高速陶瓷球电主轴噪声特性的研究与分析

为了寻找高速陶瓷球电主轴噪声的声源位置,分析混合噪声中的噪声种类,验证电主轴噪声与其转速的关系。通过实验对主轴的噪声特性进行研究,在应用DASP软件分别对电主轴在锤击时产生的振动信号和以不同转速稳定运行时产生的噪声信号进行采集和处理后,可知主轴在设计范围内运行平稳,不会因共振而产生噪声;其主要的噪声源位于前后两端的轴承部位和中间的电机部分,且轴承部位以机械噪声为主,电机位置则会产生较大的电磁噪声;同时证实了主轴噪声会随其转速的上升而大体呈递增趋势。     

陶瓷电主轴空载噪声的分析与研究

为了研究陶瓷电主轴空载时的噪声与主轴转速之间的关系,分析噪声中所包含的频率成分。通过实验研究电主轴的噪声特性,在利用DASP(达世普)声学软件测量并分析噪声信号后,得出当电主轴的转速低于某一临界值时,其噪声会先随着转速的提高而不断增强;而当转速超过这一临界值后,噪声又会随之升高而有所下降。陶瓷电主轴的噪声与电主轴的转速有关,并且在对所测噪声进行频谱分析后,可知陶瓷电主轴在以10000~40000r/min的转速运转时辐射的噪声始终以低频噪声为主。     

轴承预紧力对陶瓷电主轴特性影响分析?

基于170 SD30 SY无内圈陶瓷电主轴转子具有比重轻、耐磨、高弹性模量等优良的综合特性,对不同预紧力载荷下的主轴前端振动位移进行仿真分析;在ANSYS中求解因预紧力在轴承处摩擦产生的温升,并导入整个模型当中,研究整个温度场的分布;对轴承在不同预紧力工况下的使用寿命进行计算分析;依据上述仿真和计算分析,并考虑合理的工况条件下选择合理的预紧力,在该预紧力下进行了振动和温升的实验测量,与仿真进行对比,验证仿真的正确性,从而证明选取预紧力的正确性。     

汽车齿轮检测专用电主轴设计及性能测试

设计的电主轴是为了检测汽车齿轮的啮合情况,减少传统皮带轴传动对检测的振动和噪声干扰。主要包括电主轴的轴颈计算、轴承选配、轴承跨距计算、电机的选择及润滑冷却方式的选择。通过检测电主轴的温度、振动以及噪声,发现电主轴在达到规定转速后,各部分温度基本保持在36℃以下;振动低于0.5 m/s2;噪声值基本保持在69 d B以下。这些参数都在合理范围内,说明了电主轴设计的合理性。     

碳纤维-金属复合电主轴关键部件优化设计

为了进一步提升电主轴的加工性能,以常见的A02型电主轴为分析对象,使用热膨胀系数小以及减振性能优异的碳纤维材料替换芯轴的不同部位,以此设计4种碳纤维-金属复合芯轴,探讨其对A02型电主轴的影响。通过有限元分析,对4种碳纤维-金属复合芯轴和常规钢芯轴的动态特性和热特性进行评估。结果表明：全碳纤维芯轴的性能最佳,而心部碳纤维芯轴可以在避免使用大量碳纤维材料的基础上实现与全碳纤维芯轴相近的效果;外侧碳纤维芯轴具有成熟的加工工艺,可以直接进行加工试验。列举了几种碳纤维-金属复合芯轴已有或具备可行性的加工方案,为碳纤维材料与电主轴结构更好地结合提供参考。     

谐波减速器用柔性轴承疲劳寿命实验与失效分析

柔性轴承是谐波齿轮减速器的重要组成部分。为了研究柔性轴承的失效特性,研制了一种可进行柔性轴承疲劳寿命实验的专用试验机。该试验机的加载装置能够与柔性轴承的内圈一起旋转,并可在外圈主轴两端同步施加载荷。通过对四套柔性轴承进行疲劳寿命试验,观察到了几种柔性轴承的失效现象。实验后测量了沟道的宽度,深度和表面粗糙度。实验结果表明:柔性轴承的内圈仅在主轴末端出现磨损和疲劳剥落现象,而外圈可能出现疲劳断裂和剥落现象。此外,还发现柔性轴承套圈沟道的磨损是不均匀的。     

