Integrated Buck-Flyback Converter as a High-Power-Factor Off-Line Power Supply

This paper investigates the integrated buck-flyback converter (IBFC) as a good solution for implementing low-cost high-power-factor ac-dc converters with fast output regulation. It will be shown that, when both buck and flyback semistages are operated in discontinuous conduction mode, the voltage across the bulk capacitor, which is used to store energy at low frequency, is independent of the output power. This makes it possible to maintain the bulk capacitor voltage at a low value within the whole line voltage range. The off-line operating modes of the IBFC are also investigated to demonstrate that the control switch of the proposed converter handles lower root-mean-square currents than those in similar integrated converters. The off-line operation of the IBFC is analyzed to obtain the design characteristics of the bulk capacitor voltage. Finally, the design and experimental results of a universal input 48 V-output 100 W ac-dc converter operating at 100 kHz is presented. Experiments show that the IEC-61000-3-2 input current harmonic limits are well satisfied and efficiency can be as high as 82%.     

A single-stage power-factor-correction converter with simple linkvoltage suppressing circuit (LVSC)

A single-stage power-factor-correction AC/DC converter with a simple link voltage suppressing circuit (LVSC) for the universal line application is proposed. A portion of the energy charged in a boost inductor is directly transferred to a load via LVSC without passing the link capacitor. Using simple circuitry, a low link voltage can be realized without input current deadbands at line zero crossings. The proposed converter is analyzed and design guidelines for the proper operation of a converter are given. A universal input (90-265-V_rms ) prototype converter with 5-V 12-A output is implemented to verify performance. The experimental results show that the maximum link voltage stress and efficiency are about 447 V and 81%, respectively. The power factor is above 0.96 under the universal line condition when the load is higher than 30%     

Analysis and design of a single-stage single-switch bi-flyback ac/dc converter

An analysis and design of single-stage, single-switch bi-flyback ac/dc converter is presented. The main flyback stage controls the output power from the link capacitor voltage with Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) or Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) operation, while an auxiliary flyback stage supplies the power to the output directly from ac line input with DCM operation.

This scheme can effectively reduce the voltage stress on the link capacitor and can achieve the power factor correction (PFC) without a dead band at line zero-crossings, which reduces the harmonic distortion in ac line current. Theoretical analysis of the converter is presented and design guidelines to select circuit components are given. The experimental results on a 60?W (15?V, 4?A), 100?kHz ac/dc converter show that maximum link voltage and maximum efficiency are around 415?V and 82%, respectively. The power factor is above 0.96 under universal line input and load conditions.     

一种新型单级功率因数校正AC/DC变换器的研究

文章研究了一种新型单级单开关PFC反激变换器。该变换器负载变轻时其储能电容电压不会飘升,应用于宽范围交流输入电压,储能电容电压低于450V。变换器用其变压器中的一个附加绕组实现了升压功能。由于省去了大电感,减小了变换器的体积和重量,在中小功率应用场合下,变换器符合IEC61000-3-2class D谐波标准,并且具有输出电压快速调节能力。     

A High-Quality Rectifier Based on Sheppard–Taylor Converter Operating in Discontinuous Capacitor Voltage Mode

This paper presents a single-phase soft-switched high power factor (PF) Sheppard-Taylor rectifier suitable for applications requiring low-voltage and high-current output. The proposed rectifier is designed to operate at discontinuous capacitor voltage mode. The Sheppard-Taylor converter in this mode of operation provides zero-voltage turnoff switching, as well as natural input PF correction over a wide range of input voltage, which makes the converter suitable for universal input applications. Due to its simplified control circuitry and reduced switch current stress, this converter presents better efficiency and higher reliability. In addition, the presented converter features continuous input-output currents, which result in low electromagnetic interference emission. Principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results from a laboratory prototype rated at 45 W/10 Vdc output voltage are presented. The measured efficiency and total harmonic distortion of the input line current were 85% and 3.2%, respectively. The input current harmonics meet the EN61000-3-2 Class D requirements.     

