气浮接触区气泡聚并行为的数值模拟

在气浮接触区内,聚并会导致气泡直径增大,对分离效果产生影响。采用相群平衡模型对接触区气泡聚并行为进行数值模拟,研究了气泡聚并发生的原因及来液流量、回流流量对气泡聚并的影响。首先分别应用Schiller-Naumann、Grace和Tomiyama3种曳力系数模型进行模拟,所得气泡直径均与实验值吻合,无明显差异,选定Schiller-Naumann曳力系数模型对气浮中两相流动进行模拟。通过对模拟结果进行分析,表明回流入口周围上下行流过渡区域存在较大速度梯度,是导致气泡聚并的关键因素。最后研究了来液流量和回流流量对接触区气泡尺寸的影响,接触区上部气泡直径随回流流量增大而明显增大,原因在于增大回流流量使得过渡区域速度梯度升高,气泡聚并频率提高;而来液流量对气泡尺寸基本无影响。     

可吸入颗粒物声场团聚实验研究

在中等强度驻波声场中,对燃煤可吸入颗粒物进行团聚清除实验研究。系统研究声场频率、声压级、可吸入颗粒质量浓度及颗粒在声场中的停留时间对团聚清除效率的影响。实验结果表明:颗粒在声场中团聚的最佳声波频率为1 416 Hz;声压级越高越有利于颗粒的团聚,声压为128 dB时颗粒质量清除效率高达27.8%;可吸入颗粒质量浓度增大,颗粒清除效率降低;颗粒在声场停留时间为9—11 s时,团聚清除效率达到最大值。颗粒粒径影响声波团聚过程,粒径1.1μm与4.7—10μm颗粒的清除效率高于1.1—4.7μm颗粒的清除效率。     

卧螺离心机内盐析流场的CFD-PBM耦合计算

目前对卧螺离心机内部流场的数值模拟大多采用传统欧拉模型,考虑其内部伴有盐析等固相粒子微观行为过程的研究少有报道。本文应用计算流体力学软件Fluent,基于群体平衡模型与多相流Eulerian模型、RNG k-ε模型耦合方法,对卧螺离心机内部盐析两相流场进行三维数值模拟,通过仿真与实验相结合的方式,得到卧螺离心机内盐析流场的晶体颗粒粒径分布、组分数分布和浓度分布及其变化规律,初步揭示了卧螺离心机内伴有盐析的流场晶体颗粒分布特性。研究结果表明：卧螺离心机内盐析晶体粒径的分布随液环半径的增大而增大,螺旋叶片正壁面粒径明显较背面大,从排液端至排渣端的晶体粒径分布有整体逐渐变大的轴向粒径梯度;流道内晶体粒径随转鼓转速的增大而减小,随进口固相体积分数的增大而增大;大粒径晶体的组分数在液环外侧及螺旋叶片正面附近相对较大,而中、小粒径晶体组分数的分布规律则与之相反;盐析颗粒浓度在液环外侧较高且分布均匀,且随转鼓转速的提高而提高,PBM模型与Euler模型计算结果有一定的相似与差异。     

三级活塞推料离心机数值模拟与操作参数优化

针对新型三级活塞推料离心机的研发,在转鼓尺寸和物料增大情况下,操作参数对分离过程中转鼓内侵蚀现象和分离效率有重要影响。采用样机实验结合CFD数值模拟,对三级活塞推料离心机进行三维建模和仿真,并利用密集离散粒子模型(DDPM)模拟侵蚀过程。基于粒度分析可知,氯化钠颗粒粒径dm为0.070~0.200 mm时,随颗粒粒径增加,固相对离心机转鼓内部的侵蚀越大。结合响应面分析法可知,响应模型各因素的交互影响明显,以更高分离率与更低侵蚀率作为评价指标,得出最优值为推料频率40次/min、转鼓转速1431 r/min、进料浓度60%。与实验数据进行对比,模拟结果的误差在可接受范围内。     

湍流分散系统中液滴尺寸的模拟与研究

在考虑分散相黏度对液滴破碎频率影响的基础上,进一步研究了分散相黏度对液滴聚并的影响.在液膜排液时间的计算式中,引入了分散相黏度,建立了新的液滴聚并频率的表达式.通过数值求解群体平衡方程,得出搅拌槽内液-液湍流分散系统的Sauter平均直径.与实验数据比较发现,改进模型可以较好地预测分散系统的Sauter平均直径,其结果优于Coulaloglou 和 Tavlarides模型.计算结果表明分散相黏度对液滴平均直径有着双重影响,抑制破碎,导致液滴直径增大;抑制聚并,从而导致液滴直径减小.     

