D2D中继辅助通信的能效优化算法研究

针对蜂窝系统下D2D中继辅助通信的能量效率优化问题,在保证蜂窝用户与D2D用户服务质量的条件下,提出了一种能效优化算法。首先,以最大化系统中总D2D用户能效为目标,将优化问题建模为一个混合整数非线性规划问题。然后,将能效优化问题转化为功率控制、中继选择和信道分配3个子问题分别进行求解。最后,利用Dinkelbach方法和拉格朗日乘子方法解决功率控制问题;利用所提出的基于Q学习的中继选择算法完成中继的选择;基于功率控制和中继选择,利用匈牙利算法完成信道的分配。仿真结果表明,与现有算法相比,所提算法可有效提高系统D2D用户的总能效。     

Spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of distributed antenna systems with virtual cells

In this paper, we consider user centric virtual cells model in distributed antenna systems (DAS). We investigate different power allocation optimization problems with interferences in DAS with and without user centric virtual cells model, respectively. The first objective problem is maximizing spectral efficiency (SE) of the DAS with user centric virtual cells model under the constraints of the minimum SE requirements of each user equipment (UE), maximum transmit power of each remote access unit (RAU). We firstly transform this non-convex objective function into a difference of convex functions (D.C.) problem, and then we obtain the optimal solutions by using the concave-convex procedure (CCCP) algorithm. The second objective problem is maximizing energy efficiency (EE) of the DAS with user centric virtual cells model under the same constraints as the first objective problem. Firstly, we exploit fractional programming theory to obtain the equivalent objective function of the second problem with subtract form, and then transform it into a D.C. problem and use CCCP algorithm to obtain the optimal power allocation. In each part, we propose the corresponding optimal power allocation algorithm and also use similar method to obtain optimal solutions of the same optimization problems in DAS without using user centric virtual cells model. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the DAS with user centric virtual cells model, which can significantly improve the SE and the EE of the communication systems.     

Co-design of multicore architectures and microfluidic cooling for 3D stacked ICs

In this paper, we investigate the co-design of multicore architectures and microfluidic cooling for 3D stacked ICs. The architecture is a 16 core, ×86 multicore die stacked with a second die hosting an L2 SRAM cache. First, a multicore ×86 compatible cycle-level microarchitecture simulator was constructed and integrated with physical power models. The simulator executes benchmark programs to create power traces that drive thermal analysis. Second, the thermal characteristics under liquid cooling were investigated using a compact thermal model. Four alternative packaging organizations were studied and compared. The greatest overall temperature reduction under a given pumping power is achieved, with two tiers and two pin fin enhanced microgaps, with the high power dissipation tier on the top. Third, an optimization of the pin fin parameters including the diameter, height, and longitudinal and transversal spacing was performed. This optimization is shown to achieve significant improvement in energy/instruction, and significant reductions in leakage power.     

Energy and spectral efficiency trade‐off for the downlink OFDM‐distributed antenna systems

This paper investigates an energy efficient optimization scheme for the downlink multiuser OFDM‐distributed antenna systems. We adopt a multicriteria optimization method to offer a systematic study on the relationship between spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). First, we transform the energy efficient optimization problem with high complexity into a simpler downlink multiuser OFDM problem. Then, using the weighted sum method in multicriteria optimization, an optimal energy efficient scheme is presented to allocate the available power to balance the trade‐off between SE and EE efficiently. Simulation results demonstrate that the energy efficient scheme is effective, and there existed a trade‐off between SE and EE in the downlink multiuser OFDM‐distributed antenna systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LMI approach to stability of 2D positive systems

The asymptotic stability of positive 2D linear systems with delays (systems of order higher one) described by the Roesser model, the 2D Fornasini–Marchesini models and the general model is addressed. It is shown that the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) can be used to checking the asymptotic stability of the positive 2D systems. Using LMI approach necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of the positive 2D systems with delays are established. The efficiency of the LMI approach is demonstrated on numerical examples of positive 2D linear systems with delays.

