催化分解四氯化碳与甲醇生成一氯甲烷技术

介绍了催化分解四氯化碳与甲醇生成一氯甲烷技术及实际操作控制过程,简述了四氯化碳水解、醇解及甲醇氢氯化反应机理和化学反应方程式,分析了催化剂的选择、工艺技术的优化、设备的选型、实际操作参数控制等条件和方法,在反应温度250~290℃、催化反应区间停留时间在20 s以上,甲醇和四氯化碳的摩尔比3.5~3.8的适宜条件下,四氯化碳转化率可达到95%以上,利用率可达98%以上。     

响应面法优化羊毛脂甲酯化工艺研究

以羊毛脂为原料,采用甲醇钠、氢氧化钠2种催化剂,考察了反应温度、时间、催化剂用量、醇用量等因素对甲酯化的影响。结果表明:甲醇钠为催化剂时,在反应温度60℃、甲醇与羊毛脂质量比1.6、反应时间60 min、催化剂质量分数4%的条件下,酯转化率达到94.3%。用响应面法优化氢氧化钠为催化剂的羊毛脂甲酯化工艺,得到最佳工艺条件为:反应温度65.3℃、甲醇与羊毛脂质量比1.85、催化剂质量分数6%、反应时间90 min,在此条件下酯转化率可达94.2%。     

离子液体催化酸化油甲酯化工艺及其特性

以酸化油为原料，自制离子液体为催化剂，采用甲酯化方法制备脂肪酸甲酯。通过考察甲醇与脂肪酸物质的量比、离子液体催化剂加入量、反应温度和反应时间对甲酯化反应的影响，最佳反应条件：甲醇与脂肪酸物质的量比9∶1，离子液体催化剂用量为甲醇与游离脂肪酸总质量的25%，反应温度65 ℃，反应时间2.0 h。通过测量原料酸化油与产物的含水量，证明离子液体催化剂具有良好的带水性，有利于甲酯化反应的进行。该方法不仅可降低生产成本，减少环境污染，也能避免油脂资源问题，具有较高经济效益和社会效益。     

溶剂对Pd/C催化四氯化碳液相加氢反应的影响

考察了活性组分、载体、Pd含量及溶剂对四氯化碳液相催化加氢转化为氯仿反应的影响。实验结果表明，质量分数0.5%的Pd/C是四氯化碳液相催化转化的较优催化剂。溶剂对该反应的速率和产品分布有显著影响，在正庚烷、甲苯和甲醇3种溶剂中，甲醇最利于提高Pd/C催化剂的活性，且四氯化碳转化的平均反应速率随着甲醇含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势，氯仿的选择性随着甲醇含量的增加有所降低。当甲醇和四氯化碳的体积比为2∶1时，四氯化碳转化速率最高。甲醇和四氯化碳的体积比为1∶10时，氯仿的选择性达90%。     

甲醇气相法联产氯代甲烷工艺特点

论述了甲醇气相催化法生产一氯甲烷以及一氯甲烷液相催化法生产二氯甲烷、氯仿和四氯化碳的工艺特点。     

愈创木酚合成新工艺的研究

本文提出了以邻苯二酚和一氯甲烷为原料，在碱性条件、水－甲苯非均相溶剂体系和相转移催化剂的作用下合成愈创木酚的工艺路线。并且深入地考察了原料配比、反应时间和反应温度等各种因素对反应的影响。最终确定了该工艺的最佳条件，收率可达８００％。     

愈创木酚合成新工艺的研究

本文提出了以邻苯二酚和一氯甲烷为原料，在碱性条件，水－甲苯非均相溶剂体系和相转移催化剂的作用下合成愈创木酚的工艺路线。并且深入地考察了原料配比，反应时间和反应温度等各种因素对反应的影响，最终确定了该工艺的最佳条件，收率可达８０．０％。     

反应条件对四氯化碳选择性脱氯用PtMn/C催化剂性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了PtMn/C催化剂,常压下用四氯化碳加氢脱氯制氯仿的反应评价了催化剂的性能,考察了反应条件和助剂Mn负载量对催化剂上四氯化碳转化率和氯仿选择性的影响,结果表明添加Mn能够明显降低催化剂的活性,但却能够有效提高催化剂对氯仿的选择性,适当的催化剂还原温度有利于催化剂稳定性的提高,反应温度对催化剂的活性有较大的影响,适当提高空速和氢气流量有利于氯仿选择性的提高,但四氯化碳的转化率有所降低。反应温度100℃,四氯化碳空速0.6 h-1,氢气与四氯化碳物质的量比为8∶1,催化剂活化温度为300℃的条件下四氯化碳的转化率为100%,氯仿的选择性大于90%,催化剂上Pt和Mn的质量分数分别为1%和0.5%。     

Pd/C催化剂催化氯苯加氢脱氯性能

以氯苯为模型反应原料,采用Pd/C为催化剂催化加氢氯苯脱氯,考察溶剂种类、反应温度、反应压力和反应时间对Pd/C催化剂催化氯苯加氢脱氯性能的影响。结果表明,采用Pd/C为催化剂,以甲醇与水质量比1∶1为溶剂,在反应温度70℃和反应压力0.8 MPa条件下反应100 min,Pd/C催化剂上氯苯转化率超过50%。以甲醇与水质量比1∶1为溶剂,在减少废水和降低成本方面有较大优势。     

十二烷基三甲基氯化铵的催化合成研究

采用高压釜反应器,以十二烷基二甲基叔胺（以下简称“12叔胺”）和一氯甲烷为原料,研究了12叔胺和一氯甲烷的最佳摩尔比。并在不同反应温度和反应时间条件下,以碳酸钠、硼氢化钠和氢氧化钠等为催化剂,对比合成十二烷基三甲基氯化铵（以下简称“1231”）的叔胺转化率和产品色泽。得到了叔胺转化率和产品色泽与反应时间和反应温度的关系曲线。结果表明：当原料摩尔比n(一氯甲烷)︰n(12叔胺)=1.02︰1时,以碳酸钠为催化剂,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为4 h,得到产品的色泽和和叔胺转化率最佳,色泽小于20 Hazen,叔胺转化率达99.5%,游离胺相对阳离子活性物的质量分数小于0.3%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。