含聚浓度对旋流器流场分布和分离性能的影响

基于计算流体动力学软件Fluent,采用非牛顿流体黏度模型、雷诺应力模型和离散相模型对不同含聚浓度下旋流器内的黏度场进行研究。发现随着含聚浓度的增加,表观黏度受剪切速度影响越大,流体所呈现的非牛顿特性也越强,利用分级效率计算旋流器内不同粒径油滴的分离效率与总效率,并将高浓度含聚水溶液呈现的不同粒径的分离效率的规律应用于低浓度范围,结果表明,高含聚浓度水溶液的拟合方程可作为同一粒径下不同含聚浓度的经验公式。     

Kenics型静态混合器内分散相液滴破碎和聚结过程的CFD-PBM数值模拟

采用CFD-PBM耦合方法对Kenics型静态混合器内分散相油滴破碎及聚并行为进行数值模拟研究,分析了雷诺数、混合元件数、元件长径比等参数对分散相液滴粒径的影响,揭示了分散相在Kenics静态混合器内流动过程中液滴粒径的演化规律.结果表明,随雷诺数增大,分散相液滴出口粒径不断减小,并出现临界趋势;静态混合器的前几个元件...     

油包水乳状液电脱水中水滴变形和聚并行为研究

为了研究电脱水过程中水滴的微观变形形态,基于相场法建立电场作用下油包水乳状液中水滴聚并和变形行为的数值模型,采用王亮等的实验参数以验证该模型的准确性.结果表明:在匀强电场作用下,油包水乳状液中水滴粒径越大,油水界面张力越小,电压越大,电场作用下水滴的变形度越大,且电压对液滴变形影响最大,界面张力影响最小.在该文研究条件下,最优电压大小为14 kV,最优界面张力为0.024 mN·m-1.在非匀强电场作用下,方波作用下液滴的聚并速度最快,正弦波次之,锯齿波最差,最短聚并时间为0.14 s.此外,增大液滴聚并的稳定性需要同时考虑入口流速和电场强度作用,在入口流速在0.01～0.08 m·s-1时,电场强度需要控制在440～700 V·mm-1.     

基于微分代数积分矩量法的聚并器超细颗粒聚团研究

研究聚并器内布朗聚团和湍流聚团引起超细颗粒聚团,特别考虑颗粒之间近程力（范德华引力、静电斥力）和颗粒与气体之间的流体力学作用力对颗粒聚团的影响。基于FLUENT软件UDF功能自定义聚团核,考虑颗粒之间近程力和流体力学作用力对聚并率的影响,引入碰撞效率α对聚团核进行修正,得到修正湍流聚并模型并将该模型与理想湍流聚并模型进行比较。应用群体平衡模型（population balance model,PBM）耦合CFD对颗粒聚团过程进行数值模拟,并采用微分代数积分矩量法（DAE-QMOM）求解群体平衡方程。结果表明：理想湍流聚并模型与实验结果误差为8.92%,而修正改进的湍流聚团模型与实验结果误差仅为3.35%,更加符合实际情况;微分代数积分矩量法具有较高的效率,而且误差较小,相比PD积分矩量法有明显的优势,稳定性也比较突出。     

相间传质对气泡聚并过程影响的实验研究

设计了一套双气泡聚并实验系统,考察了相间传质对气泡聚并过程的影响,气相采用非相变的N2,液相为挥发性的丙酮和乙醇水溶液. 利用该系统测定了25~50℃温度下,不同组分浓度、鼓泡频率和气泡直径时气泡的聚并特性. 结果表明,相间传质诱导的Marangoni效应使聚并时间随温度升高呈先减小后增大的趋势,聚并时间的分散性在较高温度下显著增大,采用聚并效率描述气泡聚并特性更合适;聚并效率在温度升高到一定程度后开始降低并趋于最小值,该值随溶液浓度增加而减小,稳定因子可定量描述Marangoni效应;鼓泡速率和气泡直径增加1倍,最小聚并效率分别减小50%和67%.     

Aggregation mechanism of fine fly ash particles in uniform magnetic field

Aggregation of fly ash particles with size range of 0.023-9.314 μm in a uniform magnetic field was investigated for removing them. A binary collision-aggregation model evaluating particle aggregation coefficient was developed. Based on the model, particle removal efficiency was calculated by solving the General Dynamic Equation. The comparison was done between the calculated and experimental data. The modeling aggregation coefficient shows that the aggregation coefficient increases with particle size, and the bigger the size difference between two particles is, the more strongly the gravity difference promotes aggregation. For the mid-sized particles, their removal efficiencies are higher than those of the smaller and bigger ones. The effect of the magnetic flux density on total particle removal efficiency is similar to that on aggregation coefficient. Before particles are saturatedly magnetized, their total removal efficiency increases with an increase in the magnetic flux density. Higher removal efficiency can also be caused by prolonging the particle residence time in the magnetic field or increasing their mass concentration. The particle number median diameter decreases with an increase in the total removal efficiency. Calculation results are found to coincide essentially with the experimental data.     