Power allocation criteria for distributed antenna systems with D2D communication

In this paper, we discuss four different optimization problems for distributed antenna systems (DAS) with and without D2D communication, respectively. The first and the third problems are maximizing spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) of the DAS with D2D communication on the conditions of the minimum SE of DAS as well as D2D pair, the maximum transmit power of each remote access unit (RAU) and maximum transmit power of D2D transmitter. The second and the forth problems are maximizing SE of the DAS on the conditions of the minimum SE as well as the maximum transmit power of RAUs. We exploit the sub-gradient iteration method to obtain the optimal power allocation and summarize optimal power allocation algorithms for the first and second problems. We exploit fractional programming method to investigate the third and fourth problems and develop corresponding optimal power allocation algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power allocation algorithms and show the SE and EE of the DAS by using D2D communication are much better than DAS without D2D communication.     

三维集成

在封装的舞台上,三维集成技术因为在提高电子系统的性能和微型化方面效果卓著而引起重视。目前三维技术的手段一般采用较长的焊线来连接堆叠芯片和基层。新的三维概念仍处在开发阶段,但它将提供更短的互联,更高的互联密度,更低的成本。对于不同的应用,需要有相应且适宜的3D技术。     

3D Printed Micro-Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices: From Design to Integration

With the continuous development and implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), the growing demand for portable, flexible, wearable self-powered electronic systems significantly promotes the development of micro-electrochemical energy storage devices (MEESDs), such as micro-batteries (MBs) and micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). By overcoming the limitations of traditional fabrication processes, 3D printing techniques have been attracting much attention in recent years. Theoretically, 3D printing technologies can manufacture any customized arbitrary geometry and structure of electrodes and other components by fast prototyping at a relatively low cost to achieve desirable electrochemical performance and simplified integration. To that end, a comprehensive review of recent progress on the applications of 3D printing in MEESDs is presented herein. Emphasis is given to the generally classified seven types of 3D printing techniques (their working principle, process control, resolution, advantages, and disadvantages), their applications to fabricate electrodes, and other components with different configurations. Finally, the integration of other electronics into MEESDs and a future perspective on the research and development direction in this important field are further discussed.     

QoE and energy efficiency aware resource allocation for OFDM systems in group mobility environments

The global information and communication technology industry is a fast growing contributor to the electrical energy consumption, especially for the base stations, accounting for a substantial amount of the energy use. Inherently, a resource allocation strategy including subchannels blackout would reduce energy consumption. In this paper, energy efficient resource allocation algorithms are addressed for the OFDM system in group mobility environments, suffering from high intercarrier interference. We first propose the subchannels blackout scheme to save energy implicitly without performance degradation by turning off certain subchannels when transmitting signals. Then, resource allocation scheme in combination with subchannels blackout scheme is developed, consisting of intergroup subchannels allocation and inner‐group subchannels blackout. Its advantage is twofold. (i) Energy consumption is reduced obviously; (ii) intercarrier interference is decreased and channel quality is enhanced simultaneously. However, the original transmit rate decreases with the decrease of active resources. We also prove under subchannels blackout scheme, achieved throughput and perceptual quality of experience (QoE) are quasiconcave in energy saving percentage, which reflects the number of blackout subchannels. We then present two energy efficient resource allocation algorithms. Both algorithms focus on the optimal solution by using an iteration method. The difference lies in the objective. One tries for energy consumption minimization above the satisfactory QoE level, but the other aims to maximize QoE perceived by users. Numerical results confirm the theoretical findings and demonstrate the promising energy‐saving capability with satisfying QoE of the proposed resource allocation schemes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy efficient power allocation for co-located antenna systems with D2D communication

This paper investigates the energy efficient resource allocation when adding dedicated device-to-device (D2D) communication in the co-located antenna systems (CAS). We consider the user equipments (UEs) are changing over time and the appropriate potential UEs to form D2D pairs are varying with time. Our optimization objective is to maximize the system’s energy efficiency (EE) with the constraints of the maximum transmit power of UEs and D2D pairs in different total power consumption models. Firstly, an algorithm is developed to choose appropriate potential UEs to form D2D pairs in this paper. Then we exploit fractional programming method to obtain optimal energy efficient power allocation solutions. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed D2D pairs choosing algorithm and the power allocation algorithm.     

