宁夏丝棉木果实挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

运用GC-MS分析方法研究宁夏地区丝棉木果实果肉、种子主要挥发性化学成分。采用水蒸气蒸馏技术分别从丝棉木果实果肉、种子中提取挥发性物质,通过GC-MS联用技术对挥发性成分进行分析鉴定,用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量。从丝棉木果实果肉挥发油中,经计算机质谱库的检索,共鉴定出了46种组分,主要是醇类(23.65%)、酯类(21.53%)、羧酸类物质(18.40%)、杂环化合物(16.62%);从种子中共鉴定出了57种组分,主要为烃类物质(84.99%)。丝棉木果实的果肉、种子所含挥发性成分差异较大,共有成分较少,为我们对丝棉木果实进一步研究和运用提供参考。     

银杏叶类脂和衍生物制备及其生物活性研究（摘要）

银杏叶类脂成分主要包括烃类、聚戊烯醇类、萜烯醇类、甾醇类等化合物,银杏叶聚戊烯醇是重要的银杏叶类脂成分,具有抗病毒、提高免疫功能、肝细胞再生、抑制癌细胞转移等生物活性。本文主要研究银杏叶类脂的化学成分,聚戊烯醇衍生物的合成以及抑菌和抗氧化作用,为银杏叶资源有效生物活性成分的高效利用,扩大其药理药效应用范围,以及保健功能产品和新药的研究和开发提供必要的理论依据。     

水蜜桃香精挥发成分的气相色谱/质谱分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)和固相微萃取(SPME)两种方法对水蜜桃香精进行前处理,通过气相色谱/质谱法(GC-MS)检测其挥发性和半挥发性成分,且对两种方法鉴定出的主要成分作了比较。实验结果表明,两种方法从水蜜桃香精中共检出31种物质,包含有酯类11种、醇类8种、酮类5种、烯类及烷烃类3种,其中SDE鉴定出29个,SPME鉴定出20个,共同组分18个。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析黄果茄果实的挥发性成分

为探究黄果茄果实中挥发性物质的具体成分及相对含量,了解其成分的功效及用途,实现黄果茄果实的开发利用。对黄果茄果实中的未知挥发性物质,采用顶空固相微萃取技术与气相色谱-质谱检测结合的方法进行检测分析。黄果茄果实中共鉴定出22种挥发性物质,醇类化合物有2种、醛类化合物2种、酮类化合物3种、酯类化合物10种、4种烷烃类和其他化合物。从相对含量方面上看,醛类和脂类化合物是黄果茄果实中主要的挥发性物质组成,是黄果茄果实提取物中主要的呈味物质。黄果茄挥发性物质中成分的大部分主要作为香料使用,应用于食品、日化、医药,少部分还可用作杀虫剂灭菌剂,以及化工溶剂、润滑剂等。     

一种新鲜草莓香精的制备

选取新鲜草莓,通过SPME-GC/MS分析其挥发性香气成分,鉴定出49种物质,其中酯类21种,醛类10种,醇类5种,酮类4种,萜烯类4种,酸类3种,呋喃类2种。根据分析结果,结合调香经验,调配出一款新鲜感良好的草莓香精。     

煤中各族组分FTIR解析

采用全组分分离法将徐州夹河气煤(JHM)、河南平顶山煤(PDSM)、徐州庞庄煤(XZM)和山西介休焦煤(JXM)分离成萃余煤组分、沥青质组分、精煤组分和轻质组分四大族组分,通过FTIR比对研究各族组分的官能团结构特征。结果表明:酚、醇、醚等含氧化合物主要富集于精煤组分,沥青质组分中也有一定含量;脂肪族物质主要富集于沥青质组分;而芳香族物质与矿物质主要富集于萃余煤组分;轻质组分中含有很少量酚、醇和醚类物质。回收NMP溶剂可促进酚、醇类物质的溶解。脂肪族物质更易于在二级萃取中溶出。     

AEDA/GC-MS分析新鲜芫荽香气成分

采用溶剂辅助风味蒸发法（SAFE）结合气相色谱-质谱联机（GC-MS）,通过双柱对新鲜芫荽中的挥发性成分进行鉴定,并通过谱库检索和保留指数比对,共计从新鲜芫荽中鉴定出化合物87种,其中烃类28种,醛类20种,醇类22种,酸类4种,酯类7种,酮类3种,杂环及其他类3种。通过香气提取物稀释分析法 (AEDA) 结合气相色谱-嗅闻技术（GC-O）对新鲜芫荽进行分析,共鉴定出21种活性香气成分,其中关键香气的物质有5种 (FD≥81),分别是反-2-十二烯醛、反-2-十三烯醛、反-2-十四烯醛、3-甲硫基丙醛、反-2-癸烯醛。     