Aggregation experiments on fine fly ash particles in uniform magnetic field

Aggregation experiments on three fly ash samples in the size range of 0.023-9.314 μm were conducted in a uniform magnetic field. The fly ash particles were produced from combustion of three different bituminous coals. The coals were originated Dongshen, Datong and Xuzhou of China, respectively. A fluidized bed aerosol generator was used to disperse the fly ash particles to generate a constant aerosol. The aerosol particles aggregated when passing through the magnetic field. The variation of particle number concentration caused by particle aggregation was measured in real time by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). The effects of several parameters, such as particle size, magnetic flux density, particle residence time in the magnetic field, total particle mass concentration and average gas velocity, on particle aggregation were examined. Experimental results indicated that removal efficiencies are the highest for particles with sizes in the middle of the size ranges tested. Increasing magnetic flux density, total particle mass concentration, particle residence time in the magnetic field or by reducing average gas velocity can increase removal efficiencies of single-sized and total fly ash particles. When fly ash particle magnetization reached saturation state, further increase of the magnetic flux density will have no effect on particle aggregation. The single-sized and total particle removal efficiencies of the three fly ashes are different under the same operating conditions. The removal efficiency is the highest for fly ash generated from Dongshen coal, followed by fly ash from Datong coal, and then fly ash from Xuzhou coal. Particle number median diameters decreases with the increase in the total particle removal efficiencies. The model prediction of particle aggregation under high total particle mass concentrations conditions indicated that the single-sized and total particle removal efficiencies will increase greatly with the increase in total particle mass concentration. The model predicted total removal efficiencies of the three fly ash particles are 53%, 43% and 14%, for Dongshen, Datong and Xuzhou coals respectively when total particle mass concentration is 40 g/m³.     

Aggregation Experiments on Fine Fly Ash Particles in a Gradient Magnetic Field

Aggregation experiments were conducted on two kinds of fly ash particles in the size range of 0.023–9.314 μm in a gradient magnetic field produced by permanent magnetic rings. The two types of fly ash particles were obtained from Dongsheng and Datong coal combustion. The effect of particle size, total particle mass concentration, particle residence time in the magnetic field and gas velocity were examined. Experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies in a gradient magnetic field are much higher than those in a uniform magnetic field. The total and single‐sized particle removal efficiencies can be improved by increasing the total particle mass concentrations and the particle residence time in the magnetic field or reducing the gas velocity. Mid‐sized particle removal efficiencies are higher than those of the larger and smaller ones. With the increase in total particle removal efficiencies, the particle size corresponding to the maximum values of single‐sized particle removal efficiencies and the particle number median diameters both decrease. Both the single‐sized and total removal efficiencies for the particles from the Dongsheng coal combustion are higher than those from the Datong coal combustion.     

Aggregation and Precipitation Kinetics of Canola Protein by isoelectric precipitation

Kinetics of aggregation, nucleation and growth of canola protein particles were developed in a 100 mL mixed-suspension mixed-product removal precipitator (MSMPRP) using isoelectric precipitation with HCI at pH 4.2. Protein yield in terms of total nitrogen was measured by Kjeldahl system. The size distribution of protein aggregates was determined by a Coulter counter. The effects of pH, protein concentration driving force, mean residence time, agitation rate, ionic strength of the solution, and the operating temperature on the size distribution and yield of protein particles were investigated. Population balance on the protein particles was used to derive empirical correlations for the index of aggregation, nucleation rate of primary particles and growth rate of protein aggregates.     

Desulfurization and Deashing of Solvent Refined Coal (SRC-I) by High Gradient Magnetic Separation Techniques

Abstract

A pilot-scale high gradient magnetic separations (HGMS) system was assembled to investigate the magnetic separation of ash-forming solids and inorganic sulfur from liquefied coal. The liquefied coal studied was a diluted intermediate product obtained from the DOE-sponsored Tacoma SRC-I pilot plant (50 t/d coal capacity). The magnetic characteristics and particle size distribution of the Tacoma SRC-I liquefied coal were optimized for removal by HGMS. The effect of the following magnetic separator parameters upon the deashing the desulfurization of the diluted liquefied coal was considered: matrix packing density, temperature, applied magnetic field, dilution of and residence time of liquefied coal feed, backflushing of saturated separator parameters upon the deashing and desulfurization of the diluted liquefied model which satisfactorily accounts for HGMS performance was developed. The HGMS system was observed to remove over 90% of the ash-forming materials and inorganic sulfur over a wide range of operating conditions. These removals were increased to 97 and 95%, respectively, with residence times greater than 6 min.     

