A Dual‐Mode 2.4‐GHz CMOS Transceiver for High‐Rate Bluetooth Systems

This paper reports on our development of a dual‐mode transceiver for a CMOS high‐rate Bluetooth system‐on‐chip solution. The transceiver includes most of the radio building blocks such as an active complex filter, a Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) demodulator, a variable gain amplifier (VGA), a dc offset cancellation circuit, a quadrature local oscillator (LO) generator, and an RF front‐end. It is designed for both the normal‐rate Bluetooth with an instantaneous bit rate of 1 Mb/s and the high‐rate Bluetooth of up to 12 Mb/s. The receiver employs a dualconversion combined with a baseband dual‐path architecture for resolving many problems such as flicker noise, dc offset, and power consumption of the dual‐mode system. The transceiver requires none of the external image‐rejection and intermediate frequency (IF) channel filters by using an LO of 1.6 GHz and the fifth order on‐chip filters. The chip is fabricated on a 6.5‐mm² die using a standard 0.25‐μm CMOS technology. Experimental results show an in‐band image‐rejection ratio of 40 dB, an IIP3 of ?5 dBm, and a sensitivity of ?77 dBm for the Bluetooth mode when the losses from the external components are compensated. It consumes 42 mA in receive π/4‐diffrential quadrature phase‐shift keying (π/4‐DQPSK) mode of 8 Mb/s, 35 mA in receive GFSK mode of 1 Mb/s, and 32 mA in transmit mode from a 2.5‐V supply. These results indicate that the architecture and circuits are adaptable to the implementation of a low‐cost, multi‐mode, high‐speed wireless personal area network.     

A 2.4-GHz CMOS Monolithic VCO with an MOS Varactor

A 2.4-GHz CMOS VCO is presented employing pMOS transistors as voltage-controlled capacitances and on-chip hollow spiral inductors. The design was implemented in a standard digital 0.8m CMOS process and exhibits a 15% tuning range at 2.5 V supply voltage and 9 mA supply current. Phase-noise measurements show a phase-noise of about –118 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz from the carrier.     

一种集成新型相位切换预分频器和高品质因素压控振荡器5 GHz CMOS频率综合器

本文实现了一种集成新型相位切换预分频器和高品质因素压控振荡器的锁相环频率综合器。该频率综合器在考虑噪声性能的基础上进行系统参数设计。预分频器采用了一种不易受工艺偏差影响的相位切换方式。对压控振荡器的电感开关电容和压控电容的品质因素进行了优化。与其他文献相比,该频率综合器使用相近的功耗取得更好的噪声性能。本文提出的频率综合器采用SMIC0.13微米工艺流片,芯片面积为11502500 μm²。当锁定在5 GHz时,其功耗在1.2V电源电压供电时为15mA。此时,1MHz频偏处相位噪声为-122.45dBc/Hz。     

RF CMOS Varactors for 2 GHz Applications

CMOS varactors are important components for the integration of tunable RF filters and VCOs. This paper presents a performance evaluation and comparison of three different types of CMOS varactors based on measurements. The tested varactor types are: (i) p⁺-to-n-well junction, (ii) standard mode nMOS, and (iii) accumulation mode nMOS. The performance of each varactor type with respect to capacitance ratio and quality factor Q is evaluated at 2 GHz. Further, it is shown how these varactor types must be configured in LC-tank circuits for optimum performance. Finally, the three varactor types are compared and it is concluded that the Standard Mode nMOS type seems to the best choice for RF applications.     

A low-power direct digital frequency synthesiser

This work presents a low power direct digital frequency synthesiser (DDFS) by using a new two-level lookup table algorithm. The algorithm uses trigonometric double angle formula to divide lookup table ROM into two parts. The ROM size of the proposed architecture is 25% less than that of conventional lookup table DDFS. The hardware of new DDFS architecture compared to the traditional two-level table DDFS also requires less one multiplication. A synthesised 0.35 µm DDFS with an spurious free dynamic range of ?80 dB, runs up to 100 MHz and consumes 81 mW at 3.3 v. The power efficiency is 0.81 mW MHz^?1, which represents an enhancement of more than 38% compared to the conventional DDFS.     

一种用于双波段GPS接收机的低功耗宽带CMOS频率合成器

提出了一种用于双波段GPS接收机的宽带CMOS频率合成器.该GPS接收机芯片已经在标准O.18μm射频CMOS工艺线上流片成功,并通过整体功能测试.其中压控振荡器可调振荡频率的覆盖范围设计为2～3.6GHz,覆盖了L1,L2波段的两倍频的频率点.并留有足够的裕量以确保在工艺角和温度变化较大时能覆盖所需频率.芯片测试结果显示,该频率综合器在L1波段正常工作时的功耗仅为5.6mW,此时的带内相位噪声小于-82dBc/Hz,带外相位噪声在距离3.142G载波1M频偏处约为-112dBc/Hz,这些指标很好地满足了GPS接收芯片的性能要求.     