蛹虫草的化学成分与药理作用研究进展

蛹虫草又称北冬虫夏草,其所含有的核苷类化合物、虫草多糖、虫草酸甾醇类物质、蛋白质氨基酸及微量元素成分可发挥抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗氧化、镇静催眠及抗炎抑菌的作用。近年来各界学者对其研究异常火热,且在保健食品与保健药品的开发中应用亦广泛。本文即对近几年蛹虫草的化学成分与药理作用进行综述,以期推动其食用及药用资源的进一步开发利用。     

陈皮的挥发性香气分析

为了深入探究陈皮的挥发性香气成分,采用溶剂辅助风味蒸发法（SAFE）提取陈皮中的挥发性成分,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）和气相色谱-嗅闻联用技术（GC-O）对陈皮和九制陈皮中的挥发性风味物质进行鉴定,结果共鉴定出93挥发性成分,46种香气活性物质。为了确定关键香气物质,采用香气提取物稀释分析法（AEDA）对两种陈皮的香气活性成分作进一步分析,结果显示：萜烯类、醇类和醛类化合物是主要的香气活性物质,其中柠檬烯、月桂烯是两者共有的关键香气成分。此外,1,4-二甲基-4-乙酰基-1-环己烯、橙花醇、香茅醛、肉豆蔻醛和α-甜橙醛是陈皮中的关键香气成分;香兰素、香芹酚、紫苏醇、芳樟醇、香芹酮和β-紫罗酮是九制陈皮中关键香气成分。通过对两种陈皮的关键性风味物质进行对比分析,确定出两种陈皮中对风味贡献较大的香气化合物及其差异组分,从而为陈皮类产品的开发提供理论支撑。     

蛋黄来源胆固醇中甾醇类杂质的研究

目的:研究胆固醇工艺中精制工序前后甾醇类杂质的变化,采用GC-MS方法对甾醇类杂质进行分析鉴定,同时获得符合欧洲药典标准的供注射用胆固醇。结论:从精制前胆固醇粗品中分析出10种甾醇类成分,分别是芥酸酰胺、胆固醇、24-脱氢胆固醇、5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3-one、3β,4α,5α-4-methyl-8(14)-cholest-en-3-ol、3β-Ergosta-5,24-dien-3-ol、Δ5-菜油甾醇、4β-methyl-Cholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol、α-环氧胆固醇、γ-谷甾醇。对制备出的胆固醇样品进行检测,产品质量符合欧洲药典要求。     

Free sterols,steryl esters,and lipid phosphorus in needles of scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Free sterols, steryl esters, and lipid phosphorus were measured in new (current year) needles of Scot's pine during an annual cycle, and also in one-, two-, and three-year-old needles collected shortly after bud break. Sterols were identified and quantified by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Steryl esters were hydrolyzed enzymatically. Newly emerged needles contained highest amounts of free sterols and lipid phosphorus, probably reflecting increased membrane and organelle production, but low levels of steryl esters. Mature needles contained approximately equal amounts of free and esterified sterols. The molar phospholipid/free sterol ratio was 3∶1 at all the time periods studied. A dramatic increase of steryl esters was observed in the one-, two-, and three-year-old needles at times when new needles emerged. The individual free and esterified sterols were sitosterol, campesterol (presumably together with its C-24 epimer), and cholesterol, at approximately 88, 10, and 2%, respectively. Isofucosterol, an intermediate in sitosterol biosynthesis, was present almost exclusively in newly emerged needles. Esterified sterols contained only trace amounts of isofucosterol. Shifts in favor of cholesterol and 24ζ-methyl cholesterol occurred in the steryl esters during needle differentiation, and saturation grade of esterified fatty acids decreased. In mature needles, the composition of free sterols and steryl esters remained constant throughout the year.     

