水印信息嵌入，并达到版权保护的目的。通过对人眼视觉系统进行分析，提出了基于交替式投影的水印模板图案来嵌入水印信息，使嵌入过程既不需要对原始载体进行修改，也不会影响人眼的视觉感官。而在提取端，设计了基于残差连接的水印提取网络，对采集的水印图像经透视变换后送入该网络来进行水印信息提取。实验在多种条件下进行，并与3种基准算法进行了对比。实验结果表明，所提算法生成的水印图像具有较小的视觉失真，且对“投影-拍摄”过程具有很强的鲁棒性。在不同距离、角度、光照等条件下，水印提取网络具有很高的水印信息提取准确率，且相比其他通用网络具有一定的优越性。     

一种基于DCT的模糊聚类自适应水印算法

在DCT域提出了基于模糊和人类视觉系统的新颖的数字水印算法，该算法将图像块按照亮度和纹理进行分类，可以自适应地根据图像特点嵌入水印。水印为二值图像，根据块分类以不同的嵌入强度嵌入到所选择块的中频系数中。该方法允许在一定的视觉距离下嵌入更为鲁棒的水印，达到鲁棒性和不可见性的良好折衷。仿真结果显示了该方法可以抵抗如压缩，加噪等常用攻击。     

采用块间关系的彩色图像水印方法

提出一种空间域彩色图像的盲水印方法。该方法首先对YUV彩色空间中图像的亮度分量Y进行4×4分块,按每两个相邻图像块为一组对其分组。然后从挑选的图像块组中利用相邻图像块的亮度均值间的大小关系来实现水印的嵌入。而水印的提取是通过判别相邻两个图像块亮度均值间的大小关系来完成。该方法具有其实现简单、计算代价小和速度快的特点,同时实验结果表明在对抗诸如JPEG压缩、旋转、缩放、锐化和低通滤波等攻击有比其他几种方法有更好的性能和鲁棒性。     

Rightful ownership through image adaptive DWT-SVD watermarking algorithm and perceptual tweaking

In this paper, a tailored blended image adaptive watermarking scheme has been presented, which is based on DWT and SVD. Through this paper an attempt has been made to solve the problem of false positive while maintaining the robustness and imperceptibility with the help of principal component and perceptual tuning of the image. Perceptual tuning is a non-blind technique and based on the objective quality of image. The embedding strength is made dependent on watermark features as well as of host in wavelet domain by using tuning parameter which is user specific. The idea of embedding the principal component of intermediate frequency sub-bands of watermark image into singular values of perceptually tuned intermediate frequency sub-bands of host image have been exploited. The proposed algorithm is providing the adaptive behavior towards the image content for perceptual transparency and at the same time avoiding the possibility of false watermark extraction well supported by a private key, which is necessary at the time of extraction. Thus the proposed watermarking algorithm is a kind of non-blind, image adaptive and suitable for rightful ownership. Various comparative results make the algorithm superior in terms of intentional and non-intentional attacks. Also the algorithm is strong against the print and scan attack.     

基于DWT-SVD的奇异向量量化水印算法

提出了一种新颖的可用于版权保护的小波奇异值分解的量化水印算法。与传统的水印比特信息直接嵌入小波系数不同,水印信息被量化嵌入原始图像小波低频子带分块奇异值分解得到的奇异向量中。水印提取无需原始图像,可在密钥和量化阂值控制下实现盲提取。实验表明,含水印图像质量好且能较好地抵抗常规的图像处理,对JPEG压缩具有优异的鲁棒性。     

基于图像复杂度的数字水印算法

对图像复杂度进行了分析,结合人眼视觉系统,提出一种基于图像复杂度的数字水印算法.该算法根据载体图像灰度共生矩阵的图像熵对载体图像的纹理特征区域进行划分,按照不同的纹理特征将载体图像的DCT(discrete cosine transform)块分成3类分别进行嵌入,并利用Watson视觉模型控制水印嵌入强度.仿真实验结果表明,本文算法不仅具有较大的水印容量和良好的遮蔽性,而且对噪声、滤波、有损压缩、剪切等常见攻击具有较好的鲁棒性.     

基于小波变换和人类视觉系统的盲数字水印算法

随着因特网的发展,数字水印技术被广泛应用于数字图像、音频、视频等多媒体产品的版权保护。按照水印检测的方式可把数字水印分为盲水印和明文水印。文中提出了一种基于小波变换和人类视觉系统的盲数字水印算法,首先将水印图像利用Arnold混沌映射进行置乱,对宿主图像进行小波分解,然后通过改变两个小波子带相应系数的大小关系来嵌入水印信息。其中对相应小波系数修改权值的设置,利用了基于小波域的人眼视觉系统的特点。提取水印不需要原始图像。实验表明该算法在抵抗JPEG压缩、剪切和盐椒噪声等攻击有比较好的鲁棒性。     

A novel hybrid of DCT and SVD in DWT domain for robust and invisible blind image watermarking with optimal embedding strength

To optimize the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness properties, this paper proposes a robust and invisible blind image watermarking scheme based on a new combination of discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain using least-square curve fitting and logistic chaotic map. Firstly cover image is decomposed into four subbands using DWT and the low frequency subband LL is partitioned into non-overlapping blocks. Then DCT is applied to each block and several particular middle frequency DCT coefficients are extracted to form a modulation matrix, which is used to embed watermark signal by modifying its largest singular values in SVD domain. Optimal embedding strength for a specific cover image is obtained from an estimation based on least-square curve fitting and provides a good compromise between transparency and robustness of watermarking scheme. The security of the watermarking scheme is ensured by logistic chaotic map. Experimental results demonstrate the better effectiveness of the proposed watermarking scheme in the perceptual quality and the ability of resisting to conventional signal processing and geometric attacks, in comparison with the related existing methods.     

改进的拼凑算法实现水印嵌入和盲检测

提出一种改进的拼凑算法,用来在空间域实现水印的嵌入和盲检测,算法在不影响原始图像视觉效果的基础上,对常见的图像攻击具有较好的鲁棒性.水印检测不需要原始图像的参与,有效实现了盲检测.