内调相型脉管制冷机的理论分析

对内调相型脉管制冷机进行热力学理论分析.内调相型脉管制冷机的特点是两个冷头在脉管热端通过针阀串联,两边脉管内的压力和流量耦合,通过调节各自的输入压力相位来主动调节脉管冷端流量与压力的相位差,输入压力相位由一个具有双出口的旋转阀来实现.分析表明,该调相方法可使脉管冷端流量与压力同相,从而使制冷量最大,而且相比于传统的小孔加气库型和双向进气型脉管制冷机,其制冷效率大大提高.该结构省却了体积较大的气库,结构更加紧凑.     

压缩机驱动方式对主动调相型两级脉管阻抗特性影响研究

对双压缩机驱动和单压缩机驱动两种驱动方式下,两级脉管的声阻抗特性和制冷效率随运行压力和运行频率的变化进行对比,研究了单压缩机驱动时冷指的声功分配和制冷效率.一台工作温区为20 K和80 K的主动调相型两级脉管制冷机,冷指入口声阻抗幅值随着运行频率的增加和运行压力的减少而减少.随着运行压力和运行频率的增加,一级制冷效率提...     

20K温区单级斯特林型脉管制冷机研究

为进一步研究降低20 K温区单级斯特林型脉管制冷机关键部件中损失的方法,提高整机性能,采用计算软件Sage对制冷机进行模拟。通过实验结果与Sage计算的对比对模拟程序的有效性进行了考察,并从调相系统结构及水冷器结构方面寻找优化途径。结果表明,在单纯使用惯性管气库调相时,计算最低制冷温度比实验值低9 K左右;当采用双向进气与惯性管调相组合时,计算同实验结果基本一致。最后引入虚拟的振子阻尼调相机构对制冷机的最佳性能进行研究,计算表明在这种调相结构下,制冷机的无负荷制冷温度及30 K时的制冷量均可以得到比双向进气加惯性管组合调相更优的结果。     

牛津型斯特林制冷机的动力特性分析

为了提高牛津型斯特林制冷机的制冷效率,提出了一种应用数值软件进行动力特性研究的方法。总结分析了压缩机、膨胀机的板弹簧刚度和活塞质量,充气压力,膨胀机位移相位角,膨胀机活塞行程以及制冷温度对制冷机动力特性的影响规律。优化了制冷机的动力系统,实验验证了该方法的可行性。研究结果表明,优化后制冷机的压缩机电机效率和整机效率均有所提高。     

声功回收连管对脉管制冷机性能的影响

声功回收型脉管制冷机拥有更高的理论效率,其主要原因是回收了脉管热端的膨胀功。声功回收装置出口至压缩机出口之间的连管,对声功回收有着重要影响。通过理论分析,计算了连管阻抗对脉管制冷机性能的影响;建立了一维整机模型,通过改变连管结构参数,模拟了声功回收连管对脉管制冷机性能的影响,以及对回热器冷热端相位角的影响。研究发现,相同管径下连管越短,脉管制冷机性能越好。选择不同长度的连管进行了实验验证。结果表明,在相同的制冷能力下,随着声功回收连管长度的增加,压缩机输入的电功率明显增大。     

脉管制冷机的分类

近１０年中，相移器的不断改进促进了脉管制冷技术的发展。相移器可以是第二进气口、热端膨胀活塞、四阀机构、主动气库、声阻管、内调相装置，或是第二小孔。为了满足多科应用要求，以其工作频率进行分类是选择脉管制冷机的一个好方法。论述了脉管制冷机的工作频率范围及其各种相移器的性能。１　前　言近１０年来，脉管制冷机（ＰＴＣ）研究取得了巨大进展，目前已经能够提供与其它低温制冷机，如斯特林制冷机、Ｇ—Ｍ制冷机等相当的制冷温度范围。单级脉管制冷机获得的最低制冷温度已接近２０Ｋ，而多级脉管制冷机的温度已低至２Ｋ。Ｒａ…     

基于REGEN的100 mm长回热器脉管制冷机优化设计与实验研究

根据已有研究,回热器长度100 mm的脉管制冷机在温度低于60 K时的性能较好。将一台已有的65 mm长回热器单级同轴型脉管制冷机改造为100 mm长回热器单机同轴型脉管制冷机,分析回热器长度对脉管制冷机性能的影响。基于REGEN软件对脉管制冷机回热器进行优化设计,通过改变回热器填料、压比、冷端相位角和充气压力,研究其对回热器性能的影响。在实验中进一步探索研究输入功、频率等对制冷机的最低制冷温度和比卡诺效率的影响。实验结果表明,在充气压力2 MPa,运行频率51 Hz,输入功809 W,制冷量60 W时,冷头温度109 K,制冷机的相对卡诺效率达到12.9%。     

斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管的优化设计

介绍了斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管调相的原理和惯性管的传输线理论模型,给出了惯性管尺寸的优化计算方法.采用该方法对现有的脉管制冷机中惯性管的调相能力进行了模拟计算,研究了PV功、压比和气库容积等参数对最佳惯性管尺寸的影响,并与实验结果进行了对比,计算结果与实验结果符合较好.     