煤粉粒径对HNCERI气化炉碳转化率与固/液渣层分布的影响

以中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院（Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute,HNCERI）两段干粉加压气化炉为研究对象,采用考虑了焦炭颗粒表面气体组分扩散效应的随机孔模型计算焦炭气化反应速率以评估碳转化率。同时,耦合熔渣子模型计算气化炉一段壁面固液渣层分布特性和热损失,研究了煤粉粒径对HNCERI气化炉碳转化率和固液渣层分布特性的影响。结果表明所构建的模型可以准确预测气化炉出口主要气体组分组成、碳转化率和气化炉一段壁面热损失;气化炉一段碳转化率受固有气化速率和停留时间控制,二段主要受颗粒停留时间控制;因此,通过减小煤粉粒径可以减小气体在颗粒表面扩散阻力,有利于提高气化炉一段碳转化率,而适量增加煤粉粒径可以增加煤粉颗粒在气化炉二段的停留时间,有利于提高二段碳转化率。模拟结果显示煤粉颗粒粒径从20μm增加到200μm,一段碳转化率从99.68%降低到了95.06%,二段碳转化率从69.03%增加到了89%。煤粉粒径对气化炉上缩口和直段壁面液态渣层分布影响很小,但显著影响固态渣层厚度的发展。     

鼓泡流化床内高灰煤气化过程的颗粒尺度特性研究

基于多相流体质点网格方法(MP-PIC)对高灰煤在三维鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟研究。在欧拉-拉格朗日框架下将气相和固相分别视作连续介质和离散相处理。首先,将模拟得到的出口处气体组分结果与实验数据进行对比,实验数据与模拟结果具有良好的一致性。其次,研究了煤颗粒在气化炉内的温度、传热系数、速度和停留时间,从颗粒尺度揭示了鼓泡流化床气化炉内的颗粒分布特性和气固流动特征。结果表明:在气化炉入口附近煤颗粒与床层温差最大,传热系数最大;由于流化床内强非线性的气固流动,床中煤温度和传热系数的空间分布不均匀;煤颗粒和床料的瞬时速度具有稳定的波动幅度,其中垂直方向速度波动最明显,且煤颗粒的瞬时速度比床料的瞬时速度略大;由于颗粒间的剧烈碰撞,延长了煤颗粒停留时间。此外,对鼓泡流化床中煤气化过程颗粒尺度的研究,有助于深入了解固体颗粒的流动行为以及气固相相互作用特性,对鼓泡流化床反应器的设计优化具有重要意义。     

300 MW循环流化床锅炉大比例掺烧煤泥试验研究

循环流化床锅炉大比例掺烧煤泥是一种处理煤泥等低品质煤的有效手段。利用一维小室模型对掺混不同比例煤泥的CFB锅炉运行工况进行模拟,研究了掺混煤泥比例对CFB锅炉炉膛内物料平均粒径、颗粒停留时间以及炉膛上部物料浓度的影响,确定了大比例掺烧煤泥条件下的流态优化条件。模拟结果表明,增加煤泥比例可以提高物料循环流率和中间粒径档位(0.1~0.3 mm)颗粒在炉内的停留时间,改善燃料的燃尽率,提高煤泥比例还可以增加炉膛上部的颗粒浓度,有利于提高炉膛上部的传热,降低炉膛温度,便于污染物的控制。根据盘北电厂300 MW循环流化床锅炉机组大比例掺烧煤泥的运行数据,分析了掺烧煤泥比例对床温、排烟温度、底渣与飞灰含碳量的影响。当锅炉负荷为300 MW时,掺烧煤泥后床温明显降低,飞灰含碳量和排烟温度随着掺烧煤泥比例的增加而增大,底渣含碳量则随着掺烧煤泥比例的增加而降低。为了实现大比例掺烧,建议控制矸石的入炉煤粒径,且需要强化尾部吹灰或适当调整尾部受热面。     

Influence of structure of iron nanoparticles in aggregates on their magnetic properties

Zero-valent iron nanoparticles rapidly aggregate. One of the reasons is magnetic forces among the nanoparticles. Magnetic field around particles is caused by composition of the particles. Their core is formed from zero-valent iron, and shell is a layer of magnetite. The magnetic forces contribute to attractive forces among the nanoparticles and that leads to increasing of aggregation of the nanoparticles. This effect is undesirable for decreasing of remediation properties of iron particles and limited transport possibilities. The aggregation of iron nanoparticles was established for consequent processes: Brownian motion, sedimentation, velocity gradient of fluid around particles and electrostatic forces. In our previous work, an introduction of influence of magnetic forces among particles on the aggregation was presented. These forces have significant impact on the rate of aggregation. In this article, a numerical computation of magnetic forces between an aggregate and a nanoparticle and between two aggregates is shown. It is done for random position of nanoparticles in an aggregate and random or arranged directions of magnetic polarizations and for structured aggregates with arranged vectors of polarizations. Statistical computation by Monte Carlo is done, and range of dominant area of magnetic forces around particles is assessed.