谐波减速器用柔性轴承疲劳寿命实验与失效分析（英文）

柔性轴承是谐波齿轮减速器的重要组成部分。为了研究柔性轴承的失效特性,研制了一种可进行柔性轴承疲劳寿命实验的专用试验机。该试验机的加载装置能够与柔性轴承的内圈一起旋转,并可在外圈主轴两端同步施加载荷。通过对四套柔性轴承进行疲劳寿命试验,观察到了几种柔性轴承的失效现象。实验后测量了沟道的宽度,深度和表面粗糙度。实验结果表明:柔性轴承的内圈仅在主轴末端出现磨损和疲劳剥落现象,而外圈可能出现疲劳断裂和剥落现象。此外,还发现柔性轴承套圈沟道的磨损是不均匀的。     

高速电主轴电磁振动噪声多场耦合分析

为了研究电主轴电磁场特性对主轴振动及噪声的影响。通过有限元分析法,计算了电主轴电机的瞬态电磁场,并对电主轴电磁振动及噪声进行了响应分析;同时对正常运行的电主轴进行噪声实验,提取出主要的电磁噪声信号,经过分析处理后与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明,当电磁力波与定子铁芯二阶固有频率接近时,产生的电磁振动是最大的;且当电主轴在24000r/min转速下稳态运行时,电磁力产生最大噪声声压值的频率为13800Hz。通过实验与仿真的相结合,验证了电主轴电磁振动噪声多场耦合分析的结果是相对真实可靠的。     

小模数滚齿机用电主轴的设计与研究

小模数数控滚齿机去掉了传动用的齿轮副、蜗轮蜗杆副等传动元件,刀具轴和工件轴直接与电机轴相联。几何误差和热误差是小模数滚齿机的主要误差来源,为此,设计了一种新型的电主轴。该电主轴采用了主轴电机置于主轴后轴承之后的形式,缩小了主轴轴承位置的径向尺寸,使轴承摩擦产生的热量的散发,减少了电机发热对轴承变形产生的影响;主轴轴承采用了静压轴承的形式,提高了主轴轴承的耐磨性和回转精度。该电主轴的设计能够提高小模数滚齿机的生产效率和加工精度。     

170SD30陶瓷电主轴动力学建模及振动响应分析

为揭示电主轴在高转速状态下的动态特性,以170SD30陶瓷电主轴为分析对象,基于Riccati法建立电主轴理论模型,使用Matlab计算电主轴固有频率和临界转速,并分析了不平衡因素影响下电主轴的振动响应;同时运用有限元法计算电主轴谐响应,分析轴承预紧力对电主轴振动的影响。结果表明,Riccati法计算结果与实验误差为7.2%,比传统矩阵法精度提高2.1%;轴系不平衡量对轴系两端弹性支撑附近振幅影响较大,随着转速的提高,轴系的振幅有两次较大的峰值;适当增加预紧力可以降低主轴振动,对指导研发电主轴具有重要意义。     

3- and 4-Contact Point Spindle Bearings - a new Approach for High Speed Spindle Systems

One important demand on spindle systems in modem machine tools is to realise higher rotational speeds in order to increase the machining efficiency. In conventional spindle bearings the contact angles on inner and outer ring deviate extremely from one another with rising rotational speeds due to centrifugal forces. Axial shift of trie inner ring (elastic mounted bearing) and increasing normal forces in the contact zones on the outer ring are typical consequences leading to high internal bearing loads and a reduced life span. Based on these problems bearings with a new inner geometry are studied. Instead of two contact zones these bearings have three or four contact zones to ensure constant contact angles and reduced normal forces on the outer ring. In this paper analytic operation studies and first experimental tests are presented.     

A thermal model for high speed motorized spindles

Lack of a more complete understanding of the system characteristics, particularly thermal effects, severely limits the reliability of high speed spindles to support manufacturing. High speed spindles are notorious for their sudden catastrophic failures without alarming signs at high speeds due to thermal problems. In this paper, a finite difference thermal model is developed to characterize the power distribution of a high speed motorized spindle, in particular the characterization of heat transfer and heat sinks. Without loss of generality, this model is built upon and verified by a custom-built high performance motorized milling spindle of 32 KW and maximum speed of 25 000 rpm (1.5 million DN).     