Single-Stage AC/DC Converter With Input-Current Dead-Zone Control for Wide Input Voltage Ranges

A single-phase single-stage ac/dc converter with input-current dead-zone control is proposed. It is based on flyback topology operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The current charging into the link capacitor is controlled according to line changes by adjusting the input-current blocking angle to alleviate an excessive increase of the link voltage. The reduced voltage stress can maintain an almost-constant voltage irrespective of load conditions by operating in dc/dc stage in DCM. Experimental results of a 60-W (5-V 12-A output) prototype converter show that the link voltage is limited within 384 V and that the measured power factor is more than 0.91 under universal voltage inputs and entire load conditions. In addition, the maximum efficiency is measured to be about 81% at the rated condition     

A single-switch AC/DC converter with voltage regulated storage capacitor

A single-stage power-factor-corrected AC/DC converter (SSPFC) usually causes high voltage stress on the intermediate storage capacitor, due to the lack of control of this voltage. The storage capacitor voltage varies largely with line voltage, and load current and is usually higher than the peak line voltage. This paper presents a new single-switch SSPFC based on a flyback topology for which the storage capacitor voltage is loosely regulated by the output voltage. Without using extra power switches to increase the control dimension, the proposed converter uses a flyback converter with dual-output transformer to achieve the control purpose. The range of storage capacitor voltage change against the change of input voltage and load current is significantly reduced. Moreover, the maximum storage capacitor voltage can stay below the peak line voltage at high line condition. Experimental results verifying the operation of the proposed SSPFC are also reported.     

一种应用于48V-1V系统的隔离型混合模式降压变换器

提出了一种应用于48 V-1 V系统的隔离型混合模式降压变换器,利用飞电容和变压器实现高转换比应用下的高转换效率。混合变换器结合了开关电容变换器和开关电感变换器,其中飞电容承担了部分电压降,实现了功率开关管电压应力的降低。由于开关节点处的电压摆幅较小,开关损耗随之减小;通过使用更低压的功率开关管,实现功率开关管导通损耗减小。在此基础上,隔离型混合模式降压变换器通过时序控制可以实现软开关,进而实现功率开关管开关损耗减小,使得整体效率提升。在隔离型混合模式降压变换器中,飞电容还具有隔直电容的作用,可以防止变压器偏磁。在典型应用下,即在48 V输入电压、1 V输出电压、500 kHz开关频率下,峰值效率为94.84%。     

基于开关电容的三相双向AC-AC变换器设计

在工业电压变换领域,AC-AC变换器需具有高功率密度、高效率和低成本的特性。为此,提出了一种基于开关电容的双向功率流三相AC-AC变换器,该变换器为双向变换器,能够降低或者增大输出电压。首先对该AC-AC变换器的开口三角形拓扑结构进行了分析,通过功率级只使用了电容和开关,来提高效率并增加功率密度,然后给出了其三相等效电路。该变换器在开环回路中运行时,增益、占空比以及频率均为固定值。最后建构了3.5 kW样机,并对其进行测试,实验结果显示在额定负载条件下提出变换器的效率约为93.7%,功率密度为1.23 kW/kg,且所需元件数量较少,成本更低。     

A dynamically reconfigurable NRTI switched-capacitor-based hybrid DC-DC converter suitable for embedded applications

In this paper, a dynamically reconfigurable, Non-overlap Rotational Time Interleaved (NRTI) switched capacitor (S-C) DC-DC converter is presented. Its S-C module is reconfigurable to generate three different fractions (viz., 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3) of its input supply (Vdd). This maintains good power efficiency while its output voltage gets adjusted over a large range. In addition, a load-current-sensing circuit is integrated within it to dynamically reconfigure the S-C module based on the required driving capability. This feature enables to extend load current range to higher limit and at the same time improves the power efficiency in low load current regime. The S-C module is integrated with a current control loop for load and line regulation.The proposed architecture is simulated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process using dual oxide transistors to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed topology. The input supply voltage is 3.3 V and the regulated output range is 0.8-1.6 V. Total flying capacitance is 330 pF and the load capacitor value is 50 pF. For an output of 1.35 V, its power efficiency is maintained above 50% over a load current range of 4 -17.6 mA with a peak of 66% at 9 mA. Throughout this current range the output voltage ripple remains within 12 mV.     