桔梗浸膏挥发性成分GC-MS分析及在卷烟中的应用研究

采用气相色谱-质谱分析技术(GC-MS)分析了桔梗浸膏的挥发性成分及其相对含量,共鉴定出42种主要成分,占总峰面积的88.06%,主要为亚油酸甲酯、棕榈酸、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯、亚麻酸甲酯、糠醛、丹皮酚、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯等,这些物质是构成卷烟香味的重要物质。对桔梗浸膏在卷烟中进行了添加实验,结果表明,桔梗浸膏具有改善和修饰卷烟吸味、丰满烟气、减轻刺激性的作用。将0.1%桔梗浸膏添加到卷烟中,能明显提高卷烟抽吸品质。     

成纤性粉煤灰的低熔区组成及分布

粉煤灰的熔融温度分布图对粉煤灰成纤的降熔配比具有指导意义。利用X荧光光谱仪和灰熔点测试仪,分别测得5种不同来源粉煤灰样品的组成和熔融特性温度。运用实验所测值与117种粉煤灰组成及熔融温度的文献值,以Al₂O₃+SiO₂、CaO+MgO、Fe₂O₃+TiO₂为三相坐标制成三元相图,按照熔融温度高低划分不同区域,得到粉煤灰熔融温度分布图,找出低熔区（流动温度FT<1350℃）的组成及其组成与熔融温度的分布规律。同时将次要组分通过等电量换算后标在CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂三元相图中,发现所研究粉煤灰在低熔区的组成与CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂三元相图中1350℃低温共熔区的组成具有良好的一致性,由此找出高熔融温度粉煤灰成纤的降熔调配方法。     

Experimental study on the burning behaviour of Pinus halepensis needles using small‐scale fire calorimetry of live,aged and dead samples

Limited research has been conducted on the burning characteristics of live fuels, which are commonly assumed to behave like moist dead fuels. We use small‐scale laboratory calorimetric experiments to investigate the differences in fire dynamics between live and dead Pinus halepensis needles. The study includes laboratory‐aged samples and different moisture conditions (fresh or oven dry). A series of ten fire behaviour parameters are extracted from the measurements to identify and quantify differences. The main parameters are the following: time to ignition; flaming time; mass loss pre‐ignition, during flaming, and during smouldering; peak power; effective heat of combustion; mean and peak CO/CO₂; and radiative fraction. Using these parameters, we show that the most flammable samples are fresh dead and aged needles, followed by dry dead and dry live needles. The least flammable is fresh live needles. Live needles ignite about four times slower, and burn with ~60% lower power and ~50% lower heat of combustion than dead needles. Aged needles resemble most closely the behaviour of dead needles, but many fire behaviour parameters were significantly different. The results confirm the importance of moisture content in the burning behaviour of pine needles, but the differences between live and dead samples cannot be explained solely in terms of moisture but require consideration of plant chemistry and sample drying. © 2015 The Authors. Fire and Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

柏叶蕨藻中硫酸多糖抗凝血和抗氧化作用研究

以柏叶蕨藻为原料,用有机溶剂分级沉淀法得到4种硫酸多糖馏分,用色谱法进行了纯化,并对这些物质进行组分分析及抗凝血和抗氧化作用研究。结果发现,加入0.5 L和0.3 L丙酮所获得的多糖馏分所具有的抗氧化及抗凝血活性有很大的药用价值。     

Fate of dietary sterols in hydrogenated oils and fats

Samples of table margarines, so-called polyunsaturated table margarines, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and so-called polyunsaturated hydrogenated vegetable oils were shown by infrared spectroscopy to contain hydrogenated components. Examination of the sterols from these oils by argentation thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography did not reveal campestanol, stigmastanol, or Δ²²-stigmastenol, the expected hydrogenation products of the natural sterols. The sterol compositions of the above samples, animal fats, and blends of hydrogenated vegetable oils and animal fats were determined. The compound 24-methyl cholest-7-en-3β-ol was identified tentatively in sunflower and safflower oils.     

