Coplanar waveguide-fed slot antennas on cylindrical substrates

This paper describes cylindrical coplanar waveguide (CCPW)-fed slot and folded slot antennas encompassing cylindrical substrates. Using a 1.27 cm diameter Teflon substrate, antennas that operate around 7 GHz have been realized with gains of 1.5 dB (slot) and 2.8 dB (folded slot). The antennas have a well-defined pattern null of 8 dB along the side of the CCPW feedline. A 1.6 GHz slot antenna on a 1.27 cm diameter alumina substrate was also fabricated using a novel direct-write technique, and shown to have comparable performance characteristics.The results include measured data and simulated data using a 3D cylindrical finite difference time domain (FDTD) code.     

Analysis of cylindrical transmission lines with thefinite-difference time-domain method

In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to calculate the propagation characteristics of cylindrical transmission lines. An efficient two-dimensional FDTD algorithm is developed by projecting the three-dimensional FDTD cell in the cylindrical coordinates onto the r-φ plane. An effective absorbing boundary condition is employed to truncate the mesh at its outer radial boundary. Numerical results are derived for different cylindrical transmission lines and compared to data available in the literature. Specifically, the newly proposed cylindrical coplanar waveguide is studied both theoretically and experimentally     

Three-dimensional simulation of eccentric LWD tool response in boreholes through dipping formations

We simulate the response of logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools in complex thee-dimensional (3-D) borehole environments using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme in cylindrical coordinates. Several techniques are applied to the FDTD algorithm to improve the computational efficiency and the modeling accuracy of more arbitrary geometries/media in well-logging problems: (1) a 3-D FDTD cylindrical grid to avoid staircasing discretization errors in the transmitter, receiver, and mandrel geometries; (2) an anisotropic-medium (unsplit) perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition in cylindrical coordinates is applied to the FDTD algorithm, leading to more compact grids and reduced memory requirements; (3) a simple and efficient algorithm is employed to extract frequency-domain data (phase and amplitude) from early-time FDTD data; (4) permittivity scaling is applied to overcome the Courant limit of FDTD and allow faster simulations of lower frequency tool; and (5) two locally conformal FDTD (LC-FDTD) techniques are applied to better simulate the response of logging tools in eccentric boreholes. We validate the FDTD results against the numerical mode matching method for problems where the latter is applicable, and against pseudoanalytical results for eccentric borehole problems. The comparisons show very good agreement. Results from 3-D borehole problems involving eccentric tools and dipping beds simultaneously are also included to demonstrate the robustness of the method.     

衍射微柱透镜焦深和焦移特性的矢量分析

当衍射光学元件的特征尺寸可以与照射光波长比拟时,必须考虑光波矢量衍射特性。利用矢量分析方法——二维时域有限差分法(FDTD)对有限口径衍射微柱透镜的焦深和焦移特性进行严格矢量分析,与传统标量分析方法的结果进行了详细比较。分析给出TE波垂直入射情况下衍射微柱透镜焦深和焦移与透镜F数的关系,结果表明,微柱透镜的焦移量要大于标量分析结果,而二者得出的焦深量基本一致,这些结论对衍射微透镜的设计和实际应用有一定指导意义。同时分析了透镜面型量化对焦深和焦移的影响,讨论了矢量分析方法的数值色散、计算空间吸收边界的设置和FDTD计算区稳定电磁场向观察面的传播算法。     

柱坐标系中的驻波-行波边界条件

时域有限差分法模拟中所用的驻波-行波边界条件(STWBC)具有较高的计算效率,且非常易于实现.但此吸收边界条件最初仅用于直角坐标的情形.文章将STWBC扩展到柱坐标的情形与直角坐标的情形一样,柱坐标中的STWBC也在计算域外附加理想导电(磁)壁进行截断,并将边界处的驻波转化为行波,从而模拟行波在无限大空间的传播.文中给出的数值算例证明了此种吸收边界条件的有效性.     

An FDTD model for calculation of gradient-induced eddy currents in MRI system

In most magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, pulsed magnetic gradient fields induce eddy currents in the conducting structures of the superconducting magnet. The eddy currents induced in structures within the cryostat are particularly problematic as they are characterized by long time constants by virtue of the low resistivity of the conductors. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme in cylindrical coordinates for eddy-current calculation in conductors. This model is intended to be part of a complete FDTD model of an MRI system including all RF and low-frequency field generating units and electrical models of the patient. The singularity apparent in the governing equations is removed by using a series expansion method and the conductor-air boundary condition is handled using a variant of the surface impedance concept. The numerical difficulty due to the "asymmetry" of Maxwell equations for low-frequency eddy-current problems is circumvented by taking advantage of the known penetration behavior of the eddy-current fields. A perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition in 3-D cylindrical coordinates is also incorporated. The numerical method has been verified against analytical solutions for simple cases. Finally, the algorithm is illustrated by modeling a pulsed field gradient coil system within an MRI magnet system. The results demonstrate that the proposed FDTD scheme can be used to calculate large-scale eddy-current problems in materials with high conductivity at low frequencies.     