New single-stage low dc bus voltage stress converter for universal line applications

A new single-stage power factor corrected ac–dc converter for universal line applications is proposed in this paper. This converter has a buck topology as a power factor corrector. The dc bus voltage of the proposed converter is always lower than the peak input voltage at any load condition. Therefore, the problem of high dc bus voltage under the light load condition for the single-stage converter is solved, especially in the case of universal line applications. The design equations are presented for the proposed converter and a design example for a 5V 12A application is presented. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the dc bus voltage can be limited within 260V and the line input current harmonics can meet IEC 61000-3-2 Class D requirements at any load conditions for the line input voltages from 90 to 260V_ac.     

A single-stage power-factor-corrected AC/DC converter

This paper presents a single-stage isolated converter topology designed to achieve a regulated DC output voltage having no low-frequency components and a high-input power factor. The topology is derived from the basic two-switch forward converter, but incorporates an additional transformer winding, inductor and a few diodes. The proposed circuit inherently forces the input current to be discontinuous and AC modulated to achieve high-input power factor. The converter output is operated in discontinuous mode to minimize the bulk capacitor voltage variations when the output load is varied. Analysis of the converter is presented, and performance characteristics are given. Design guidelines to select critical components of the circuit are presented. Experimental results on a 150 W 50 kHz universal input (90-265 V) 54.75 V output AC/DC converter are given which confirm the predicted performance of the proposed topology     

一种高效开关电容AC—DC变换器

针对开关电容ＤＣ－ＤＣ变换器的效率会随着输入电压的增高而显著下降的现象，提出了一种新型的基于开关电容网络的ＡＣ－ＤＣ变换器，它采用根据输入电压变化而动态确定功率开关的导通和关断的方法，从原理上解决了开关电容ＤＣ－ＤＣ变换器的输入电压动态范围与变换器效率之间的矛盾。理论分析和实验结果表明，该转换器可以在较宽的输入电压范围获得较高的转换效率。     

多输出谐振型开关电容变换器的设计与仿真

开关电容变换器是一种典型的无感变换器,电路中主要由开关管和电容器来实现电压变换和能量转换。由于电路中不含电感和变压器,可以大大缩小电源体积、减轻重量,并且易于在芯片上集成。随着电子设备的小型化,开关电容DC-DC变换器将具有广阔的应用前景。基于开关电容DC-DC变换器的研究现状,文中系统地阐述了多输出开关电容DC-DC变换器的工作原理和设计方法,并通过系统仿真和实验验证了该类谐振型变换器的高效性。     

Single-switch parallel power factor correction AC-DC converters with inherent load current feedback

Single-stage power factor correction (PFC) ac-dc converters usually suffer from high bulk capacitor voltage stress and extra switch current stress. Bulk capacitor voltage feedback with a coupled-winding structure can dramatically alleviate the stresses. However, this type of feedback is indirect because the feedback only occurs after the bulk capacitor voltage increases. This paper presents a family of single-switch single-stage parallel PFC ac-dc converters with inherent load current feedback. Unlike the bulk capacitor voltage feedback, which utilizes the decreased duty ratio and the increased bulk capacitor voltage to reduce the input power at light load, the load current feedback can reduce the input power automatically at light load while maintaining an unchanged duty ratio. The proposed converters combine the advantages of simple topology, low bulk capacitor voltage, and no extra current stress across the switch. The concept is verified using an ac-dc converter with universal-line input and 5-V, 60-W output power. The input current harmonics meet IEC1000-3-2 Class D requirements.     

