Stabilisation of unstable FOPDT processes with a single zero by fractional-order controllers

In this article, stabilisation of unstable first-order-plus-dead-time (FOPDT) processes with a single zero by fractional-order (FO) controllers is investigated. A Nyquist stability criterion-based approach is adopted to derive the conditions for stability. Sufficient stabilisability conditions by FO [proportional integral] controllers and FO-lead–lag controllers are established. In addition, robust stability of the system with these FO controllers is investigated. To illustrate the results, some examples are provided.     

Stabilizing region of fractional-order proportional integral derivative controllers for interval delayed fractional-order plants

This paper concentrates on computing the stabilizing region of fractional-order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controllers for interval delayed fractional-order plants. An interval delayed fractional-order plant is defined as a fractional-order transfer function with a time delay whose denominator and numerator coefficients are all uncertain and lie in specified intervals. In the present study, first, a theorem is proven to analyze the robust stability of the given closed-loop. Then, a method is proposed to solve the problem of robustly stabilizing interval delayed fractional-order plants by using FOPID controllers. Moreover, two auxiliary functions are presented to fulfill the additional specifications of design, ensuring better performance of the controlled system with respect to the disturbance and noise. Finally, two examples are provided to illustrate the design procedure.     

Efficient control of a 3-link planar rigid manipulator using self-regulated fractional-order fuzzy PID controller

A self-regulated fractional-order fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (SRFOFPID) controller is proposed to control a highly non-linear, complex and coupled 3-link planar rigid robotic manipulator in a virtual industrial environment. Industrial environment was simulated by introducing different kind of disturbances in the system and sensor noise. Proposed SRFOFPID controller is a direct non-linear adaptive controller having self-regulating feature and has been realized using fractional-order operators i.e. integrator and differentiator in self-regulated integer-order fuzzy PID (SRIOFPID) controller. Gains of SRFOFPID and SRIOFPID controllers are optimized using Backtracking Search Algorithm by minimizing an amalgamation of integral absolute error signal and integral absolute change in control signal as cost function. Performance of SRFOFPID and SRIOFPID controllers are assessed and compared with reference path under virtually simulated industrial environment. Presented intensive simulation studies revealed that both the controllers offered decent reference trajectory tracking performance under nominal operating conditions while SRFOFPID controller offered exceptionally robust performance under industrial scenario and uncertainties. Finally, the stability analysis of overall closed loop system is performed using small gain theorem and necessary and sufficient bounded-input and bounded-output stability conditions are established.     

基于非线性牵制控制的分数阶混沌网络聚同步

针对分数阶混沌复杂网络,提出一种非线性牵制控制策略实现网络聚同步.根据网络结点的不同属性,只对群间点施加非线性控制,然后基于分数阶系统稳定性理论,给出了实现聚同步的充分条件.数值仿真验证了该聚同步方案的有效性和正确性,同时深入讨论了控制增益和耦合强度等对聚同步的影响.     

具有控制约束的分数阶混沌系统柔性同步控制

研究具有控制约束的两个相同分数阶混沌系统的同步问题.首先,在不消除非线性项的情况下,基于比例控制与自适应控制理论,设计线性自适应切换控制器,实现分数阶混沌系统的同步;其次,考虑到控制器存在约束,利用能够提供无限子控制器的柔性变结构控制策略对线性控制器进行改进,设计柔性变结构控制器,以应对控制的约束,并对线性控制器进行优化;同时,基于分数阶系统Mittag-Leffler稳定判定定理对误差系统的稳定性进行证明.在兼顾系统稳定性与鲁棒性的情况下,可以缩短系统的调整时间,并有效抑制抖振.最后,利用所设计的自适应柔性控制器实现分数阶Chen系统的混沌同步,并通过仿真对比两控制器控制效果,从而验证柔性变结构方法在具有约束的分数阶混沌系统同步控制中的优越性.     

Robust stabilizing regions of fractional-order PI<Superscript>λ</Superscript> controllers for fractional-order systems with time-delays

This study focuses on a graphical approach to determine the stabilizing regions of fractional-order PI^λ(proportional integration) controllers for fractional-order systems with time-delays. By D-decomposition technique, the existence conditions and calculating methods of the real root boundary (RRB) curves, complex root boundary (CRB) curves and infinite root boundary (IRB) lines are investigated for a given stability degree. The stabilizing regions in terms of the RRB curves, CRB curves and IRB lines are identified by the proposed criteria in this paper. Finally, two illustrative examples are given to verify the effectiveness of this graphical approach for different stability degrees.     