一种用于双波段GPS接收机的低功耗宽带CMOS频率合成器

提出了一种用于双波段GPS接收机的宽带CMOS频率合成器. 该GPS接收机芯片已经在标准0.18μm射频CMOS工艺线上流片成功,并通过整体功能测试. 其中压控振荡器可调振荡频率的覆盖范围设计为2~3.6GHz,覆盖了L1,L2波段的两倍频的频率点,并留有足够的裕量以确保在工艺角和温度变化较大时能覆盖所需频率. 芯片测试结果显示,该频率综合器在L1波段正常工作时的功耗仅为5.6mW,此时的带内相位噪声小于-82dBc/Hz,带外相位噪声在距离3.142G载波1M频偏处约为-112dBc/Hz,这些指标很好地满足了GPS接收芯片的性能要求.     

一种用于10 Gb/s Serdes的40 nm CMOS锁相环

提出了一种应用于10 Gb/s高速串并接口电路(Serdes)的高性能锁相环。采用正交压控振荡器(QVCO)实现4路等相位间隔的5 GHz时钟,输出采用2分频单转差缓冲器,实现可忽略相差的8路等相位间隔的2.5 GHz时钟。电荷泵中采用负反馈技术,以提高电流匹配性能。在SMIC 40 nm工艺下完成设计,在 1.1 V的供电电压下,锁相环的总电流为7.6 mA,输出5 GHz时钟在10 kHz~100 MHz积分范围内的均方根抖动约为107 fs,芯片尺寸仅为780 μm×410 μm。     

全集成2.4 GHz CMOS对称式收发开关的设计

文章设计了一种应用于无线通信的2．4GHz全集成对称式串并型射频收发开关，详细分析了影响这种射频收发开关性能的各种因素，并采用了相应的优化方案。经仿真，在2．5V电压下获得了插入损耗1．0dB、隔离度30．5dB和1dB压缩点为16．1dBm的较好结果。该开关采用TSMC0．25μm工艺设计实现，版图面积(包括pad)为0．6mm^2。     

一种高线性度2.4GHz CMOS LC压控振荡器

对影响压控振荡器(VCO)线性度的因素进行了研究,并提出了一种适用于2.4GHz ISM频段的高调节线性度的CMOS LC VCO结构。新的VCO结构采用两个控制端,分别控制一对p /n-well变容管和一对MOS变容管。该VCO输出两个波段,调节非线性度分别为1.45%和1.74%,总调节范围为2.33～2.72 GHz,功耗为15mW,芯片面积为534×540μm2。结果表明,新的电路结构使得VCO的调节非线性度降低到通常只用一对变容管的VCO的一半以下,同时极大地减小了调节范围内相噪声的波动,有效地提高ISM频段内多种无线通信标准的射频收发机的性能。     

A 5 GHz CMOS frequency synthesizer with novel phase-switching prescaler and high-Q LC-VCO

A phase-locked loop(PLL) frequency synthesizer with a novel phase-switching prescaler and a high-Q LC voltage controlled oscillator(VCO) is presented.The phase-switching prescaler with a novel modulus control mechanism is much more robust on process variations.The Q factor of the inductor,I-MOS capacitors and varactors in the VCO are optimized.The proposed frequency synthesizer was fabricated by SMIC 0.13μm 1P8M MMRF CMOS technology with a chip area of 1150×2500μm~2.When locking at 5 GHz,the current consumption is 15 mA from a supply voltage of 1.2 V and the measured phase noise at a 1 MHz offset is -122.45 dBc/Hz.     

MC145163P型锁相频率合成器的原理与应用

Motolora公司的MC145163P是CMOS大规模集成锁相频率合成器,内部含有参考分频器、两个相位比较器和4位BCD/N分频器,配合环路滤波和压控振荡器就可以得到一个完整、实用的锁相频率合成器.文中介绍了MC145163P的基本性能,并结合实际应用详细介绍了由MC145163P和TTL压控振荡器74LS628组成的锁相频率合成电路,给出实际测量数据.     

3.7 GHz宽带CMOS LC VCO的设计

设计了一款3.7 GHz宽带CMOS电感电容压控振荡器.采用了电容开关的技术以补偿工艺、温度和电源电压的变化,并对片上电感和射频开关进行优化设计以得到最大的Q值.电路采用和舰0.18 μm CMOS混合信号制造工艺,芯片面积为0.4 mm×1 mm.测试结果显示,芯片的工作频率为3.4～4 GHz,根据输出频谱得到的相位噪声为-100 dBc/Hz@1 MHz,在1.8 V工作电压下的功耗为10 mW.测试结果表明,该VCO有较大的工作频率范围和较低的相位噪声性能,可以用于锁相环和频率合成器.     