Coupled Field Inside Shielding Enclosure With an Aperture Due to Nearby Lightning

Due to a nearby lightning return stroke, the coupled electromagnetic (EM) fields inside a rectangular shielding enclosure, on the finitely conducting ground, with an aperture in one wall are calculated numerically by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. First, the near fields generated by the return stroke are obtained in two-dimensional (2-D) cylindrical coordinates by the FDTD method. Then, the coupled fields inside a rectangular shielding enclosure are calculated in three-dimensional (3-D) rectangular coordinates through the total field-scattered field connecting boundary, with the sources obtained by coordinates transformations of the return stroke near fields     

A scalar finite-difference time-domain method with cylindrical perfectly matched layers: application to guided and leaky modes of optical waveguides

A new scheme for the scalar finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method with perfectly matched layer boundary conditions in cylindrical coordinate system is developed and presented. The FDTD method is applied successfully for the calculation of both guided and leaky modes of optical waveguides with circular symmetry.     

Research on the Radiation Characteristics of Patched Leaky Coaxial Cable by FDTD Method and Mode Expansion Method

Patched leaky coaxial cable (PLCX) is proposed as an alternative to the conventional leaky cable for wireless links in a complex environment. It is expected to have the capability of adjusting the coupling between the cable and the environment and give smoother electric field coverage. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of the PLCX with general inclined patches are studied by a hybrid method that involves the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the near-field computation and the mode expansion method for the transformation of near field to far field. In the method, the space around the patched leaky cable is divided into two regions by an artificial closed cylindrical surface that is incorporated with the FDTD lattice surface when implementing the FDTD iteration. The field distribution on the artificial surface is obtained after the implementation of the FDTD method. Meanwhile, the field outside the artificial boundary is expanded in terms of the Floquet modes with coefficients to be determined. By matching the field expressed by modes and the field obtained from the FDTD method at the artificial boundary, a matrix equation with unknown coefficients is obtained. Solving this matrix equation, the expansion coefficients are known, and the field outside the artificial boundary is ready to be obtained.     

FDTD algorithm in curvilinear coordinates [EM scattering]

The finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) algorithm for the solution of electromagnetic scattering problems is formulated in generalized coordinates in two dimensions and implemented in a code with the lowest-order Bayliss-Turkel radiation boundary condition expressed in cylindrical coordinates. It is shown that, for a perfect conductor, such a formulation leads to a stable, well-posed algorithm and that, in regions where the curvature of the coordinate lines is not great, the dispersion and anisotropy effects are negligible. Such effects become more pronounced in regions of high curvature, leading to unphysical phase shifts. The magnitude of such shifts and the amount of wavefront distortion is studied via numerical experiments using a cylindrical mesh. Near-field results are given for two canonical shapes for each polarization: the circular cylinder and cylinders of square and rectangular cross sections. These results are compared with those obtained by exact eigenfunction expansion techniques, with method-of-moments (MM) solutions, and with solutions obtained from an alternate FDTD approach. In each case, agreement is excellent. The propagation of a plane wave through a polar space in the absence of a scatterer is also examined, and it is shown that the FDTD algorithm is capable of tracking the incident wave closely     

Full-wave analysis and wide-band design of probe-fed multilayered cylindrical-rectangular microstrip antennas

The input impedance and radiation pattern of the probe-fed multilayered cylindrical-rectangular microstrip antennas (PMCMSA) are analyzed by using a novel approach which combines the conformal finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and Gedney's unsplit version of the perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition method and the Green's functions in cylindrically stratified media. The near fields of such antennas and the current distributions on the patches are obtained by the conformal FDTD method numerically and then the modified spectral-domain Green's functions in arbitrary cylindrically stratified media are used to determine the radiation pattern. The effect of the small radius of the probe on the performance of antennas is investigated through the thin-wire algorithm in cylindrical coordinates. A simple design scheme of the probe-fed cylindrically stacked antennas is also proposed for increasing the impedance bandwidth.     