Design of fractional-order PIλDμ controllers with an improved differential evolution

Differential evolution (DE) has recently emerged as a simple yet very powerful technique for real parameter optimization. This article describes an application of DE to the design of fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative (FOPID) controllers involving fractional-order integrator and fractional-order differentiator. FOPID controllers’ parameters are composed of the proportionality constant, integral constant, derivative constant, derivative order and integral order, and its design is more complex than that of conventional integer-order proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. Here the controller synthesis is based on user-specified peak overshoot and rise time and has been formulated as a single objective optimization problem. In order to digitally realize the fractional-order closed-loop transfer function of the designed plant, Tustin operator-based continuous fraction expansion (CFE) scheme was used in this work. Several simulation examples as well as comparisons of DE with two other state-of-the-art optimization techniques (Particle Swarm Optimization and binary Genetic Algorithm) over the same problems demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach especially for actuating fractional-order plants. The proposed technique may serve as an efficient alternative for the design of next-generation fractional-order controllers.     

基于H∞优化设计分数阶PDμ控制器

本文针对分数阶时滞系统,利用H∞优化理论,设计分数阶PDμ控制器.首先,给定微分阶次μ,利用图解稳定性准则确定并画出分数阶时滞系统的PDμ控制器在（Kp,Kd）参数平面上的稳定域.然后,在稳定域内计算出满足补灵敏度函数的H∞范数约束的控制器比t例增益和微分增益,并确定H∞边界曲线.最后,通过改变H∞控制器的微分阶次,能得到H∞曲线与分数阶次μ之间的关系.     

时滞系统分数阶PI?? 极点配置控制器设计

利用参数空间法研究用PIλ控制器实现时滞系统的闭环极点配置问题。复平面上的阻尼角扇形区域和相对稳定度区域(该两区域构成一个梯形区域)被映射到控制器参数平面,相应的控制器参数可以将闭环极点配置在梯形区域内,从而保证所要求的系统性能。仿真结果显示,对于适当选取的分数阶PIλ控制器的参数,采用分数阶控制器可以取得比整数阶控制器更好的控制效果,从极点配置的角度揭示了分数阶控制器的优越性。     

PD–PID controller for delayed systems with two unstable poles: a frequency domain approach

This paper deals with the stability problem of linear delayed systems containing two unstable real poles by means of PD controllers. The analysis presented is based on frequency domain techniques. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of stabilising controllers are given in terms of the parameters of the system and the time delay size. The main result is extended to delayed systems with two unstable poles and n stable real poles. PID controllers are also considered in order to control the studied systems, obtaining similar stability conditions. Numerical examples are presented in order to illustrate the control performance.     

分数阶永磁同步电机混沌系统模糊跟踪控制

针对不确定分数阶永磁同步电机混沌系统信号跟踪控制问题,提出自适应模糊控制策略．首先,采用模糊逻辑系统来逼近系统中复杂分数阶函数．然后,基于分数阶李亚普诺夫稳定性理论构造模糊控制器以及分数阶参数自适应律,并在保证所有变量有界的情况下实现系统对已知信号的有效跟踪．最后,通过数值仿真结果验证该方法的有效性．     

Proportional stabilization and closed-loop identification of an unstable fractional order process

This paper deals with proportional stabilization and closed-loop step response identification of the fractional order counterparts of the unstable first order plus dead time (FOPDT) processes. At first, the necessary and sufficient condition for stabilizability of such processes by proportional controllers is found. Then, by assuming that a process of this kind has been stabilized by a proportional controller and the step response data of the closed-loop system is available, an algorithm is proposed for estimating the order and the parameters of an unstable fractional order model by using the mentioned data.     

Stability analysis for fractional-order neural networks with time-varying delay

This paper focuses on the stability analysis for fractional-order neural networks with time-varying delay. A novel Lyapunov's asymptotic stability determination theorem is proved, which can be used for fractional-order systems directly. Different from the classical Lyapunov stability theorem, constraint condition on the derivative of Lyapunov function is revised as an uniformly continuous class-K function in the fractional-order case. Based on this novel Lyapunov stability theorem and free weight matrix method, a new sufficient condition on Lyapunov asymptotic stability of fractional-order Hopfield neural networks is derived by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. Moreover, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of these criteria.     

Robust Stability Analysis of Smith Predictor Based Interval Fractional-Order Control Systems: A Case Study in Level Control Process

The robust stability study of the classic Smith predictor-based control system for uncertain fractional-order plants with interval time delays and interval coefficients is the emphasis of this work.Interval uncertainties are a type of parametric uncertainties that cannot be avoided when modeling real-world plants.Also,in the considered Smith predictor control structure it is supposed that the controller is a fractional-order proportional integral derivative(FOPID) controller.To the best of the a...     