面向能效优化的MIMO系统参数配置

基于点对点多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统的张量模型,提出了一种以能效最大化为目标的传输参数联合优化方法.首先根据信号矩阵、编码矩阵、信道矩阵构建了接收信号的张量模型和系统能效模型,然后利用张量平行因子(PARAFAC)分解的k-秩条件,通过迭代拟合对能效函数所包含的收发端天线数目、编码长度等传输参数进行联合优化.仿真结果表明,利用穷尽搜索,可以找到一组对应系统能效最大化的传输参数组合.     

基于总能效最优化的终端匹配设计和实现

终端直通通信技术(Device-to-Device communication,D2D)是指相距较近的用户设备(user equipment,UE)可不借助于基站而直接进行通信,它可以有效提高传输速率和频谱利用率.受限于电池的容量,基站调度上应尽可能使终端的续航时间更长.为此,本文旨在追求单位能量的传输比特率最大化,即能效最大化目标.本文在构建蜂窝用户与D2D用户资源复用场景下的能效模型基础上,将目标实现分为两个步骤:1)终端最优发射功率的设置,利用准凸函数的性质,通过最优化的方法迭代求解蜂窝和D2D用户各自的最优功率,使得复杂度大为降低;2)利用KM算法实施蜂窝用户与D2D对的配对.通过仿真验证,使用本文提出的算法相对于以最大功率发送的情况下可以获得约40％左右的增益.     

3D Perception Algorithms:Towards Perceptually Driven Compression of 3D Video

In this paper, we summarize 3D perception-oriented algorithms for perceptually driven 3D video coding. Several perceptual effects have been exploited for 2D video viewing; however, this is not yet the case for 3D video viewing. 3D video requires depth perception, which implies binocular effects such as conflicts, fusion, and rivalry. A better understanding of these effects is necessary for 3D perceptual compression, which provides users with a more comfortable visual experience for video that is delivered over a channel with limited bandwidth. We present state-of-the-art of 3D visual attention models, 3D just-noticeable difference models, and 3D texture-synthesis models that address 3D human vision issues in 3D video coding and transmission.     

集群像素激光三维成像雷达能量利用效率分析与研究

激光三维成像雷达技术在近十几年得到了飞速发展,各种新激光雷达体制在新技术的刺激下也日渐成熟.集群像素激光三维成像雷达技术是新型体制的典型代表,其具有用少量探测器就能实现大规模像素阵列探测的能力,并且在相同能量条件下能获取到更高信噪比的回波信号.研究了集群像素激光三维成像雷达的雷达方程,分析了发射系统与接收系统能量利用效...     

基于能效最优准则的双跳中继网络功率分配算法

针对单天线多跳系统中的资源分配策略进行了研究,重点研究了基于能效最优的功率分配算法。所提算法以系统能效最大化为设计目标,以满足指定的系统服务质量(QoS, quality of service)为约束条件,建立了以源节点和中继节点发射功率为设计变量的数学优化模型。通过大信噪比区间近似等效,将原始的非凸优化问题转化为凸优化问题。再利用拉格朗日对偶函数凸优化算法,并借助于Lambert 函数,最终得到一种功率分配方案的闭合形式解,避免了采用交替迭代方法来求解最优化问题。相比传统以系统频谱效率最大化为目标的算法,所提算法能更好地提升系统整体能效,同时降低了功率分配算法的复杂度。     

A high efficiency all-PMOS charge pump for 3D NAND flash memory

For 3D vertical NAND flash memory, the charge pump output load is much larger than that of the planar NAND, resulting in the performance degradation of the conventional Dickson charge pump. Therefore, a novel all PMOS charge pump with high voltage boosting efficiency, large driving capability and high power efficiency for 3D V-NAND has been proposed. In this circuit, the Pelliconi structure is used to enhance the driving capability, two auxiliary substrate bias PMOS transistors are added to mitigate the body effect, and the degradation of the output voltage and boost efficiency caused by the threshold voltage drop is eliminated by dynamic gate control structure. Simulated results show that the proposed charge pump circuit can achieve the maximum boost efficiency of 86% and power efficiency of 50%. The output voltage of the proposed 9 stages charge pump can exceed 2 V under 2 MHz clock frequency in 2X nm 3D V-NAND technology. Our results provide guidance for the peripheral circuit design of high density 3D V-NAND integration.     