有限口径衍射微光学元件的严格矢量分析

利用二维时域有限差分方法（FDTD）对有限口径衍射微光学元件进行严格矢量分析。讨论了算法的数值色散，计算空间吸收边界的设置和FDTD计算区稳定电磁场向观察的传播算法，它们构成严格分析有限口径衍射微光学元件的有效工具。利用该工具严格分析了衍射微柱透镜衍射效率与面型量化阶次、透镜F数的关系，分析结论对衍射微光学元件的实际应用和设计都有指导意义。     

Dispersion analysis of multilayer cylindrical transmission linescontaining magnetized ferrite substrates

Recently, there has been a growing interest in using cylindrical transmission lines that contain magnetized ferrite material in a variety of applications. In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method (in cylindrical coordinates) and the spectral-domain analysis (SDA) are used to calculate the propagation characteristics of cylindrical transmission lines that contain magnetized ferrite material. The magnetization can be either in the longitudinal or azimuthal directions. Specifically, the cylindrical microstrip line, and the cylindrical coplanar waveguide printed on magnetized ferrite substrate are analyzed. Both the FDTD and SDA results are in very good agreement. In addition, the results are compared to those of planar structures by taking the radius of the substrate to be large enough such that the curvature effect is negligible     

柱坐标系下FDTD算法的吸收边界条件

本文借助二阶准波方程式研究了柱坐标系下FDTD算法的一种吸收边界条件.根据这一边界条件,编制了相应的计算程序检验其吸收特性,并与均匀柱面波传播的简单吸收条件作了比较.计算结果表明,该吸收边界条件具有较好的吸收性能.     

一种改进的Mur吸收边界条件

吸收边界条件是时域有限差分(FDTD)算法解决电磁问题的重要条件。提出一种改进的吸收边界条件。将惠更斯面推广到二维的时域有限差分算法中,并利用惠更斯面来改进Mur吸收边界。惠更斯面具有理论基础成熟、编程简单、占用的计算内存少等优点,可以方便地插入到FDTD计算域中。FDTD数值仿真证明,惠更斯面在增加少量计算量的同时大幅度提高了Mur边界的吸收性能。而在应用的截断边界元胞数目相同的情况下,改进的Mur吸收边界能达到比PML吸收边界更好的吸收效果。     

以改进的混合方法预测室外到室内的电波传播

采用了理想匹配吸收层技术改进了了基于衍射几何射线法(GTD)与时域有限差分法(FDTD)的混合方法，改进后的方法使计算结果比基于Mur吸收边界条件的混合法更精确更具有稳定性。该方法可作为一种移动通信系统设计方法的新选择；利用该方法研究了由室外到室内的电波传播预测，给出了计算结果和传播规律性。     

有限口径亚波长衍射光学器件的严格矢量分析

利用二维时域有限差分(FDTD)方法作为严格电磁计算模式,分析、比较了连续面型和经过Farn方法得到的亚波长结构面型的衍射微柱透镜在TE极化波和TM极化波入射情况下的聚焦特性。对不同F数衍射微柱透镜的严格矢量分析表明,亚波长结构器件的聚焦特性对输入光波的极化情况有更强的敏感性。并简要讨论了FDTD方法的数值色散和计算空间吸收边界的设置等问题。     

基于FDTD的雷电脉冲对飞机介质舱体内干扰作用的研究

该文提出一种利用时域有限差分计算雷电磁脉冲对飞机碳纤维介质舱体内的干扰作用的分析方法。将雷电通道等效为垂直于无限大导体地面的线天线,利用天线场区划分的概念将雷电电磁场划分为近区场和远区场。在远场情况下,通过在舱体侧设置平面波源来分析雷电脉冲对舱内的干扰;在近场情况下,通过在舱体一侧设置延伸至完全匹配层(PML),并与PML外金属边界相接的线电流来模拟一段雷电通道,有效避免了传统设置线电流时的静电积累效应,并分析近距离雷电对舱体的干扰。计算结果与解析结果吻合较好。分析解决了雷电脉冲的近场和远场情况下飞机碳纤维舱体内的电场分布及变化情况,为飞机介质舱体的电磁加固提供依据。     

An FDTD model for low and high altitude lightning-generated EM fields

To explore lightning-generated electromagnetic wave behavior and lightning-related ionospheric phenomena, a full-wave two-dimensional cylindrical finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model was developed to simulate lightning-generated electromagnetic wave propagation in the ionosphere with high altitude and long distance capabilities. This FDTD model removes the approximations made in other similar models to extend its applicability, and incorporates a variety of existing methods and new techniques. A dispersive and anisotropic realization of the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) absorbing boundary condition is adopted in this numerical model for ease of implementation. Earth curvature is included in the model through the modified refractive index method. The surface impedance boundary condition is adopted to treat arbitrary but homogeneous ground parameters. We quantify the errors through dispersion relations, and the solution convergence is analyzed. Comparisons between our simulation, numerical waveguide mode theory, and experimental data validate this model and show its capabilities compared to other methods. Although this FDTD model was developed for the lightning-generated electromagnetic field simulation, it is also applicable for other very low frequency (VLF, 3-30 kHz) and extremely low frequency (ELF, 3-3000 Hz) wave propagation problems.