An integrated thermo-mechanical-dynamic model to characterize motorized machine tool spindles during very high speed rotation

High speed machining (HSM) is a promising technology for drastically increasing productivity and reducing production costs. Development of high-speed spindle technology is strategically critical to the implementation of HSM. Compared to conventional spindles, motorized spindles are equipped with built-in motors for better power transmission and balancing to achieve high-speed operation. However, the built-in motor introduces a great amount of heat into the spindle system as well as additional mass to the spindle shaft, thus complicating its thermo-mechanical-dynamic behaviors. This paper presents an integrated model with experimental validation and sensitivity analysis for studying various thermo-mechanical-dynamic spindle behaviors at high speeds. Specifically, the following effects are investigated: the bearing preload effects on bearing stiffness, and subsequently on overall spindle dynamics; high-speed rotational effects, including centrifugal forces and gyroscopic moments on the spindle shaft and, subsequently, on overall spindle dynamics; and the spindle dynamics on the cutting point receptance. The proposed integrated model is a useful tool for differentiating quantitatively different effects on the spindle behaviors. The results show that a motorized spindle softens at high speeds mainly due to the centrifugal effect on the spindle shaft.     

Characterizations and models for the thermal growth of a motorized high speed spindle

In this paper, the characterizing and modeling of the thermal growth of a motorized high speed spindle is reported. A motorized high speed spindle has more complicated dynamic, non-stationary and speed-dependent thermal characteristics than conventional spindles. The centrifugal force and thermal expansion occurring on the bearings and motor rotor change the thermal characteristics of the built-in motor, bearings and assembly joints. It was found that conventional static models using regression analysis and artificial neural network failed to give satisfactory model accuracy and robustness. An auto-regression dynamic thermal error model, that considers the temperature history and spindle-speed information, has been proposed and proved to improve the model accuracy. However, it was found that temperature-based thermal error models, that correlated thermal displacement of the rotating cutting tool to the temperature measurements on the spindle housing, were not robust. Many nonlinear and time-varying thermal sources, such as coolant jacket, motor air gap, motion joints and assembly interfaces influence thermal displacement. The relationship between temperature measurements and thermal displacements is highly nonlinear, time-varying and non-stationary. A new thermal model which correlates the spindle thermal growth to thermal displacements measured at some locations of the rotating spindle shaft has been proposed. It was found that the displacement-based thermal error model has much better accuracy and robustness than the temperature-based model.     

对高速电主轴静刚度的测试及分析

为研究高速电主轴静刚度的特性,利用DH3818静态应变测试仪,以高速电主轴为本体,研究高速电主轴静刚度与作用在电主轴上的力之间的关系。使用静态应变测试仪和力传感器在电主轴处于稳定状态时对1.5×10~4r/min电主轴和6×10~4r/min电主轴的径向刚度和轴向刚度进行测试,通过测试得知:高速电主轴静刚度大小与端部变形量成反比。对比分析1.5×10~4r/min电主轴轴向刚度与径向刚度,可知电主轴径向刚度远远大于轴向刚度;对比分析1.5×10~4r/min与6×10~4r/min电主轴径向刚度,可知最高转速低的电主轴比最高转速高的电主轴刚度大。又因为过低的静刚度会对数控机床的性能造成影响,所以提高电主轴静刚度也可使机床的性能得到提高。     

两种不同材料的电主轴磁-热耦合有限元仿真分析

电主轴热态稳定性影响电主轴整体工作性能,作为电主轴主要热源的内置电机对电主轴热态性能的影响是设计过程中优先考虑的问题之一。电主轴生热小,散热快是保证其优良热态性能的前提。基于电主轴电磁损耗生热机制和电主轴传热散热机制,建立电主轴有限元模型。提出一种电主轴磁-热耦合分析方法,分析电主轴额定转速下内置电机的磁场和温度场,监测电主轴内置电机各部分温度场以及瞬态温度。以170SD30陶瓷电主轴与金属电主轴作为分析对象,分析了采用新型陶瓷主轴材料对改善电主轴内置电机温度场分布的影响。结果表明:陶瓷电主轴电磁损耗小于金属电主轴电磁损耗,在电机损耗热的影响下,陶瓷电主轴温度低于金属电主轴温度。     