一种应用于WiMAX协议的全集成3.5GHzCMOS功率驱动放大器

A fully integrated CMOS differential power amplifier driver(PAD) is proposed for WiMAX applications. In order to fulfill the differential application requirements,a transmission line transformer is used as the output matching network.A differential inductance constitutes an inter-stage matching network.Meanwhile,an on chip balun realizes input matching as well as single-end to differential conversion.The PAD is fabricated in a 0.13μm RFCMOS process.The chip size is 1.1×1.1 mm~2 with all of the matching network integrated on chip. The saturated power is around 10 dBm and power gain is about 12 dB.     

A Common Source Input Cross Coupled Quad CMOS Mixer*

A CMOS doubly balanced mixer circuit is implemented with a source follower input and a cross coupled mixing quad. The circuit employs an all N-channel configuration and is suitable for high frequency applications. As a down-converter with an RF input of 2.0 GHz and an IF output of 200 MHz, the mixer demonstrates 9 dB of conversion loss with a corresponding input referred third order intercept of 0 dBm. As an up-converter with an IF input frequency of 400 MHz and an RF output of 2.4 GHz, the mixer demonstrates 14 dB of conversion loss.     

A Low‐Spur CMOS PLL Using Differential Compensation Scheme

This paper proposes LC voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) phase‐locked loop (PLL) and ring‐VCO PLL topologies with low‐phase noise. Differential control loops are used for the PLL locking through a symmetrical transformer‐resonator or bilaterally controlled varactor pair. A differential compensation mechanism suppresses out‐band spurious tones. The prototypes of the proposed PLL are implemented in a CMOS 65‐nm or 45‐nm process. The measured results of the LC‐VCO PLL show operation frequencies of 3.5 GHz to 5.6 GHz, a phase noise of –118 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, and a spur rejection of 66 dBc, while dissipating 3.2 mA at a 1 V supply. The ring‐VCO PLL shows a phase noise of –95 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, operation frequencies of 1.2 GHz to 2.04 GHz, and a spur rejection of 59 dBc, while dissipating 5.4 mA at a 1.1 V supply.     

用90nm CMOS数字工艺实现的低抖动时钟锁相环设计

用90nmCMOS数字工艺设计实现了一个低抖动的时钟锁相环.锁相环不需要"模拟"的电阻和电容,采用金属间的寄生电容作为环路滤波器的电容.测试结果显示,锁相环锁定在1.989GHz时的均方抖动为3.7977ps,周期峰峰值抖动为31.225ps,核心功耗约为9mW.锁相环可稳定输出的频率范围为125MHz到2.7GHz.     

用90nm CMOS数字工艺实现的低抖动时钟锁相环设计

用90nmCMOS数字工艺设计实现了一个低抖动的时钟锁相环.锁相环不需要"模拟"的电阻和电容,采用金属间的寄生电容作为环路滤波器的电容.测试结果显示,锁相环锁定在1.989GHz时的均方抖动为3.7977ps,周期峰峰值抖动为31.225ps,核心功耗约为9mW.锁相环可稳定输出的频率范围为125MHz到2.7GHz.     

2.1 GHz射频CMOS混频器设计

设计了一个用于第三代移动通信的2.1 GHz CMOS下变频混频器,采用TsMC 0.25 μm CMOS工艺.在设计中,用LC振荡回路作电流源实现低电压;并用增大电流和降低跨导的方法提高线性度.在Cadence RF仿真器中对电路进行了模拟,在1.8 V电源电压下,仿真结果为:1 dB压缩点PtdB-10.65 dBm,lIP3 1.25 dBm,转换增益7 dB,噪声系数10.8 dB,功耗14.4 mW,且输入输出端口实现了良好的阻抗匹配.并用Cadence中的Virtuoso Layout Editor软件绘制了电路的版图.     

一种高速低过冲电荷泵电路的设计

为了有效降低传统电荷泵电路的充放电过冲电流,提高电荷泵输出控制电压的稳定性,提出、设计并实现了一种高速低过冲的电荷泵结构,该电路适用于高速锁相环及时钟数据恢复电路.电路在电源电压为1.2 V的0.13 μm CMOS工艺下设计实现,并对版图数据进行了HSPICE模拟,其结果表明,电路在2.5 GHz的速度下能很好的工作,同时电流过冲相比传统电荷泵下降了70%.