Robust Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral Observer for Synchronization of Chaotic Fractional-Order Systems

In this paper, we propose a robust fractional-order proportional-integral (FOPI) observer for the synchronization of nonlinear fractional-order chaotic systems. The convergence of the observer is proved, and sufficient conditions are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) approach by using an indirect Lyapunov method. The proposed FOPI observer is robust against Lipschitz additive nonlinear uncertainty. It is also compared to the fractional-order proportional (FOP) observer and its performance is illustrated through simulations done on the fractional-order chaotic Lorenz system.      

Multi-switching adaptive synchronization of two fractional-order chaotic systems with different structure and different order

In this work, we combine the active and adaptive control theories, and propose a novel synchronization scheme for a class of fractional-order chaotic systems with different structure and different order. Based on the new version of fractional-order Lyapunov stability theory, we design the adaptive controllers and updating laws of different switching. We use the fractional-order Lorenz chaotic system and the fractional-order Chen chaotic system as examples to analyze the multi-switching synchronization process for fractional-order chaotic systems with different structures and different orders. Finally, numerical simulations are also given to illustrate the effectiveness and validation of the proposed method, and the model uncertainties and external disturbances are added to the considered systems to verify the robustness of the proposed controllers.     

A computing method on stability intervals of time-delay for fractional-order retarded systems with commensurate time-delays

This paper investigates the stability intervals of time-delays for fractional-order retarded time-delay systems. By the Orlando formula, the existence of the crossing frequencies is brought to verify the stability related to the commensurate time-delay. For each crossing frequency, the corresponding critical time-delays are determined by the generalized eigenvalues of two matrices constructed by the crossing frequency, the commensurate fractional-order and the coefficients of the characteristic function. The root tendency (RT) is defined to provide a method to analyze the number of the unstable roots for a given crossing frequency and critical time-delay. Based on the RT values and the number of the unstable roots for fractional-order systems with no time-delay, a computing method on the stability intervals of time-delay is proposed in this paper. Finally, a numerical example is offered to validate the effectiveness of this method.     

Tuning algorithms for fractional order internal model controllers for time delay processes

This paper presents two tuning algorithms for fractional-order internal model control (IMC) controllers for time delay processes. The two tuning algorithms are based on two specific closed-loop control configurations: the IMC control structure and the Smith predictor structure. In the latter, the equivalency between IMC and Smith predictor control structures is used to tune a fractional-order IMC controller as the primary controller of the Smith predictor structure. Fractional-order IMC controllers are designed in both cases in order to enhance the closed-loop performance and robustness of classical integer order IMC controllers. The tuning procedures are exemplified for both single-input-single-output as well as multivariable processes, described by first-order and second-order transfer functions with time delays. Different numerical examples are provided, including a general multivariable time delay process. Integer order IMC controllers are designed in each case, as well as fractional-order IMC controllers. The simulation results show that the proposed fractional-order IMC controller ensures an increased robustness to modelling uncertainties. Experimental results are also provided, for the design of a multivariable fractional-order IMC controller in a Smith predictor structure for a quadruple-tank system.     

Order-dependent and delay-dependent conditions for stability and stabilization of fractional-order time-varying delay systems using small gain theorem

In this paper, the stability and stabilization problems for fractional-order time-varying delay systems are investigated. Firstly, by casting the stability problem as one of robust stability analysis problems and utilizing the small gain theorem, an order-dependent and delay-dependent stability condition for fractional-order time-varying delay systems is developed. Taking advantage of the information of order and delay, the stability condition is less conservative than the existing results. Then, state feedback controllers that stabilize fractional-order time-varying delay systems are developed. To tackle the computational difficulty of the controller design method, a local optimization algorithm is proposed. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate that the proposed criteria are valid and less conservative than the existing ones.     

A note on time-domain simulation of feedback fractional-ordersystems

The study of feedback fractional-order systems has been receiving considerable attention due to the facts that many physical systems are well characterized by fractional-order models, and that fractional-order controllers are used in feedback systems with the intention of breaking through the performance limitation of integer-order controllers. Owing to the lack of effective analytic methods for the time-domain analysis and simulation of linear feedback fractional-order systems, we suggest in this paper two reliable and accurate numerical methods for inverting fractional-order Laplace transforms. One is based on computing Bromwich's integral with a numerical integration scheme capable of accuracy control, and the other is based on expanding the time response function in a B-spline series. In order to demonstrate the superiority in solution accuracy and computational complexity of these two numerical methods over the Grunwald-Letniknov approximation method and Podlubny's analytic formulas, which are in a form of double infinite series, the time-domain simulations of the feedback control of a fractional-order process with a PD^μ-controller and a fractional-order band-limited lead compensator are worked out. The simulation results indicate that a convergence problem indeed occurs in using Podlubny's infinite series expressions, and that the problem could not be overcome by a series acceleration scheme