一类零电流谐振开关电容变换器的特性分析

具有零电流开关特性的谐振开关电容变换器是开关电容变换器的一种新拓扑形式.本文着重分析电路寄生参数和变换器运行条件对该类谐振开关电容变换器稳态特性的影响,推出变换器输出电压和效率的数学表达式,为研究负载或输入电压变化时变换器的输出性能提供了分析和设计依据.基于输出电压表达式,还提出谐振开关电容变换器的频率控制方案.全文以一个降压式谐振开关电容变换器为例详细说明公式的推导过程,并将此稳态特性分析推广到其它类型的谐振开关电容变换器.最后,文中设计了一台12V/5V/2.5A降压式谐振开关电容变换器样机,实验结果验证了本文的理论分析结果.     

Integrated ZVS DC–DC converter with continuous input current and high voltage gain

An integrated zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) DC–DC converter with continuous input current and high voltage gain is proposed. The proposed converter can operate with soft switching, a continuous inductor current and fixed switching frequency. The voltage stress of the power switches is relatively low compared to the output voltage. Moreover, soft-switching characteristic of the proposed converter reduces switching loss of active power switches and raise the conversion efficiency. The reverse-recovery problem of output rectifiers is also alleviated by controlling the current changing rates of diodes with the use of the leakage inductance of a coupled inductor. The operation and performance of the proposed DC–DC converter were verified on an 115?W experimental prototype operating at 100?kHz.     

Voltage and current stress reduction in single-stage power factorcorrection AC/DC converters with bulk capacitor voltage feedback

Single-stage power factor correction (PFC) AC/DC converters integrate a boost-derived input current shaper (ICS) with a flyback or forward DC/DC converter in one single stage. The ICS can be operated in either discontinuous current mode (DCM) or continuous current mode (CCM), while the flyback or forward DC/DC converter is operated in CCM. Almost all single-stage PFC AC/DC converters suffer from high bulk capacitor voltage stress and extra switch current stress. The bulk capacitor voltage feedback with a coupled winding structure is widely used to reduce both the voltage and current stresses in practical single-stage PFC AC/DC converters. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the bulk capacitor voltage feedback, including the relationship between bulk capacitor voltage, input current harmonics, voltage feedback ratio, and load condition. The maximum bulk capacitor voltage appears when the DC/DC converter operates at the boundary between CCM and DCM. This paper also reveals that only the voltage feedback ratio determines the input current harmonics under DCM ICS and CCM DC/DC operation. The theoretical prediction of the bulk capacitor voltage as well as the predicted input harmonic contents is verified experimentally on a 60 W AC/DC converter with universal-line input     

A robust low quiescent current power receiver for inductive power transmission in bio implants

In this paper, a robust low quiescent current complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) power receiver for wireless power transmission is presented. This power receiver consists of three main parts including rectifier, switch capacitor DC–DC converter and low-dropout regulator (LDO) without output capacitor. The switch capacitor DC–DC converter has variable conversion ratios and synchronous controller that lets the DC–DC converter to switch among five different conversion ratios to prevent output voltage drop and LDO regulator efficiency reduction. For all ranges of output current (0–10 mA), the voltage regulator is compensated and is stable. Voltage regulator stabilisation does not need the off-chip capacitor. In addition, a novel adaptive biasing frequency compensation method for low dropout voltage regulator is proposed in this paper. This method provides essential minimum current for compensation and reduces the quiescent current more effectively. The power receiver was designed in a 180-nm industrial CMOS technology, and the voltage range of the input is from 0.8 to 2 V, while the voltage range of the output is from 1.2 to 1.75 V, with a maximum load current of 10 mA, the unregulated efficiency of 79.2%, and the regulated efficiency of 64.4%.     

一种高效率宽电压输入混合集成开关电源设计

介绍了一种基于混合集成电路工艺设计的DC-DC变换器电路。该电路采用他驱式同步整流死区控制技术,通过ANSOFT PExprt及Maxwell软件优化变压器和版图设计,在9～36 V输入电压范围内,实现了85%的转换效率,同时保证电路在全温度范围内稳定可靠地工作。