液氢温区大功率脉管制冷机模拟及实验研究

考虑到现有的热耦合双级脉管制冷机在第二级上存在效率低、冷量小等问题,对一种大功率脉管制冷机的第二级(视为整机)进行了单独的模拟和实验研究。模拟结果表明在回热器直径为55 mm的冷头设计下惯性管调相能力足够,减短惯性管长度或增大惯性管直径可有效改善回热器相位,并可通过调节工作频率使回热器相位达到理想状态。实验结果表明当惯性管长度为3 m,直径为10 mm,运行频率为58 Hz,工作电压为240 V时,获得47.8 K无负荷制冷温度,在输入功为777 W时,于129.3 K得到60 W制冷量,比卡诺效率为10.27%。因此,第二级具有较好的制冷性能。     

无阀脉管制冷机的实验研究

采用直流电机驱动的无阀压缩机，在双向气型脉管制冷机上取得了４６．８Ｋ的无负荷制冷温度，对脉管制冷机的压力波进行了测试。在分析回热损失，脉管与回热器相位差等方面获得了一些有益的结果。     

Experimental research of Stirling type pulse tube refrigerator with an active phase control

A Stirling type pulse tube refrigerator with an active phase control has been experimentally investigated. A phase shifter, which controls the phase angle between the mass flow and the pressure inside a pulse tube, plays a key roll in the performance of pulse tube refrigerators. In this study, an electrically driven and mechanically damped linear compressor, which is directly connected at the warm end of the pulse tube using a connecting tube, is used as the active phase controller (APC). Therefore, this active phase control pulse tube refrigerator (APCPTR) has no reservoir. Amplified electric signals of a function generator are supplied to both the main linear compressor, which is used as the pressure wave generator (PWG), and the APC. The type of these two linear compressors is a dual-opposed piston. The advantage of this phase sifter is easy to control the electric input power and the phase angle between the PWG and the APC. In order to clarify the characteristics of the APCPTR, the cold end temperature and the gas pressure have been measured.     

A numerical method of regenerator

A numerical method for regenerators is introduced in this paper. It is not only suitable for the regenerators in cryocoolers and Stirling engines, but also suitable for the stacks in acoustic engines and the pulse tubes in pulse tube refrigerators. The numerical model is one dimensional periodic unsteady flow model. The numerical method is based on the control volume concept with the implicitly solve method. The iteration acceleration method, which considers the one-dimensional periodic unsteady problem as the steady two-dimensional problem, is used for decreasing the calculation time. By this method, the regenerator in an inertance tube pulse tube refrigerator was simulated. The result is useful for understanding how the inefficiency of the regenerator changes with the inertance effect.     

Leakage effect analysis on the performance of a cylindrical adjustable inertance tube

The inertance tube plays a significant role in improving the performance of the Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler by providing the desired phase angle between the mass flow and pressure wave. The phase angle is highly depended on the inertance tube geometry, such as diameter and length. A cylindrical threaded root device with variable thread depth on the outer screw and inner screw creates an adjustable inertance tube whose diameter and length can be adjusted in the real time. However, due to its geometry imperfectness, the performance of this threaded inertance tube is reduced by the leaks through the roots between the two screws. Its phase angle shift ability is decreased by 30% with the leakage clearance thickness of 15.5 μm according to both the theoretical prediction and the experimental verification.     

Design and analysis of compact work-recovery phase shifter for pulse tube refrigerator

This paper proposes and describes a compact work-recovery phase shifter of a pulse tube refrigerator. Most pulse tube refrigerators recently developed utilize a long inertance tube and a reservoir for phase control between dynamic pressure and mass flow rate at the cold-end of pulse tube refrigerators. An inertance tube-type phase shifter (long inertance tube and reservoir), however, sometimes creates a problem of compact packaging in cryocooler applications and dissipates the work transferred from a compressor as heat. To overcome this disadvantage, an inertance tube-type phase shifter is replaced with a compact work-recovery phase shifter composed of a mass–spring–damper system and a linear generator in a pulse tube refrigerator. This process is achieved by using analogy of the inertance tube-type phase shifter and the mass–spring–damper system. This paper describes a specific configuration of the designed compact work-recovery phase shifter. Using the simulation code, the performance of the pulse tube refrigerator with the compact work-recovery phase shifter is estimated. As a result, the pulse tube refrigerator with the compact work-recovery phase shifter has the comparable cooling capacity with the pulse tube refrigerator with the inertance tube-type phase shifter. If the recovery work is properly utilized, it can also achieve higher efficiency than that of the pulse tube refrigerator with a typical inertance tube-type phase shifter. In this paper, the parametric study of the mass, the spring and damper coefficients of the compact work-recovery phase shifter has been done and their effects are specifically evaluated.     