Comparison of Supercritical Fluid and Hexane Extraction Methods in Extracting Kenaf (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hibiscus cannabinus</Emphasis>) Seed Oil Lipids

The objective of this study was to investigate and compare fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols of kenaf seed oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional solvent methods. Fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols were determined in the extracted oils as functions of the pressure (400 bar, 600 bar), temperature (40 °C, 80 °C) and CO₂ flow rate (25 g/min) using a 1-L extraction vessel. Gas chromatography was used to characterize fatty acids and sterols of the obtained oils while tocopherols were quantified by HPLC. No differences were found in the fatty acid compositions of the various oil extracts and the main components were found to be linoleic (38%), oleic (35%), palmitic (20%) and stearic acid (3%). Extraction of tocopherols using high pressure (600 bar/40 °C, 600 bar/80 °C) gave higher total tocopherols (88.20 and 85.57 mg/100 g oil, respectively) when compared with hexane extraction which gave yield of 62.38 mg/100 g oil. Extraction of kenaf seed oil using supercritical fluid extraction at high temperature (80 °C) gave higher amounts of sterols when compared with hexane extraction.     

清新东方香水香精的模拟研究

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对清新东方香水香精的香气成分进行了分析,结合香气感官评定对香韵结构进行了研究,得到了61种芳香化合物,其中柑橘香韵化合物14种、清香韵化合物13种、花香韵化合物16种、浆果香韵化合物5种、琥珀香韵化合物10种;并通过香精调配技术考察了不同香气组成和香韵结构对模拟香精香气质量的影响,得到了较为优化的香精配方和样品;此外,利用香气指纹分析(电子鼻)技术对模拟香精的香气相似度进行定量分析,其香气相似度可达94.77%。     

Chlorotetracycline and Sodium Chloride Treatment Effects on Some Micro-Organisms and Unsaponifiables of Bolti Fish Fillets

The effects of chlorotetracycline (CTC),brine (NaCI) and combination of them on Bolti unsaponifiables and associated micro-organisms were studied under different storage conditions. Lipolytic and psychrophilic bacterial counts in cold stored fillets with combined employment of NaCl and CTC were much lower than either NaCl or CTC. The data for partial freezing indicated that lipolytic bacteria increased much lower than that of psychrophilic bacteria. NaCl had a synergistic effect on CTC and this phenomenon was superior in decreasing lipolytic bacterial counts to that of psychrophilic bacteria. The hydrocarbons of the fresh Bolti fillets were fractionated by GLC into 10 different components of which 7 were completely characterized. The detected sterols were cholesterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol with cholesterol being the most predominant. With cold storage, slight interconversion might occur between hydrocarbons or sterols and not between these lipid classes. On the contrary, remarkable amounts of sterols were converted to hydrocarbons in partially frozen fillets. The employment of NaCl, CTC and in combination lead to enormous, slight and noticeable conversions from hydrocarbons to sterols of Bolti fillets, respectively.     

Sterols,methylsterols, and triterpene alcohols in threeTheaceae and some other vegetable oils

The unsaponifiables from threeTheaceae (Camellia japonica L.,Camellia Sasanqua Thunb., andThea sinensis L.) oils and alfalfa, garden balsam, and spinach seed oils and shea fat were separated into four fractions: sterols, 4-methylsterols, triterpene alcohols, and less polar compounds by thin layer chromatography. While the sterol fraction was the major one for the unsaponifiables from alfalfa and spinach seed oils, the triterpene alcohol fraction was predominant for the unsaponifiables from all other oils. The sterol, 4-methylsterol, and triterpene alcohol fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography. All the sterol fractions were alike in their compositions, consisting exclusively of Δ⁷-sterols, such as α-spinasterol and Δ⁷-stigmastenol as predominant components together with Δ⁷-avenasterol and 24-methylcholest-7-enol. Obtusifoliol, gramisterol (occasionally accompanied with cycloeucalenol), and citrostadienol, together with several other unidentified components, were found in the 4-methylsterol fractions from all of the oils except shea fat. The 4-methylsterol fraction from shea fat showed a characteristic composition containing a large proportion of unidentified components which had relative retention time greater than that of citrostadienol, while no citrostadienol was detected. β-Amyrin, lupeol, and butyospermol were major components of the triterpene alcohol fractions from most of the oils, but the fraction from spinach seed oil contained cycloartenol and 24-methylene-cycloartanol as predominant components. There is a close similarity in the compositions of unsaponifiables (sterols, 4-methylsterols, and triterpene alcohols) of the threeTheaceae oils. Two sterols, α-spinasterol and Δ⁷-stigmastenol, and five triterpene alcohols were isolated from tea seed oil. Moreover, five unidentified components beside parkeol, butyrospermol, α-amyrin, and lupeol were isolated from the triterpene alcohol fraction of shea fat.