Radial error measuring device based on auto-collimation for miniature ultra-high-speed spindles

This study has developed a radial error measuring device for miniature ultra-high-speed spindles because it is very difficult to measure the radial error motion of miniature ultra-high-speed spindles by the conventional measurement method using capacitive-type displacement sensors. The authors have proposed an optical measurement method based on auto-collimation, which evaluates the radial error motion according to the movements of a laser beam reflected from a target sphere attached to the spindle end. This optical measurement method is suitable for radial error measurements of miniature ultra-high-speed spindles because of its applicability to a small target sphere, high-speed response and minor susceptibility to electric noise. In this paper, the measurement principle, and basic characteristics of the optical measurement method in addition to an approximate analysis are shown. The radial error motion of a miniature ultra-high-speed spindle with a steel ball 1 mm in diameter are measured by an optical measuring device designed and manufactured to implement the proposed method. The measurement results show that the optical measuring device is able to measure the radial error motion of ultra-high-speed spindles with a maximum rotational speed of 200 krpm.     

Dynamics of ultra-high-speed (UHS) spindles used for micromachining

Micromachining dynamics commonly dictate the attainable accuracy and throughput that can be obtained from micromachining operations. The dynamic behavior of miniature ultra-high-speed (UHS) spindles used in micromachining critically affects micromachining dynamics. As such, there is a strong need for effective techniques to characterize the dynamic behavior of miniature UHS spindles. This paper presents a systematic experimental approach to obtain the speed-dependent two-dimensional dynamics of miniature UHS spindles through experimental modal analysis. A miniature cylindrical artifact with 5 mm overhang is attached to (and rotating with) the spindle to enable providing the dynamic excitations to and measuring the resulting motions of the spindle. A custom-made impact excitation system is used to reproducibly excite the spindle dynamics up to 20 kHz while controlling the impact force. The resulting radial motions of the spindle are measured in two mutually perpendicular directions using two independent fiber-optic laser Doppler vibrometers (LDVs). To ensure the mutual orthogonality of the measurements, the two lasers are aligned precisely using an optical procedure. A frequency-domain filtering approach is used to remove the unwanted spindle motion data from the measurements, thereby isolating the dynamic response. The spindle dynamics is then represented in the form of frequency response functions (FRFs). A global curve-fitting technique is applied to identify natural frequencies and damping ratios. The developed approach is demonstrated on a miniature UHS spindle with aerodynamic bearings, and dynamic characteristics are analyzed at different spindle speeds and collet pressures. The spindle speed is shown to have a significant effect on dynamic response, especially at higher spindle speeds, while the collet pressure is observed not to have any significant effect on the spindle dynamics. It is concluded that the presented approach can be used to characterize the dynamics of miniature UHS spindles effectively.     

Evaluation of an internally spring preloaded four contact-points bearing for spindle units

In this paper, the concept of an internally spring preloaded four contact-points bearing for the use in high precision and high speed applications is investigated. It is designed as a compact self-contained fixed bearing unit that is free of play, easy to mount and resistant against temperature differences between the inner and outer ring. The concept of the bearing, its functionality and properties are introduced and the results of an experimental analysis of a first prototype are presented. The prototype bearing, which is based on a hybrid 7014 spindle bearing with an additional spring preload unit, was manufactured by hard turning. Its properties are compared to those of similar two and three contact-points spindle bearings. Typical requirements in modern high precision applications, e.g. machine tool spindle units, and limiting characteristics of bearings, such as displacement, stiffness, friction torque and operating temperature, are considered. Finally, the potential of the new bearing concept is discussed.     

基于热-结构耦合模型的高速电主轴温升特性分析与实验研究

为解决热变形对主轴寿命及加工精度的影响,对高速电主轴的温升特性进行研究。首先建立了电主轴的热 结构耦合模型,然后利用ANSYS软件进行热态模拟,分析稳态温度场的分布以及电主轴的热变形情况,最后探讨了主轴转速与切削力的变化对电主轴温度的影响。研究结果表明：所用方法可有效模拟电主轴工作过程中温度场分布以及热变形,仿真与实验结果基本一致,为电主轴温度控制提供参考。