Investigation on phase shifter of a 10 W/70 K inertance pulse tube refrigerator

A 10 W/70 K inertance pulse tube refrigerator (IPTR) has been developed for cooling infrared focal-plane array in a space mission. To investigate the influences of the phase shifter (inertance tube and reservoir) on the cooling performance, simulation models of the IPTR were built and experimental studies were conducted. The effects of reservoir volume and the surface roughness inside the inertance tube on cooling performance of the IPTR were investigated in detail. The optimized parameters of the phase shifter were developed to improve the cooling performance of the IPTR. The results show that a large reservoir volume reduces the optimal operating frequency, decreases the losses in the regenerator and improves the cooling performance of the IPTR. Because of the small surface roughness inside the stainless steel inertance tube, the input electric power of the IPTR is decreased, with a cooling power of 10 W at 70 K. The IPTR achieves 14.75% of the relative Carnot efficiency at 70 K by optimizing the inertance tube and reservoir.     

Performance of the inertance pulse tube

The rate of refrigeration of the inertance pulse tube (IPTR) is found as a function of the relevant parameters. In the simplified case of infinite volume of the reservoir and zero dead volume of the regenerator, these parameters are the dimensions of the inertance tube, the volume of the pulse tube, the conductance of the regenerator, the driving pressure, and the frequency. The effective conductance of the inertance tube is determined using a simple turbulent flow model. It is found that the performance of the IPTR is superior to that of the orifice pulse tube refrigerator (OPTR) over a limited range of frequencies. The improvement is explained in terms of the pressure amplitude in the pulse tube, the flow rate between the regenerator and the pulse tube, and the phase angle between these parameters. The analysis is extended to the case of finite reservoir and regenerator volumes. It is indicated how the results obtained can be useful in experimental work.     

80K脉管制冷机惯性管调相机理及优化研究

液氮温区脉冲管制冷机在高温超导等领域的应用越来越广泛。基于热声理论,本文采用Delta EC软件对纯惯性管及惯性管加气库的调相能力进行模拟研究,建立了80 K温区制冷机整机数值模型,分析了不同惯性管及气库组合方式对制冷机性能的影响。结果表明:纯惯性管结构和单段惯性管加气库两种方式可以达到较为接近的调相能力,采用双段惯性管接气库方式可以提高制冷机性能,最低温度可以达到48.8 K。最后搭建制冷机整机性能测试实验台对模拟结果进行了验证。     

Experimental results on V-M type pulse tube refrigerator

This article mainly introduces experimental results on a new type pulse tube refrigerator named as V-M type pulse tube refrigerator. The main difference from Stirling type or G-M type pulse tube refrigerator is that thermal compressor similar to that of a V-M cryocooler is used instead of mechanical compressor. By using temperature difference between room temperature and liquid nitrogen, pressure wave with high to low pressure ratio around 1.2 is obtained. This pressure wave is used to generate cooling effect at the cold end. With a 20 K pre-cooler, this machine reaches lowest temperature 5.25 K by using helium⁴ at 0.77 Hz, 19 bar charge pressure. DC flow plays an important role in our system. It not only influences the final obtainable lowest temperature, but also is used to increase cold end cool-down speed. Total volume of the V-M type pulse tube refrigerator is around 3.3 l. However, dead volume inside rotor housing occupies about 2.8 l and can be much reduced.     

声功回收型脉管制冷机的分析与研究

对所有的回热式低温制冷机,压力小与质量流之间的相位控制是达到制冷效果的关键。在斯特林制冷机中,这一相位是由压缩活塞和冷头排出器的相对运动来提供来;而在脉管制冷机中,这一相角是由构成脉管制冷机的各个部件：回热器、换热器、脉管、小孔,气库,连管等在几何空间上的合理拓扑结构来实现达到适宜的热声网络阻抗,从而最终实现压力波与质量流之间的适配相角。脉管制冷机的这一结构上的简化及由此带来的寿命长,可靠性高等优     

斯特林型脉冲管制冷机的最新进展

介绍了斯特林型脉冲管制冷机在理论分析和实用化方面的进展。与斯特林制冷机相比 ,由于低温端没有运动部件 ,脉冲管制冷机在寿命、可靠性和振动等方面有明显的优势 ,同时直流现象的发现和对它的抑制 ,以及双向进气、长颈管等调相机构的应用 ,使得斯特林型脉冲管制冷机的效率也可以达到或超过斯特林制冷机 ,从而使斯特林型脉冲管制冷机在空间、红外器件和超导器件冷却等方面有广泛的应用