3D MIMO-OFDMA系统中基于垂直波束成形的能效优化算法

针对三维多输入多输出（3D MIMO）正交频分多址（OFDMA）系统,提出了一种能效优化算法。该算法在垂直波束成形技术下,以能量效率最大化为目标,通过调整资源分配、功率分配、天线的波束下倾角来提高系统能量效率。根据分数优化理论,将复杂的分数优化问题转化为较易求解的整式优化问题,然后引入拉格朗日乘子通过不断迭代得到能量效率的最优值。仿真结果表明,所提算法在较少迭代次数下可以获得更高的能量效率。     

In-network caching for energy efficiency in content-centric networking

Recently, Internet energy efficiency is paid more and more attention. New Internet architectures with more energy efficiency were proposed to promote the scalability in energy consumption. The eontent-eentrie networking （CCN） proposed a content-centric paradigm which was proven to have higher energy efficiency. Based on the energy optimization model of CCN with in-network caching, the authors derive expressions to tradeoff the caching energy and the transport energy, and then design a new energy efficiency cache scheme based on virtual round trip time （EV） in CCN. Simulation results show that the EV scheme is better than the least recently used （LRU） and popularity based cache policies on the network average energy consumption, and its average hop is also much better than LRU policy.     

Tradeoff between energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in a delay constrained wireless system

Because of the inevitable trend of green networking, energy efficiency (EE) is quickly becoming one of the key performance metrics to evaluate wireless communication systems, together with spectrum efficiency (SE) and quality of service (QoS) that have been traditionally used. This paper studies the fundamental tradeoff between EE and SE in the presence of statistical QoS requirements in wireless transmission systems. Earlier studies have shown that the performance with QoS requirements in the wireless transmission can be measured through effective capacity, which can capture the physical layer fading channel characteristics in the link layer QoS requirements, such as delay and data rate. Under this context, SE is defined as effective capacity per unit frequency bandwidth, and EE is defined as energy consumed per effective capacity bit. Both circuit power and transmission power are considered in the energy model, based on which we derive the quasi‐convex generalized EE formulation. To exploit the tradeoff between EE and SE with QoS considerations, we propose a generic close‐form approximation for EE–SE formulation by employing a curve fitting approach. The impacts of QoS and circuit power consumption on EE–SE tradeoff are respectively analyzed. QoS requirement and circuit power consumption affect the EE–SE tradeoff differently. In the low‐SNR regime, circuit power shows more impact on the EE–SE tradeoff, whereas QoS impacts EE–SE tradeoff more in the high‐SNR regime. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3D HfO2 Thin Film MEMS Capacitor with Superior Energy Storage Properties

Capacitors are ubiquitous and crucial components in modern technologies. Future microelectronic devices require novel dielectric capacitors with higher energy storage density, higher efficiency, better frequency and temperature stabilities, and compatibility with integrated circuit (IC) processes. Here, in order to overcome these challenges, a novel 3D HfO₂ thin film capacitor is designed and fabricated by an integrated microelectromechanical system (MEMS) process. The energy storage density (ESD) of the capacitor reaches 28.94 J cm⁻³, and the energy storage efficiency of the capacitor is up to 91.3% under an applied electric field of 3.5 MV cm⁻¹. The ESD can be further improved by reducing the minimum period structure size of the 3D capacitor. Moreover, the 3D capacitor exhibits excellent temperature stability (up to 150 °C) and charge-discharge endurance (10⁷ cycles). The results indicate that the 3D HfO₂ thin film MEMS capacitor has enormous potential in energy storage applications in harsh environments, such as pulsed discharge and power conditioning electronics.